Iec Tr 62971-2015.Pdf

IEC TR 62971 Edition 1 0 201 5 1 0 TECHNICAL REPORT Radiation instrumentation – Radiation sources used in i l l icit trafficking detection standards – Guidance and recommendations IE C T R 6 2 9 7 1 2[.]

IEC TR 62971

Editio 1.0 2 15-10

Radiat ion inst rumentat ion – R adiat ion sources used in i l cit t rafick ing det ect ion

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IEC TR 62971

Edit io 1.0 2 15-10

R adiat ion inst rumentat ion – R adiat ion sources used in i l cit t raficking det ect ion

INT ER NAT IONAL

ELECT R OT ECHNICAL

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD 3

1 Sco e 5

2 Normative ref eren es 5

3 Terms an def i ition , a breviation an s mb ls 5

3.1 Terms an def i ition 5

3.2 Ab reviation an s mb ls 5

4 Bac grou d 6

4.1 List of elevant stan ard 6

4.2 Source s p l ers 6

4.3 Nu le r Material (NM) sources an materials of interest 6

4.4 Neutron sources 7

4.5 Sur ogate materials and ef forts 7

4.5.1 Materials 7

4.5.2 Ef forts 8

4.5.3 Simulated gamma sp ctra vers s re l sp ctra 9

4.5.4 Use of Natural y Oc ur in Radio ctive Material (NORM) 9

5 General req irements 10 5.1 NM 10 5.2 Metals or oxides 1

5.3 Spheres or plates 1

5.4 Source en a s lation 1

Biblogra h 12 Fig re 1 – 2 1 Am-Be energ distribution 8

Fig re 2 – L w resolution RGPu (blue trace) an WGPu sp ctra comp rison 1

Ta le 1 – IEC NM 10

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

_

RA DIA TION INSTRUMENTA TION –

RA DIA TION SOURCES USED IN ILLICIT

1 Th Intern tio al Ele trote h ic l Commis io (IEC) is a worldwid org niz tio for sta d rdiz tio c mprisin

al n tio al ele trote h ic l c mmite s (IEC Natio al Commite s) Th o je t of IEC is to promote

intern tio al c -o eratio o al q e tio s c n ernin sta d rdiz tio in th ele tric l a d ele tro ic field To

this e d a d in a ditio to oth r a tivitie , IEC p bls e Intern tio al Sta d rd , Te h ic l Sp cif i atio s,

Te h ic l Re orts, Pu lcly Av ia le Sp cif i atio s (P S) a d Guid s (h re fter ref ere to a “IEC

Pu lc tio (s)”) Th ir pre aratio is e tru te to te h ic l c mmite s; a y IEC Natio al Commite intere te

in th s bje t d alt with ma p rticip te in this pre aratory work Intern tio al g v rnme tal a d n

n-g v rnme tal org niz tio s laisin with th IEC als p rticip te in this pre aratio IEC c la orate clo ely

with th Intern tio al Org niz tio f or Sta d rdiz tio (ISO) in a c rd n e with c n itio s d termin d b

a re me t b twe n th two org niz tio s

2) Th f ormal d cisio s or a re me ts of IEC o te h ic l maters e pre s, a n arly a p s ible, a intern tio al

c n e s s of o inio o th rele a t s bje ts sin e e c te h ic l c mmite h s re re e tatio fom al

intere te IEC Natio al Commite s

3) IEC Pu lc tio s h v th form of re omme d tio s for intern tio al u e a d are a c pte b IEC Natio al

Commite s in th t s n e Whie al re s n ble ef f orts are ma e to e s re th t th te h ic l c nte t of IEC

Pu lc tio s is a c rate, IEC c n ot b h ld re p n ible f or th wa in whic th y are u e or for a y

misinterpretatio b a y e d u er

4) In ord r to promote intern tio al u iformity, IEC Natio al Commite s u d rta e to a ply IEC Pu lc tio s

tra s are tly to th ma imum e te t p s ible in th ir n tio al a d re io al p blc tio s An div rg n e

b twe n a y IEC Pu lc tio a d th c re p n in n tio al or re io al p blc tio s al b cle rly in ic te in

th later

5) IEC its lf d e n t pro id a y ate tatio of c nformity In e e d nt c rtific tio b die pro id c nformity

a s s me t s rvic s a d, in s me are s, a c s to IEC mark of c nformity IEC is n t re p n ible f or a y

s rvic s c rie o t b in e e d nt c rtif i atio b die

6) Al u ers s o lde s re th t th y h v th late t e itio of this p blc tio

7) No la i ty s al ata h to IEC or its dire tors, emplo e s, s rv nts or a e ts in lu in in ivid al e p rts a d

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e p n e arisin o t of th p blc tio , u e o or rela c u o , this IEC Pu lc tio or a y oth r IEC

Pu lc tio s

8) Ate tio is drawn to th Normativ refere c s cite in this p blc tio Us of th refere c d p blc tio s is

in is e s ble for th c r e t a plc tio of this p blc tio

9) Ate tio is drawn to th p s ibi ty th t s me of th eleme ts of this IEC Pu lc tio ma b th s bje t of

p te t rig ts IEC s al n t b h ld re p n ible f or id ntif yin a y or al s c p te t rig ts

The main tas of IEC tec nical commit e s is to pre are International Stan ard However, a

tec nical commit e may pro ose the publcation of a tec nical re ort when it has col ected

data of a diff erent kin fom that whic is normal y publ s ed as an International Stan ard, for

example "state of the art"

IEC TR 6 9 1, whic is a tec nical re ort, has b en pre ared by s bcommite 4 B:

Radiation protection in trumentation, of IEC tec nical commite 4 : Nu le r in trumentation

The text of this tec nical re ort is b sed on the f ol owin doc ments:

En uiry draf t Re ort o v tin

Ful information on the votin for the a proval of this tec nical re ort can b fou d in the

re ort on votin in icated in the a ove ta le

This publ cation has b en draf ted in ac ordan e with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2

The commit e has decided that the contents of this publcation wi remain u c an ed u ti

the sta i ty date in icated on the IEC we site u der "ht p:/webstore.iec.c " in the data

related to the sp cific publ cation At this date, the publ cation wi b

• with rawn,

• re laced by a revised edition, or

• amen ed

A bi n ual version of this publcation may b is ued at a later date

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cov r pa e of this publ c tion indic te

th t it contains colours whic are considere to be us ful f or the cor e t

und rsta ding of its conte ts Us rs s ould theref ore print this doc me t using a

colour printer

RA DIA TION INSTRUMENTA TION –

RA DIA TION SOURCES USED IN ILLICIT

This Tec nical Re ort (TR) provides g idan e an recommen ation regardin the avai a i ty

an u e of radiation sources that are ne ded when testin an evaluatin in truments u ed

f or the detection of i icit traff i kin of radio ctive material The relevant stan ard are l sted in

4.1 Guidan e in lu es the u e of s r ogate or re lacement radio ctive materials that could

b more e si y o tained

The o ject of this Tec nical Re ort is to provide g idan e to in trument man facturers, u ers,

an testin organisation as to the selection an p s ible u e of radiation sources, source

s r ogates an source simulation to ls when testin an evaluatin an in trument’s a i ty to

detect an identify i icit traf fic in of adio ctive material

The f ol owin doc ments, in whole or in p rt, are normatively ref eren ed in this doc ment an

are in isp n a le f or its a pl cation For dated ref eren es, only the edition cited a ples For

u dated referen es, the latest edition of the referen ed doc ment (in lu in any

amen ments) a pl es

IEC 6 0 0-3 5, Int ern tion l El ectrot ec nic l Vo a ulary – Part 3 5: N ucle r

instrume tation: Ph sic l p e ome a, b sic c n e ts, instrume ts, systems, e uipme t a d

det ect ors

3 Terms and def initions, abbreviations and symbols

3.1 Terms a d def initions

For the purp ses of this doc ment, the fol owing terms an definition , as wel as those given

in IEC 6 0 0-3 5 a ply

3.1.1

nucle r material

plutonium, ex e t that with isoto ic con entration ex e din 8 % in plutonium-2 8; uranium

-2 3; uranium enric ed in the isoto e 2 5 or 2 3; uranium containin the mixture of isoto es

as oc ur in in nature other than in the form of ore or ore- esid e; an material containin one

or more of the f oregoin

Note 1 to e try: Ad itio al d tais re ardin s urc c mp sitio c n b f ou d in 4.3

[SOURCE: IAEA-TECDOC-131 -Se temb r 2 0 ]

3.2 Abbre iations a d s mb ls

DD Deuterium-Deuterium

HEU Hig ly Enric ed Uranium

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agen y

NIST National In titute of Stan ard an Tec nology

NORM Natural y Oc ur in Radio ctive Material

PMMA Poly meth l methacrylate

Pu Plutonium

RGPu Re ctor Grade Plutonium

NM Nu le r Material

WGPu We p n Grade Plutonium

4.1 List of rele a t sta dards

The f olowin stan ard are c r ently relevant to this Tec nical Re ort Eac stan ard

contain req irements for photon an neutron radiation emit in sources in lu in those

requirements for NM

– IEC 6 2 4, Rad iation prot ect ion instrume t ation – Instal l ed rad iat io mo itors for the

detection ofrad io ctive a d sp cial n clear materials at n tion l b rd ers

– IEC 6 3 7, Radiation prote t io instrume tatio – H and-h ld instrume ts for t he d ete tio

a d id ent ific t io of rad ion c d es a d for the ind ic t ion of ambie t d ose e uiv l ent rat e

fom p oton rad iation

– IEC 6 4 1, Rad iat io protect ion instrume tatio – Alarming p rso al rad iat io d evic s

(PRD) for d etect ion of il licit trafick ing of rad io ct ive material

– IEC 6 4 4, Rad iation protect ion instrume t at ion – Sp ctrosc p -b sed p rtal monitors

used for the d et ection a d ide tific t io ofil licit rafic ing of rad ioa t ive material

– IEC 6 5 3, Rad iation protect ion instrume tat ion – H ighly se sitiv h nd-h ld instrume ts

for p ot on detection of rad io ctiv material

– IEC 6 5 4, Rad iat ion protection instrume t at ion – Highly se sitiv h nd-h l d instrume ts

for n utro d etection of rad ioa tive material

– IEC 6 618, Rad iat ion protect ion instrume t at ion – Sp ctrosc p -b sed al arming P erso al

Rad iatio Devic s (SP RD) for detectio of ill icit trafic ing of rad ioa tive material

– IEC 6 6 4, Rad iat ion prote t io instrume tat ion – Ba k a k-typ rad iat ion det ector (BRD)

for the detection ofil licit t rafic ing of rad ioa t ive material

4.2 Sourc s ppl ers

Several radio ctive sources are req ired for testin to IEC stan ard Man sources are

commercial y avai a le for purc ase It is up to e c in ivid al organization to identify the

man facturer or s p l er b sed on their sp cif i ne d

4.3 Nucle r Material (NM) sourc s a d materials of intere t

At the time of publ cation, the materials of interest in lu e:

– De leted Uranium (DU),

– Hig ly Enric ed Uranium (HEU),

– Re ctor Grade Plutonium (RGPu), an

– We p n Grade Plutonium (WGPu)

Due to the avai a i ty of DU f or testing, it wi not b addres ed in this Tec nical Re ort

For IEC ef forts, HEU has an enric ment of gre ter than 9 %

2 5

U an DU of no more than

0,4 %

2 5

U RGPu is defined as containin more than 12 %

2 0

Pu, an WGPu havin no more

than 6 %

2 0

Pu an not les than 12 %

2 9

Pu

Stan ardized test sources containin NM are se led sources that are c aracterized by mas ,

isoto e content, ge metric s a e (e.g spherical), an age The c aracterization s ould

in lu e c emical elements, not ju t radion cl des

2 7

Np,

2 2

U,

2 3

U have b en dis u sed as a p s ible material of interest, but d e to very

l mited avai a i ty they wi not b ad res ed f urther in this Teh nical Re ort

4.4 Ne tron sourc s

Based on the materials of interest to b detected, a fis ion sp ctrum source is req ired at an

emis ion rate of 2 0 0 neutron p r secon Therefore, e c a pl ca le stan ard req ires

the u e of a

2 2

Cf source havin an activity of a proximately 18 kBq

Neutron sources with hig er emis ion rates s c as those u ed for dosimetry or dosemeter

cal bration (i.e radiation protection in trument cal bration) wi prod ce more s atered

neutron b cau e the source to detector distan e mu t b in re sed to maintain the same

f l en e rate prod ced by the recommen ed source Theref ore, the u e of a neutron source

with mu h hig er emis ion rates is not recommen ed for i icit traff i kin detection

in trumentation

4.5 Sur ogate materials a d eff orts

4.5.1 Materials

– HEU

HEU sources are req ired to prod ce the radiation test field for sp ctrometric or

identification typ in truments The amou t of

2 5

U de en s on the req irements in the

stan ard an in trument b in tested Becau e the main photon energ of

2 5

U is

18 keV, most emis ion come fom the s r ace of the source to a de th of a proximately

1 mm (b sed on the 9 % in nite thic nes emis ion rate) As a res lt, the q antity of a

s r ogate source can b red ced an sti have the same emis ion as a mu h larger mas

Sur ogate HEU sources have b en develo ed in the form of se led stainles ste l

ca s les containin p rou gra hite c l n ers saturated with HEU oxide an in the form of

thin wal hol ow HEU spheres

– Ura ium

Uran l acetate may b u ed as a c ec source to verify uranium identification ca a i ties

The c emical comp u d can b purc ased as a p wder althou h there are man diff erent

o tion as to its comp sition Uran l acetate con ists of

2 8

U an

2 5

U at 0,3 % to 0,4 %

enric ment de en in on the man f acturer Uran l acetate is a toxic material

– Plutonium ra iation s r ogate

A self contained source of gamma- ay an neutron radiation s ita le for u e as a radiation

source s r ogate f or WGPu has b en develo ed (Se Biblogra h : US Patent 7,6 5,9 5

B1, Fe 2, 2 10) The s r ogate source, whic do s not contain NM, was desig ed to

prod ce a radiation sp ctrum simi ar to that of WGPu over an energ ran e f rom 5 keV to

2 614 keV This WGPu s r ogate also emits neutron havin flu es commen urate with

gamma radiation inten ities employed The s r ogate source con ists of

13

Ba,

2 2

Cf,

13

Cs,

15

Gd, 5

Co,

15

Eu,

17 m

Lu,

1 3

Sn,

2 8

Th, 9

Zr in an as embly Further detai s are

avai a le in the ref eren ed p tent This source is relevant for testin the identification

ca a i ties of in truments with an energ resolution that is no b t er than 5 %

– Us of plate sourc s for h ndheld dete tion s stems

Sources made f rom the platin of

2 9

Pu or

2 5

U to a s bstrate were in estigated as

p s ible s r ogates for larger sources that are u ed to test the identification f un tion of

han held devices The in estigation determined that the amou t of material req ired may

not b fe sible f or plated sources

– Ne tron sourc

The c r ently ac e ted emis ion inten ity f or

2 2

Cf is 2 0 0 neutron p r secon is u ed

by the relevant stan ard

Due to the s ort half l f e of

2 2

Cf (2,6 y), there has b en mu h dis u sion in the

stan ard commu ity regardin the u e of

2 1

Am-Be as a re lacement The u e of b re

2 1

Am-Be when testin i icit traff i kin radiation detection s stems that were buit with

moderation in lu ed is not a pro riate sin e the monitors were desig ed sp cifical y f or

detection of f i sion sp ctrum sources Ad itional moderation would b req ired to en ure

that the neutron impin in on the detector are simiar to that f om a fis ion sp ctra p int

source

Fig re 1 s ows an

2 1

Am-Be sp ctrum plot ed in L tharg f ormat normalzed to one

source neutron The sp ctrum is taken fom ISO 8 2 -1:2 01 F r L tharg plots, when

the energ axis is logarithmic an the ordinate axis is l ne r (as s own in Fig re1), the

are b twe n an two energies is directly pro ortional to the n mb r of neutron emit ed

by the source b twe n those energies

Figure 1

– 2 1

Am-Be e ergy distribution

It is not c r ently p s ible to man f acture neutron sources f om

2 1

Am-Be that provide an

ac e ta le f i sion neutron sp ctrum Further in estigation is ne ded to determine if it is

p s ible to man facture sources f or the purp se of providing an alternative f or

2 2

Cf

Another p s ible source of f i sion sp ctrum neutron is

2 4

Cm This radion cl de has an

18 ye r half lfe whic is mu h lon er than that of

2 2

Cf Man f acturin safety an

avai a i ty of

2 4

Cm makes this a les ef fective neutron source

Another p s ible s r ogate is throu h the u e of a deuterium-deuterium (DD) generator

that prod ces 2,5 MeV neutron , whic mig t b s a ed by variou s ield to give a

s ita le sp ctrum This would b exp n ive, an there would ne d to b a way to verify

re rod cibi ty in output It is therefore not recommen ed as a s r ogate neutron source

2 1

Americium-Boron is also b in in estigated as a p s ible s r ogate f or

2 2

Cf d e to the

simi ar neutron sp ctra

4.5.2 Ef f orts

– Semi-empiric l method f or perf orma c e alu tion of dete tion a d ra ionucl de

IE C

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0

Ne tro e erg (MeV)