A topic sentence is a very general statement that includes the subject of the reading or lecture and also the way that the author or speaker plans 10 develop the topic.. For example, a t
Trang 11 Charlie Ch~in was a comedian
Charlie Chaplin was best known for his work i n silent movies,
who
2 Water is heated to 212 degrees F
Water becomes steam
when
3 Quasars are relatively small objects
Quasars emil an enormous amount of energy
which
4 The Earth moves i nto the shadow of the Moon
A total eclipse occurs
during
5 The Jamestown colony was lounded by John Smith
Jamestown became the first successlul Eng lish colony in America
· ed in trodu ctory verbal rnodifl8r
6 Many of the names of cities in California are adapted lrom the Spanish language
Early missionaries and senlers from Spain had extended their innuence in the area
sincelbecauseJbecause of
7 The oceans cover two thirds of the Earth 's surface
The oceans are the object of study for oceanographers
which
B A chameleon is a tree l izard
The chameleon can change colors to conceal i t self in veoetatiOn
that
9 First cul tur al nationalism arose among people with Similar languages and traditions
Then political nationalism threatened the existing order
before/alter
10 Empowerment increases the autonomy of employees In organizations
Empowerment improves communication between WOf1<ers and management
and/moreover
11 Monogamy means being married to one spouse
Serial monogamy involves m arriage, divorce, and remarriage
whereas
1 2 Humor is associated w ith fun
Humor is also used as a coping stra tegy to relieve stress
botlhowever
igI beskyttet matenale
Trang 213 Solar panels can convert sunlight into electricity
Solar panels are stin not being exploited fulty
although/even though
14 The root system oltha &Hana plant allows it 10 survive
Drought concIitioos do not kin alfalfa
despiteJin spite of
1 Pain warns the victim before further damage is done
Pain has a positive function
therefor8l'thus
IDEIlIFY THE MAil PIIIITS
Str_tww_ "
~ Find a topic sentence
, Identity the major points
, Identity the minor points
, FI.d I topic IInt CI
SUMMARIZING 121
The topic BnSWefS the question : What is this reading or lecture about? A topic sentence is a very general statement that includes the subject of the reading or lecture and also the way that the author or speaker plans 10 develop the topic For example, a topic might be management
strategies In business This topic could be developed In 8 number 01 different ways For exam-ple , management strategies could be developed by listing several types 01 strategies or by comparing different strategies When you are looking lor the topic, you should look for a sen-tence that includes a subject and a verb Management strategies in business is a subject, but without 8 verb in the sentence, we still doo't know l'IO\II the topic will be developed Some books calilhis kind 01 topic sentence 8 controlling 1de8
The first sentence in a summary should be a direct statement It should give the reader or t is-tener a general Idea of the topic lor the reading or lecture and the way that the topic will be developed Sometimes you can paraphrase 8 topic sentence lrom the original reading or 1ec-ture, but sometimes you must create it yourself !rom seV8ftlI sentences in the original
flumt::E .,MIt 23
Did you understand? Try to write one sentence that summarizes the entire reading or lecture Example answers are printed in Chapter 7 on pages 520-521 Your answers are correct if your ideas are the same as the example answers
Trang 3" Rulli",
The nuclear family, consisting of a mother, father, and their children, may be more an ideal
than a reality Although the so-called traditional family was always more varied than we had been led to believe, reflecting the very different racial, ethnic, class, and religious customs among different American groups, today the diversity is even more obvious
The most recent government census statistics reveal that only about one third of all current American families fits the traditional mold of two patents and their children, and another third
consists of married couples who either have no children Ot have none still living at home An analysis 01 the remaining one third of the population reveals that about 20 percent of the total
number 01 American households are single people, the most oommon descriptor being women
over sixty-live years 01 age A small percentage, about 3 percent 01 the total, consists 01 unmarried people who choose to live together, and the rest, about 7 percent, are single
par-ents with at least one child
There are several easily identifiable reasons for the growing numberol single-parent house-holds First, the sociological pheoomenon of single-parent households reflects changes in CUl-tural attitudes toward divorce and elso toward unmarried mothers A substantiel number 01 adults become single parents as a result of divorce In addition, the number of children bom to
unmarried womeo who choose to keep their babies and rear them by themselves has Increased
dramatically Rnally, there Is a small percentage of single-parent families that have resulted from untimely death Today, these variecllamily types are typical and , therefore, normal
Moreover because many families live far from relatives, close friends have become a
more important part of family Iile than ever befOte The vast majority of Americans claim that they have people in their rives whom they regard as family although they are not related A view of family that only accepts the traditional nuclear arrangement no t only ignores the reality
of modem American family life but also undervalues the familial bonds created in alternative
family arrangements Apparently, many Americans are achieving supportive relationships in
family fOtms other than the traditional one
2 , IM"""
Listen to part of a lecture in a chemistry class Then summanze the lecture in one sentence
o Activity 23, CD 2, Track 1S
, Identify the major points
PIIAcnc:AL SrunlY
A major point is almost always directly stated A major point has examples and details that refer to it A major point is often found at the beginning of a new paragraph Inferences and conclusions or examples and details are usually NOT major points
bas tlet mat na
Trang 4SUMMARIZING 123
Did you understand? Try to identify the major points Answers are printed In Chapter 7 on pages 52 1 -523
1 1IeMII,.,
The body of an adult insect Is subdivided Into three sections, Including a head, a three-seg-ment thorax, and a segthree-seg-mentoo abdomen Ordlnasify, the thorax bears three pairs 01 legs and a
single or double pair of wings The vision of most adult Insects is specialized through two large compound eyes and multiple simple eyes
Features of an insed's mouth parts are used in classifying inseds Into types Biting mouth parts called mandibles, such as the mouth parts found in grasshoppers and beetles, are com-mon among Inseds Behind the mandibles are located the maxillae or lower jaw parts , which serve to direct food Into the mouth between the jaws A labrum aboVe and one below are sim-ilar to another animal's upper and lower lips In an Insed with a sucking mouth function, the
mandibles, maxillae, labrum, and labium are mcxlifJed in such a way that they constitute a tube
through which liquid such as water, blood, or lIower nectar can be drawn In a butterfly or moth, this coiled drinking tube is called the proboscis because 01 its resemblance, in miniature, to the trunk of an elephant or a very large IlOse Composed chiefly 01 modified maxillae litted together, the Insed's proboscis can be lIexed and extended to reach nectar oeep in a tlower
In mosquitoes or aphids, mandibles and m8)Cillae are mcxlifled to sharp stylets with which tna insect can drill through surfaces like human or vegetable membranes to reach juice In a housefly, the expanding labium forms a spongeiike mouth pad that it can use to stamp over the surface of food, sopping up food particles and juices
CD An adult Insect has a three-section body that includes a head, a thorax, and an ,""""""'
<J) Mandibles are mouth parts that facilitate biting and usually i nclude upper and Iowar
labrum
It) A mouth pad similar to a sponge allows flies to attract crumbs and juice on the surface
of lood
(]I) Insects are classified aCCOfding to their mouth parts, which are specialized for feeding
CD Inseds are the most numerous creatures on the planet and also the most adaptable
cD A proboscis is a tube that stretches to penetrate flowers where nectar Is stored
<lD The three-part thorax usually has six legs and two or four wings attached to it
aL> The pointed stylets of mosquitoes and aphids facilitate drilling through skin on plants and humans
2 _ LKlrn
Usten to port 01 a lecture in an English class Thein identify lhel major points from the opIiorls
t>ol<>w
gt bas tt61 matenala
Trang 5( ) Activity 24, CD 2, Track 16
schoolteacher
ID TfIfI A~ric lJn S~lIing Book, Web$!er'$ lir$t $ucceuful textbook, afforded him an
Income while he was writing his dK:tionary
<D An Ame rican Dictionary of the English Language was written to demonstrate the
unique usage of English in the United States
<1> An American Dictionary 0 ' the English Language has had many revised editions
<D The Compendious Dictionary 0' the English Language, published in 1807, provided
Webster with practice in compiling a dictionary
<D Although he had a oopyrighl for The American Spelling Book, ironically Webster did
not have a copyright for the original dictionary and subsequent editions that bear his
M~
$ Webster graduated from Yale only two years after the end of the Revolution that won
Independence for the United States from England
~ Identify the minor points
A minor point can be an example or a detail that supports a major point or il can be a point that
Is not very we" developed A minor point may be mentioned without supporting ellamples or
details in the original reading or lecture
Minor points are usually nol lncluded in a summary If you can identify the minor points, you
can eliminate ltIem You can shorten your summary
Did you understand? Try to identify the minor points Then write a summary that includes only
the major points The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on pages 523-524, Your summary is
correct if it includes the same ideas
1 1IaII1.,
In the 15th century two Important advances in painting were introduced Prior to that time,
most paintings were created on wood panels; however, in the second hall of the cenlury, many
artists began to prefer linen canvas The canvas offered several important advantages
Whereas wood panels were heavy and difficult to transport and hang, the lighter linen canvas
could be rolled up for shipment and was relatively easy to transport frame, and mount
More-over, if patrons were at a distance from the artist, the finished work might have to be hauled in
a cart II was difficu" to protect it from damage as it bumped along the primitive roads In addi·
tion, the patrons were demanding larger and larger worKs and the large wood pieces had a
tendency to crack In conlrast, the linen canvases could be stretched to almost any size and
remained perleclly smooth
•
Trang 6SUMMARIZ I NG 125 The oil paints themselves were also superior to previous paints One of the most obvious
improvements was the fact that the paint dried slowly, and thus, layers 01 paint could be brushed on top 01 previously applied layers, allowing the artist to erase a section that was not perfect Another refinement was the range of consistencies possible with oils Thin oil paints take on the ct\aracteristics of a glaze but thick oils look lke paste and can be layered 10 cre·
ate a three-dimensional aspect
2.lMh«e
Listen to pari 0 1 a lecture in an engineering class Then write a summary Do not include the
minor points
REPORT THE IIFORMATlOII
Stratetl t Uso
, Use the same organization as the original
, Report the content accurately
, Retain the original emphasis
, Maintain an objective poinl of view
, Use the sane orgalllzation as the original
A summary should retain the same organization as the original reading or lecture For eKam·
pie, if the passage identifies three different types 01 evergreen trees, then the organization is classification Your summary should also be organized to classify the three different types 01 trees If the passage explains the cause of deforestation in canada then the organization 01 the passage is cause and effect Your summary should also be organized to demonstrate cause and effect If the passage explains the life cycle 01 a pine tree, then the organization is
chronological Your summary should also be organized in chronological order h is also impor· tant NOT to rearrange the order A good summary begins with the first major point and follows with each major point in the order that it appears in the original
First, determine the organization of the reading or lecture Then list the major points in the order in which you read or heard them This list gives you an outline lor your summary
I'umCE ALli.,,, 25
Did you undetstand? Put the major points in the order that they should appear in a summary
The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on page 524 Your answers are correct if they are iflthe same order as the original
Trang 71 /ladltl'
accepted date for the beginning of opera as we know it is 1600 As pari 01 the celebration of
the marriage of King Henry IV of France 10 the Italian aristocrat Maria de Medici, the Florentine
composer Jacopo Peri produced his famous Euridice, generally considered to be the first
Camerata revived the style of musical story that had been used in Greek tragedy Taking most
of the plots for their operas from Greek and Roman history and mythology, they began the
process of creating an opera by writing a libfetto or drama thai could be used to establish the
framework for the music They called their composrtions opera in musics or musical works It
is from this phrase that the word opera was borrowed and abbreviated
For several years, the center of opera was Florence In northern Italy, but gradually, during
the barOQue period, ~ spread throughout Italy By the latB t600s, operas were being written and
performed in many places throughout Europe, especially in England France, and Germany
Howev&f, for many years, the Italian opera was considered the ideal, and many non·ltalian
composers conbnued to use Italian libfettos The European form de-emphasi%ed the dramatic
Furthermore, composers acquiesced to the demands of singers, writing many operas that
splendid vocal talent of the singers who had requested them It was thus that complicated
arias, rec~atives, and duets evolved The aria, which is a long solo, may be compared to a
song in which the characters express their thoughts and feelings The recitative, which is also
a solo of sorts, is a recitation set to musiC, the purpose of which is to continue the story line
The duet is a musical piece written for two VOices, a musiCal device thai may serve the
func-tion of either an aria or a recitative within the opera
<D Three types 0 1 musical pieces In opera
<D The first opera in Italy
cD The growth of opera throughout Europe
2 uct.,
lecture
( ) Activity 26 , CD 2, Track 18
CD A method of classification for proto%oans-lhe three types motility
<D Current research-questions, redefinitions
<t) Similarity to plants-make food from waierIC02
G> A definition of proto%oallS-single cell
<D Considered animals- eating, breathing, reproducing
ytte! matenak:!