Phương pháp tự rèn luyện kỹ năng viết tiếng anh học thuật phần 2

An independent clause is funned vvith Chapter 10 Types o f Sentences subject verb + complement Students normally spend four years in college.. Independent Cỉauses A dependent clause begi

PA RT III

Sentence Stmcture

Types of Sentences

♦ i

^ • : I o '

Clauses

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Thai manuscript

Clauses are the building blocks o f sentences A clause is a group o f words that contains (at least) a subject and a verb

These are clauses:

ecology is a Science

because pollution causes cancer

These are not clauses:

to protect the environment after working ail day There are tvvo kinds o f clauses: independent and dependent

hưỉependent Cỉauses

An independent claiise contains a subject and a verb and expresses a compleíe thought It can stand alone as a sentence by itselí An independent clause is funned vvith

Chapter 10 Types o f Sentences

subject verb (+ complement)

Students normally spend four years in college

I will declare my major’ now, but I may change it later

Many international students experience cuỉture shock when they tome to the United States

Independent Cỉauses

A dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as when, whiỉe, if, íhaí, or who A

dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence by itselí A dependent clause is íormed with

suborđinator + subject verb (+ complement)

although students normally spend four years In college

if I đeclare my major now

when they come to the United States

who was accepted at Harvard University that the experiment was a success

A partial list o f subordinators tbllovvs in the chart o f clause connectors Stuđy th chart, and then refer to it when you do Practice I

Clause Connectors

Three groups o f vvords are used to connect clauses in order to form different kinds c sentences They are subordinators (subordinating conjunctions), coordinators (cooi dinating conjunctions), and conjunctive adverbs

’ declare my major: officially register a major field o f study vvith the university

Part I I I Sentence Structure

CLAUSE CONNECTORS

SUBORDINATORS (SUBORDINATING C0NJUNCT10NS) aíter

aỉthough

as

as if

as soon as

because

before even though hovv

if since

so that

that though unỉess until what

when vvhenever

vvhere

vvherever

\vhether

vvhich vvhiỉe who vvhom vvhose

COORDINATORS (COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS) You can remember the seven coordinators by the phrase FAN BOYS:

C0NJUNCT1VE ADVERBS accordingly

besides

consequently

for example

furthermore hence hovvever

in addition

in contrast ỉndeed instead likewise

meanwhiỉe on the other haind

nevertheless therefore nonetheless thus

PRACTICE I

lỉìdependeiu and Dependent Ciaiises

Write ỈNDEP next to the independent clauses and put a period (.) after them Write DEP next to the dependent clauses

1 Jet ỉag affects most ỉong-distance travelers

2 Which is simply the urge to slcep at inappropriate times

3 During long journeys through several time 70nẹs, the body's iniicr clock is

disrupted 4 For some reason, travel from west to east causes greater jet lag than travel fro)m

east to vvest 5 Also, changes in vvork schedules can cause jet lag

6 When hospita! nurses change from a day shiíìt to a night shift, for example

7 Although there is no sure vvay to prevent jet ỉag

8 There are some ways to minimize it

9 Because jet lag is caused at least partialỉy by ỉost o f sleep, not just a change ini

the time o f sleep 10 A traveler should plan to arrive at his or her destination as late as possible

11 Upon arriving, he or she should iinmediately go to bed

12 Then the traveler should start to live in.the new time frame immediately

Khuls o/Seníences

A sentence is a group of vvords that you use to comrnunicate your iđeas Every scntence is íormed from one or more clauses and expresses a complete thoưght

There are basically four kinds o f sentences in English: simple, compound, compỉex, and compound-compĩex The kind o f sentence is determined by the kind o f cỉauses used

to form it

Sùnpie Sentences

A simple sentence is one independent clause

/ eỉỹoy pỊaving tennis \vith m v/riends every> \veekenci

M yfriends and ỉ pỉay íennis and go bo\vling evcỉy \ị'eekend.

Notice that the second sentence has two verbs, enjoy and ỉook /onvarci to. This is called a compound verb Because there is only one clause, this is a simple sentence The third sentence has a compound subject as vvell as a compound verb, but it is still a simple sentence because it has only one cỉause

Chapter 10 Types o f Sentences

PRACTICE 2

Simpỉe Sentences

1 Write two simple sentences with one subject and one verb

2 Write two simple senlences vvith one subject and two verbs

3 Write two simple senterices vvith tvvo subjects and tvvo verbs

Contpound Sentences

A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together There are three vvays to join the cỉauses:

1 With a coordinator ! enjov tennis, but 1 hate golf

2 With a conjunctive adverb 1 enjoy tennis; hoNvever, I hate í;olf

Let's study each type of compound sentence in more detail

ỉ, Compoiitui Setìíences with Coordinaíors

A compound sentence can be formed as follows:

Independení clause, + coordinator + independent clause

Notice that there is a comma after the ĩirst independent clause The following sentences iỉlustraíe the meanings o f the seven "FAN BOYS' coordinators

Part III Sentence Structure

for Women live longer than men, for they take better care o f their Health

(The second clause gives the reason for the first clause.) and Women follow more healthíul diets, and they go to doctors more oíten

(The tvvo clauses express equal, similar ideas)

nor

Women don't smoke as much as men do, nor do they drink as much alcohol (Nor means "and not," It joins two negative independent clauses Notice that question vvord order is used after nor,)

but Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as regularly as vvomen do (The two clauses express equal, contrasting ideas.)

or

Both men and vvomen should ỉimit the amount o f fat in their diets, or they risk getting heart disease (The two clauses express altemative possibilities.)

yet

VVomen used to be known as the "vveaker sex," Jet in some ways, they are stronger than men (The second clause is a surprising or unexpected contrast to the first clause.)

so Men are ỉess cautious than vvomen, so more men die in accidents (The second clause is the result o f the ĩirst clause.)

PRACTICE 3

Compoimd Sentences wỉíh Coordìnators

A Add another independent cỉause to the íollovving independent clauses to form compound sentences Be sure to vvrite a complete clause containing a subject and a verb Circle the coordinator and add punctuation

Example

The college campus is located in the center o f the citv, @ it is verv easv to do mv shopping _

ì Students can attend day classes and _

2 Students can live in dormitories or

3 í have finished my math homevvork but

4 I have studied English for six years yet

5 My adviser suggested a word Processing class for

6 Some students do not like to Nvrite term papers nor

7 The instructor gave us eight vveeks to vvrite our term papers yet

8 Most students had not even chosen a topic nor _

Chapter 10 Types o f Sentences

9 The instructor vvas very upset for

10 My roommate scored very lìigh on the English placement test so

B For each pair o f sentences belovv, choose a coordinator that best fits the meaning and join the two independent clauses to form a compound sentence Use each FAN BOYS coordinator once Write your new sentences on a separate sheet o f paper, and punctuate them correctly

Example

Nuclear accidents can happen Nuclear poNver plants must have strict safety Controls Niiclear accidents can happen, so nuclear povver plants must have strict saíetv Controls.

1 The accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Isỉand in the United States created fears about the safety o f this energy source The disaster at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union confirmed' them

2 Solar heating systems are economical to operate The cost o f installation is very high

3 Energy needs are not going to decrease Energy sources are not going to increase (Use nor and question word order in the second clause, deleting the vvord noí.)

4 Buming fossil íuel causes serious damage to our planet We need to develop other sources o f energy

5 Ecologists knovv that burning íossil fuels causes holes in the ozone layer Peopỉe continue to do it

6 Poorer nations especially wịlỉ continue this harmful practice They don't have the money to develop "clean” energy sources

7 All nations o f the world must take action Our children and grandchildren wiỉl suffer the consequences

c On a separale sheet o f paper, write sevcn compound sentences o f your ovvn, using each coordinator once

2, Compouĩui Seníences with Conjuncíìve Adverhs

A compound sentence can also be íornied as follows:

I independent clau se ; co n ju n ctive adverb, + independent cỉau se

Notice the punctuation: a semicolon íoỉlovvs the firsí independent clause, and a comma follows the conjunctive adverb Also, just like the FAN BOYS coordinators, conjunctive adverbs express relationships betvveen the clauses The following chart shovvs the coordinators and conjunctive adverbs that express similar meanings

confirmed: proved that they vvere correct

Part lfl Sentence Structure

C o m p o u n d S e n te n c e : w ith C O IIju n c iìv e A d v e rb s

and

besides íurthermore moreover also

Community colleges offer preparalion for many occupations; moreover, they prepare students to transfer to a four- year coilege or university

but

yet

hovvever nevertheless nonetheless

Many community colỉeges do not have dormitories; hovvever; they provide housing referral services

Students must take fmal exams; other- wise, they vvill receive a grade o f incompỉete

so

accordingly consequently hence

therefore thưs

Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; thereíore, most

classes for each group

PRACTICE 4

A Add another independent clause to each independent clause that follows to íorm compound sentences Be sure to add a complete clause containing a subject and a verb Circle the conjunctive adverb and add punctuation Notice that some o f these sentences are from Practice 3A on pages 174-175

Example

The college campus is ỉocated in the center o f the city; |therefore,| it is verv easv to do

mv shopping _

1 Students can attend day classes m oreover _

2 Students can live in dormitories othervvise

3 I have fínished my maữ homevvork hovvever

4 1 have studied English for six years nevertheỉess

5 The instructor gave us eight vveeks to vvrite our term papers nonetheless

6 M y roommate scored very high on the English placement test consequentỉy

B On a separate sheet o f paper, combine the pairs o f sentences in items 2, 4, 5, and 7 írom Practice 3B on page 175, using conjunctive adverbs Instead o f Coordinators Punctuate your new sentences correctỉy

Exampĩe

Nuclear acGÌdents can happen Nưcỉear power piants should have strict saíety

Controls.

Nucỉear ơccicients can happerì: thereiòre, nucỉear power plants should have strict saieív controỉs

c On a separate sheet o f paper, write four compound sentences, using each o f these conjunctive adverbs once: /uríherm ore, however, iherefore, and oíhenvise.

i Compound Senteuces with Semicoỉons

A compound sentence can also be formed with a semicolon alone;

Independent clause; independent ciause

Chapter 10 Types of Sentences

My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies medicine

Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from communism; others soon followed

This kind o f compound sentence is possỉbỉe onỉy vvhen the two ỉndependent cỉauses are closely reỉated in meaning Ị f they aren't closely related, they shouỉd be vNTÌtten as tvvo simple sentences, each ending vvitlì a period

PRACTICE5

Compound SetUences Wỉíh Semicoỉons

A Place a semicolon betvveen the two independent clauses in the íolỉovving compouncl sentences

1 The American way o f ỉife apparentỉy does not foster’ marital happiness hair o f aỉl American marriages end in divorce

2 Motherhood causes some vvomen to qiiit their jobs others continue vvorking despite having young children to care for

3 Three hundred guests attended his vvedding two attended his íuneral

B Write three compound sentences o f yoiir ovvn, using a semicolon to jo in the independent clauses

PRAGXrCE

Comhiniỉĩg Simpie Seníences

Use what you have learned about forming compoưnd sentences to improve the followỉng mini-essay, vvhicli contains many short, simple sentences Combine sentences vvherever possibỉe Try to use each o f the three methods at least once There is not just one correct vvay to combine the sentences: there are many possible vvays

ĩoster: encourage

Part III Sentence Structure

Robots

robot is a mechanical device that can períorm boring, dangerous, and dlfficult tasks ^First of all, robots can pertorm repetitive tasks vvithout becoming tired or bored

^ h e y are used in automobile íactories to weld‘ and paint “^Robots can also íunction in hostile environments ^ h e y are useíul for exploring the ocean bottom as welí as deep

outer space ®Finally, robots can pertorm tasks requiring pinpoint accuracy ^!n the operating room, robotic equipment can assist the surgeon ®For instance, a robot can kiỉl

a braln tumor ®lt can operate on a fetus“ with great precislon

^°The íield of artiíicial intelligence Is giving robots a limited abiỉity to think and to make decisions ^^However, robots cannot think conceptually '^Robots cannot íunction independently ^^Humans have to program them ^^They are useless (U se otherwise to combine sentences 13 and 14.) ^^heretore, humans should not worry that robots wi!l take over the world-at least not yet

Wríting Technìque Questỉons

1 What is the main idea o f each paragraph? What sentences State the main ideas?

2 What method o f organization is used to develop the first paragraph?

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent cỉause(s) In a complex sentence, one idea is generally more important than the other One The more important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea

is placed in the dependent clause

There are three kinds o f dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun The follow ing chart presents an overvievv o f them You vviỉl study all o f these kinds o f clauses

in greater detaiỉ in Chapters 11,12 and 13

DEPENDENT CLAƯSES

ADVERBSCLAUSES

A dependent adverb clause begins Nvith an adverbiaỉ subordinator such as when, while, because, although if, so that etc.

1 Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920

2 In the United States, women could not vote untiỉ 1920 although they could own property

Notice that there are two possible positions for an adverb clause: beíore or after the inđependent cỉause I f it comes beíore the independent clause, it is foỉỉowed

by a comma (sentence 1) I f it comes after the independent clause, no comma is used (sentence 2)

' weld: jo in metaỉ by applying heat

" fetus: unbom baby