Phương pháp tự rèn luyện kỹ năng viết tiếng Anh học thuật: Phần 2

Phần 2 cuốn sách Phương pháp tự rèn luyện kỹ năng viết tiếng Anh học thuật gồm 5 chương trình bày trọng tâm về cú pháp với phạm vi đề cập là mệnh đề và câu, cách dùng các dấu chám câu, các từ ngữ chuyển mạch và cách làm bài viết trong điều kiện có áp lực về thời gian. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết.

PA RT III

Sentence

Stmcture

because pollution causes cancer

These are not clauses:

to protect the environment after working ail dayThere are tvvo kinds o f clauses: independent and dependent

hưỉependent Cỉauses

An independent claiise contains a subject and a verb and expresses a compleíe thought It can stand alone as a sentence by itselí An independent clause is funned vvith

Chapter 10 Types o f Sentences

subject verb (+ complement)

Students normally spend four years in college

I will declare my major’ now, but I may change it later

Many international students experience cuỉture shock when they tome to the United States

Independent Cỉauses

dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence by itselí A dependent clause is íormed with

suborđinator + subject verb (+ complement)

although students normally spend four years In college

if I đeclare my major now

when they come to the United States

who was accepted at Harvard Universitythat the experiment was a success

A partial list o f subordinators tbllovvs in the chart o f clause connectors Stuđy th chart, and then refer to it when you do Practice I

Clause Connectors

Three groups o f vvords are used to connect clauses in order to form different kinds c sentences They are subordinators (subordinating conjunctions), coordinators (cooi dinating conjunctions), and conjunctive adverbs

’ declare my major: officially register a major field o f study vvith the university

Part I I I Sentence Structure

ifsince

so that

thatthoughunỉessuntilwhat

whenvvhenever

vvhere

vvherever

\vhether

vvhichvvhiỉewhovvhomvvhose

COORDINATORS (COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS)You can remember the seven coordinators by the phrase FAN BOYS:

C0NJUNCT1VE ADVERBSaccordingly

besides

consequently

for example

furthermorehence hovvever

in addition

in contrastỉndeedinsteadlikewise

nevertheless therefore

PRACTICE I

lỉìdependeiu and Dependent Ciaiises

Write ỈNDEP next to the independent clauses and put a period (.) after them Write DEP next to the dependent clauses

1 Jet ỉag affects most ỉong-distance travelers

2 Which is simply the urge to slcep at inappropriate times

disrupted

4 For some reason, travel from west to east causes greater jet lag than travel fro)m

east to vvest

5 Also, changes in vvork schedules can cause jet lag

6 When hospita! nurses change from a day shiíìt to a night shift, for example

7 Although there is no sure vvay to prevent jet ỉag

8 There are some ways to minimize it

9 Because jet lag is caused at least partialỉy by ỉost o f sleep, not just a change ini

the time o f sleep

A simple sentence is one independent clause.

/ eỉỹoy pỊaving tennis \vith m v/riends every> \veekenci

ỉ Cìỹoy plaỵing tennis and ỉook fon\'cird to it every \veekend.

M yfriends and ỉ pỉay íennis and go bo\vling evcỉy \ị'eekend.

called a compound verb Because there is only one clause, this is a simple sentence The third sentence has a compound subject as vvell as a compound verb, but it is still a simple sentence because it has only one cỉause

Chapter 10 Types o f Sentences

PRACTICE 2

Simpỉe Sentences

1 Write two simple sentences with one subject and one verb

2 Write two simple senlences vvith one subject and two verbs

3 Write two simple senterices vvith tvvo subjects and tvvo verbs

Contpound Sentences

A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together There are three vvays to join the cỉauses:

Let's study each type of compound sentence in more detail

ỉ, Compoiitui Setìíences with Coordinaíors

A compound sentence can be formed as follows:

Independení clause, + coordinator + independent clause

Notice that there is a comma after the ĩirst independent clause The following sentences iỉlustraíe the meanings o f the seven "FAN BOYS' coordinators

Part III Sentence Structure

(The second clause gives the reason for the first clause.)

(The tvvo clauses express equal, similar ideas)

nor

Women don't smoke as much as men do, nor do they drink as much alcohol (Nor means "and not," It joins two negative independent clauses

vvomen do (The two clauses express equal, contrasting ideas.)

or

Both men and vvomen should ỉimit the amount o f fat in their diets, or they risk getting heart disease (The two clauses express altemative possibilities.)

yet

VVomen used to be known as the "vveaker sex," Jet in some ways, they are stronger than men (The second clause is a surprising or unexpected contrast to the first clause.)

second clause is the result o f the ĩirst clause.)

PRACTICE 3

Compoimd Sentences wỉíh Coordìnators

A Add another independent cỉause to the íollovving independent clauses to form compound sentences Be sure to vvrite a complete clause containing a subject and a verb Circle the coordinator and add punctuation

Example

The college campus is located in the center o f the citv, @ it is verv easv to do mv shopping _

ì Students can attend day classes and _

2 Students can live in dormitories or

3 í have finished my math homevvork but

4 I have studied English for six years yet

6 Some students do not like to Nvrite term papers nor

7 The instructor gave us eight vveeks to vvrite our term papers yet

8 Most students had not even chosen a topic nor _

Chapter 10 Types o f Sentences

9 The instructor vvas very upset for

10 My roommate scored very lìigh on the English placement test so

B For each pair o f sentences belovv, choose a coordinator that best fits the meaning and join the two independent clauses to form a compound sentence Use each FAN BOYS coordinator once Write your new sentences on a separate sheet o f paper, and punctuate them correctly

Example

Nuclear accidents can happen Nuclear poNver plants must have strict safety Controls

1 The accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Isỉand in the United States created fears about the safety o f this energy source The disaster at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union confirmed' them

2 Solar heating systems are economical to operate The cost o f installation is very high

3 Energy needs are not going to decrease Energy sources are not going to increase

4 Buming fossil íuel causes serious damage to our planet We need to develop other sources o f energy

5 Ecologists knovv that burning íossil fuels causes holes in the ozone layer Peopỉe continue to do it

6 Poorer nations especially wịlỉ continue this harmful practice They don't have the money to develop "clean” energy sources

7 All nations o f the world must take action Our children and grandchildren wiỉl suffer the consequences

c On a separale sheet o f paper, write sevcn compound sentences o f your ovvn, using each coordinator once

2, Compouĩui Seníences with Conjuncíìve Adverhs

A compound sentence can also be íornied as follows:

I independent clau se ; co n ju n ctive adverb, + independent cỉau se

Notice the punctuation: a semicolon íoỉlovvs the firsí independent clause, and a comma follows the conjunctive adverb Also, just like the FAN BOYS coordinators, conjunctive adverbs express relationships betvveen the clauses The following chart shovvs the coordinators and conjunctive adverbs that express similar meanings

confirmed: proved that they vvere correct

Part lfl Sentence Structure

C o m p o u n d S e n te n c e : w ith C O IIju n c iìv e A d v e rb s

and

besidesíurthermoremoreoveralso

Community colleges offer preparalion for many occupations; moreover, they prepare students to transfer to a four- year coilege or university

but

yet

hovveverneverthelessnonetheless

Many community colỉeges do not have dormitories; hovvever; they provide housing referral services

Students must take fmal exams; other- wise, they vvill receive a grade o f incompỉete

so

accordinglyconsequentlyhence

thereforethưs

Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; thereíore, most

classes for each group

PRACTICE 4

A Add another independent clause to each independent clause that follows to íorm compound sentences Be sure to add a complete clause containing a subject and a verb Circle the conjunctive adverb and add punctuation Notice that some o f these sentences are from Practice 3A on pages 174-175

Example

mv shopping _

1 Students can attend day classes m oreover _

2 Students can live in dormitories othervvise

3 I have fínished my maữ homevvork hovvever

5 The instructor gave us eight vveeks to vvrite our term papers nonetheless

B On a separate sheet o f paper, combine the pairs o f sentences in items 2, 4, 5, and 7 írom Practice 3B on page 175, using conjunctive adverbs Instead o f Coordinators Punctuate your new sentences correctỉy.

A compound sentence can also be formed with a semicolon alone;

Independent clause; independent ciause

Chapter 10 Types of Sentences

My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies medicine

Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from

communism; others soon followed

This kind o f compound sentence is possỉbỉe onỉy vvhen the two ỉndependent cỉauses are closely reỉated in meaning Ị f they aren't closely related, they shouỉd be vNTÌtten as tvvo simple sentences, each ending vvitlì a period

PRACTICE5

Compound SetUences Wỉíh Semicoỉons

A Place a semicolon betvveen the two independent clauses in the íolỉovving compouncl sentences

1 The American way o f ỉife apparentỉy does not foster’ marital happiness hair o f aỉl American marriages end in divorce

2 Motherhood causes some vvomen to qiiit their jobs others continue vvorking despite having young children to care for

3 Three hundred guests attended his vvedding two attended his íuneral

B Write three compound sentences o f yoiir ovvn, using a semicolon to jo in the independent clauses

PRAGXrCE

Comhiniỉĩg Simpie Seníences

Use what you have learned about forming compoưnd sentences to improve the followỉng mini-essay, vvhicli contains many short, simple sentences Combine sentences vvherever possibỉe Try to use each o f the three methods at least once There is not just one correct vvay to combine the sentences: there are many possible vvays

ĩoster: encourage

Part III Sentence Structure

Robots

robot is a mechanical device that can períorm boring, dangerous, and dlfficult

tasks ^First of all, robots can pertorm repetitive tasks vvithout becoming tired or bored

^ h e y are used in automobile íactories to weld‘ and paint “^Robots can also íunction in hostile environments ^ h e y are useíul for exploring the ocean bottom as welí as deep outer space ®Finally, robots can pertorm tasks requiring pinpoint accuracy ^!n the operating room, robotic equipment can assist the surgeon ®For instance, a robot can kiỉl

a braln tumor ®lt can operate on a fetus“ with great precislon

^°The íield of artiíicial intelligence Is giving robots a limited abiỉity to think and to make decisions ^^However, robots cannot think conceptually '^Robots cannot íunction independently ^^Humans have to program them ^^They are useless (U se otherwise to combine sentences 13 and 14.) ^^heretore, humans should not worry that robots wi!l take over the world-at least not yet

Wríting Technìque Questỉons

1 What is the main idea o f each paragraph? What sentences State the main ideas?

2 What method o f organization is used to develop the first paragraph?

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent cỉause(s) In a complex sentence, one idea is generally more important than the other One The more important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea

is placed in the dependent clause

There are three kinds o f dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun The follow ing chart presents an overvievv o f them You vviỉl study all o f these kinds o f clauses

in greater detaiỉ in Chapters 11,12 and 13

DEPENDENT CLAƯSES

ADVERBSCLAUSES

while, because, although if, so that etc.

1 Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920

2 In the United States, women could not vote untiỉ 1920 although they could own property

Notice that there are two possible positions for an adverb clause: beíore or after the inđependent cỉause I f it comes beíore the independent clause, it is foỉỉowed

by a comma (sentence 1) I f it comes after the independent clause, no comma is used (sentence 2)

Chapter 10 Types of Sentences

A D JE C T lV E C L A yS E S

A dependent adjective (relative) clause begins vvith a relative pronoun such as

who, whom, which, whose, or that, or with a relative adverb such as where or when An adjective clause functions as an adjective; that is, it modifies a noun or

pronoun The position and punctuation o f dependent adjective clauses is discussed in Chapter 13

3 Men who are not married are called bachelors

4 Last year we vacationed on the Red Sea, which íeatures excellent scuba diving

A dependent noun clause íunctions as a noun and begins vvith a w/7-question

subject (sentence 5) or an object (sentence 6) No commas are necessary

5 That there Is a hole in the ozone laỵer of the earth's atmosphere is well known

6 Scientists believe that excess chloroíluorocarbons in the atmosphere are responsible for creating it

PRACTICE 7

lisí o f subordinators

Example

SUB

Because the cost o f educations is rising, manv students mưst vvork part-time,

1 When students from other coưntries come to the United States, they often suffer from culture shock

2 Because the cost o f education has risen, many students are having financial problems

3 Please tell me vvhere (he studenl Uíìion is

4 Engineers, vvho have an aptitude for drafting and mechanics, must also be artistic and imaginative

5 While the contractor follows the blueprint, the engineer checks the construction in progress

6 Since the blueprint presents the details o f the engineer’s plans, it must be interpreted accurately by the contractor

7.Students shouỉd declare a major by their ịunior year unỉess they have not made up their minđs

8 Even though students decỉare a major now, they can change it later

9 Last year, the government reported that drug use is increasing

10 Doctors are concemed about drug use by young people, who think that smoking marijuana is risk-free

B STEP 1 Add a logical independent cỉause to each o f the following dependent cỉauses.STEP 2 Punctuate each sentence correctly.

2 _ unless ỉ take tvvelve units

3 that Computer engineering is a popuỉar maịor

4 vvho is chair o f the Communications Department

5 Because 1 had to look for a part-time jo b

6 _ i f I want to get to school on time

7 _ \vhether I should take advanced

calculus

8 _ whom I met at the social club meeting lastmonth

9 vvhen I left my country

10 _ that my college adviser recommends

Compound-Compỉex Sentences

A compound-complex sentence is a combination o f tvvo or more independent clauses and one (or more) dependent clauses Many combinations are possible, and their punctuation requires careful attention

1 1 wanted to travel after I graduated from college; hovvever, I had to go to work immediately

2 Atter I graduated from college I wanted to travel but I had to go to work immediateỉy

3 ỉ wanteđ to travel after I graduated from college, but I had to go to work Immediately because ị had to support my family

4 I couldn't decide where I should work or what I should do so I did nothing

• Punctuate the compound part o f a compound-complex sentence like a compound sentence; that is, use a semicolon/comma combination (sentence 1), or put a comma before a coordinator join ing tvvo clauses (sentences 2, 3, and 4)

• Punctuate the compỉex part like a complex sentence W ith adverb clauses, put a comma after a dependent adverb clause (sentence 2) but not before them (sentence 3) With noun cỉauses, use no commas (sentence 4)

Part III Senteiice Structure

PRACTICE 8

Compound-Compỉex Sentences

Punctuate these compound-complex sentences

STEP 1 Underline the independent cỉauses vvith a solid line and the dependent clauses

vvith a broken line

STEP 2 Add commas and/ or semicoỉons as necessary

1 I f housework and chiỉdcare are included vvomen vvork more hours per vveek than men

Chapter 10 Types of Sentences

2 In Africa, NVomen vvork harder than men because they work 67 hours per vveek but men vvork only 53

Although Latin American vvomen vvork 60 hours Latin men w ork only 54 and in Asia vvomen work 62 hoiirs to men's 48

Men in Western Europe work the least they put in only 43 hours per week although women average 48

The report started that even vvhen men’s vvorking hours vvere reduced they used the extra time for leisure activities rather than for housevvork or childcare

Compare the tvvo models that follow The ĩirst model is an exampỉe o f overcoordination, or vvriting with too many compound sentences In the second modeỉ, some o f the coordinalỉon has been replaced by subordination-compỉex sentences in sentences 5, 6, 7, 9,11 and 12 and participial phrases in sentences 5 and 10 Notice, hovvever, that coordination has been preserved vvhere the ideas expressed are equal (sentences 1,4 and 8)

IVIODEL

Overcoordhtation

The People's Princess

^Diana, Phncess of Wales, was born in Noríolk, England, in 1961, and she died

in Paris, Prance in 1997 ^People around the world were fascinated by the

transíormation of this shy kindergarten teacher into an independent, selí-assured

young woman ^Her sudden death in a car crash vvhile being chased by

photographers prompted worỉdwide discussion and grieí

^Diana Spencer was born to a wealthy upper-class Engllsh íamily, and she

was educated in private schools ín England and Switzerland ^She ỉoved chlldren,

so she became a klndergarten teacher ®She led a quiet ỉife in London, but then

she met Charles, Prince of VVales, and her life changed dramaticalỉy ^She and

Charles marrled in 1981, and her ỉife as the wife of the íuture king of England

began ®She gave birth to two sons and became active in charity work ®Diana's life

shouid have been a happy one, but it was not to be ^°She and Charles began

having mahtal problems, and they separated in 1992, and they agreed to divorce in

1996

^Dlana worked very hard at her job as princess, and she supported many

causes, especially those related to children and AIDS victims ’^She lived for only a

short time, but she touched people all over the vvorld because of her beauty, her

compassion for others, and her style. _

Panicipial phrases are presented in Chapter 14

Part 111 Sentence Structure

mm

Subordinatỉon

The People's Princess

^Diana, Princess of Wales, was born in Nortoỉk, Engiand In 1961 and died in

Paris, Prance in 1997 ^People around the world were íascinated by the

transíormation of this shy kindergarten teacher Into an independent, self-assured

young woman ^Her sudden death in a car crash while being chased by

photographers prompted worldwide discussion and grieí

^Diana Spencer was born to a wealthy, upper-class English íamily and

educated in private schools In England and Switzerland ^Because she loved

children, she became a kindergarten teacher, leading a quiet lie in London

®However, when she met Charles Prince of Wales, her life changed dramaticaỉly

^After she and Charles marrled in 1981, her life as the wife of the íuture king of

England began ®She gave birth to two sons and became active in charity work

®Although Diana's life should have been a happy one, it was not to be ’°She and

Charles began having mahtal problems, separating in 1992 and to divorce in 1996

^^Diana, who vvorked very hard at her job as princess, supported many causes,

especialiy those related to children and AIDS vlctims ’^Even though she ỉived for a

short time, she touched people all over the world because of*her beauty, her

compassion for others and her style

PRACTICE9

Subordination

Change the foỉlowing compound sentences to complex sentences by subordimating one o f the clauses Use the subordinator given Note: Be sure to add the subordinaitor to the correct clause so that the resulting sentence is ỉogical

Example

It vvas raining, so I took an umbrelỉa to work (because)

1 In the fom ier Soviet Union, men and vvomen had access to equal education anid job opportunities, for that reílected the Soviet philosophy (since)

2 The 19^7 Soviet constitution declared that vvomen and men had equal rightíS and responsibilities, and vvomen joined the workforces (after)

3 Also, m illions o f Russian men vvere avvay in the m ilitary during W orld War II, so Russian vvomen filled their places at vvork (because)

4 Soviet, vvomen vvorked fulỉ time at their jobs, but they also had the priimary responsibility for taking care o f the family (although)

ChapterlO Types of Sentences PRACTICE 10

C o m h ỉỉtin g S e n te n ce s in D ì ffe r e n t

Use what you have leamed about the four kinds o f sentences to improve these paragraphs, vvhich contains too many short, simple sentences Use different methods o f combining the seniences You may want to refer to the chart on page 172 for a list o f coordinators and subordinators

Nonverbaỉ Communication

^Nonverbal communication, or body language, is used everyvvhere in the world ^It is a very powerful means of communication communicates much more than spoken vvords ^One example of nonverbal communication is what occurs betvveen parents and child ^parents smile at their child ^ h e y communicate love, acceptance, and reassurance ^The child feels comíortable and safe ®The smiie signifies approval ^ h e child is happy and well-adjusted

^°Another exampỉe of such communication is the ỉmage a person projects in public woman is vvalking alone on an unfamiliar and possibly dangerous Street, ^^she vvants to appear conĩident ^^She should walk briskly ^^She may be tired ^^She should walk with her shoulders straight and her head heid high '®Her eyes shouỉd be íocused straight ahead ^^Someone is looking at her

’®She should return the gỉance vvíthout hesitation contrast a nervous woman wilỉ appear aíraid ^°She waỉks slovvly with her shoulders drooping and her eyes looking downward ^^Indeed, body ianguage can express more than spokenlanguage is a very strong method of communication ‘^'^People use their body signaỉs carelessly ^^They can sometimes be misinterpreted

23f

Review

These are the important points in this chapter so far:

1 Clauses are the main building blocks o f sentences There are two kinds o f clauses: independent and dependent

An independent clausc

• expresses a complete thought

• can be a sentence by itse!f

English grammar is easy

A dependent cỉause

• becins vvith a subordinator

• cannot be a sentence by itself

• is one o f three types: adverb, adjective,

or roun

Adverb: because grammar is easy

Adjective: vvhich is in Spanish

Noun: that grammar is easy

Part 111 Sentence Structure

2 There are four kinds o f sentences in English: simple, compoiind, complex, and compound-complex Each kind is punctuated differently

A compoiind sentence has two

independent clauses joined by

Chocolate, vvhich is in Spanish

With a noun clause:

She doesn’t agree that grammar is easy

A compound-complex sentence Because grammar is easy, I learned it quickly, biit has tvvo indepenđent clauses and it took me several years to master' vvriting

one (or more) dependent clauses

3 Allhough good vvriters use all four kinds o f sentences, the use o f subordination (complex and compound-complex sentences) is considered a more mature, interesting, and effective \vriting síyle

Paralleỉism

Parallelism is an important element in English \vriting, especially vvhen yoii are Ịisting and comparing and contrasting items or ideas Parallelism means thai each item in a list or comparison ĩollovvs the same grammatical pattern Ị f you are vvriting a list and the first item in your list is a noun, vvrite all o f the follow ing items as nouns also I f the ĩirst item is an iníìnitive verb phrase, make all o f the others infinitive verb phraS" es; i f it is a dependent clause, make all o f the others dependenl clauses Ị f you are making a comparison or contrast, make sLire that the items you are comparing or contrasting are the same

Notice hovv the rule o f parallelism is folỉowed iĩỉ the second sentence in each o f the ĩollovving sets.

N oí p a ra lỉe l M y E nglish conversation class is made up o f Chinese, Spaniards,

and some are from Bosnia

P aralleỉ M y Engỉish conversation class is made up o f Chinese, Spaniards,

and Bosnians

No( paraỊỊeỉ The students vvho do vvell attend class ihey do their homevvork, and

practice speaking in English

P a ra llcỉ The students vvho do vvell attend class, đo th e ir h o m e w o rk, and

practice speaking in Engỉish

Noi p a ra ỉle l The teacher wanted to knovv vvhich country vve came from and OLir

future goals

P aralỉeỉ The teacher vvanted to knovv vvhich country vve came from and vvhat

our tuture goaỉs vvere

No ịparaỉỊeỉ The language skills o f the students in the evening classes are the

same as the day classes

P ũ ra lle l The language skills o f the students in the evening classes are the

same as the ỉanguage skills o f the students in the day classes

You may also siibstitute a pronoun for the second "the language skills":

The language skills o f the students in the evening classes are the same as those o f the students in the day ciasses

Aỉl o f the \vords in the Tirst item do not aỉvvays have to be repeated in the second You may rcpeat all or some o f the vvords, depending Iipon vvhat you vvish to emphasize

Before you vvTÌte a paper or (before) (you) take a test, you must organize your thoughts

’‘Before” and/or ” you" may be deleted from the second item vvithout breaking the rule

o f paralleỉism

L^eĩore you vvrite a paper or take a test, you must organize your thoughts

Chapter 10 Types of Scntences

C oordhuitors And, Or, B ut

íbrm Notice the parallel striictures joined by coordinators in the íoỉlovving senleiices:The Pederal A ir Pollution Control Administration reguiates automobile exhausts, and the Pederal Aviation Administration makes similar regulations for aircraft.The states regulate the noise created by motor vehicles but not by commercial aircraft

Pesticides cannot be sold i f they have an adverse* effect on humans, on anỉmal life,

or on the environment

adverse: uníavorable

Part III Scntence Structure

Correlative Conjunctions

nor, and not o n ỉ y hut also.

sentence Notice the parallel structure in these clauses joined by coưelative conjunctions:

A new law provides the means for both reguỉating pesticides and ordering their removaí if they are dangerous

Air pollutants may come either from the ocean as naturai contamlnants given off by sea ỉife or from the internal combustion engines of automobiles

If neither industry nor the Public works toward reducing polỉutlon problems, íuture generations wili suffer;

Many people are neither concerned about pollutants nor vvorrieđ about their íuture impact

At the present time, air pollution is controlled through laws passed not only to reduce the pollutants at their sources but also to set up acceptable standards of air quality

PRACTICE 11

Paraỉietism

A Tvvo or more items in each o f the follow ing sentences are Nvritten in paralỉel grammatical form Underline the items or iđeas that are parallel, and circỉe the vvord or vvords that connect the paraliel structures

3 You can learn a second in the classroom, at home, or in a country vvhere the

language is spoken

5 My old typevvriter is neither íasl nor reliable.

6 Ann is growing older but unfortunately not vviser

7 Young people buy computers not only to do schoolvvork but also to play games

8 I f industrial nations continue to bum fossil fueỉs and i f developing nations continue

to bum their rain forests, the ỉevel o f CO2 in the atmosphere vvill continue to

B Revvrite the follow ing sentcnces in parallel form Underline the part o f the sentence that is not parallel and correct it.

ExampleThe disadvantages o f using a credit card are overspendirm and vou pay high interest rates

The disadvantages o f using a credit card are overspendinạ and paying hiạh interest rates

1 Credit cards are accepted by department stores, airlines, and they can

be used ỉn some gas stations

Chapter 10 Types of Sentences

programs alen you

only to certain stylistic

problems They are not

able to detect problems

in grammar

2 You do not need to risk carrying cash or to risk to pass up‘ a sale

3 With credit cards, you can either pay your b ill vvith one check, or you can slretch out your payments

4 You can charge both at restaurants and vvhen you síay at Hotels

5 Many peopỉe cairy not only credit cards but they also carry cash

6 Many peopỉe vvant neither to payoff their balance monthly nor do they like paying interest

7 Not making any payment or to send in only mỉnimum payments every month is poor money management

or, n e iíh e r nor, and not o n lv but aỉso one time each.

Study the foIlow ing four examples o f sentence fragments and the sugíĩested methods for correcting them.

1 Because some students work part4ime vvhiỉe taking a fuỉỉ load o f courses

To correct: Attach it to an independent claiise

Because some síĩidents work part-time W'hiỉe taking a fu ll loaci (>f courses, ỉhev have very> liltle free ỉinie.

2 For exampie, the increase in the eost o f renting an apartment

To correct: Rewrite the sentence so that it has a verb

For e.xample, the cost oJ reníing on aparímení increased.

3 Peeiino lonely and íailing most o f his classes

To correct: (a) Add a subject and change the participỉes tG verbs, or

(b) attach the phrase to an independent cỉause

(a) He fe ỉt Ịonelv and wơs /a ị/in g most o f lĩìs cíasses.

(b) FeeỊịfiiỉ ỉoneỉv and /ơ iỉin g most o f lĩis classes, the studenỊ wise/y cieciíỉed to make an appointmení \viíh ìùs counseỉor.

4 Many young people who ỉeave home at an early age

uníinished

To correct: (a) Change the relative clause into an independent claiise, or

(b) compỉete the unfmished independent clause

(a) Manv voung peopỉe leave homc ưt an early age.

(b) Xíanv voỉtníỊ people \vho lecive liome at an earỉv age do not nuínaị^e llìc ir monev weìl.

he/ore, etc.) These are DANGER WORDS! Make sure tỉiat every subordinate clause

beginning vvith tliese vvords is attached to an independent clause

Part ĨII Sentence Structure

PRACTICE 12

Rewrìíutỵ Sentence Fragmeiìts

A Read the íollovving sentences Mark them FRAG i f they are sentence tVagments, or COMP i f they are complete sentences On a separate piece o f paper, revvrite cach fragment to make a complete sentence

1 The desirc o ra ll hiimankincỉ lo IIve in peacc and íVcedom, for cxarnplc

2 Sccond, Ihc lầcl ihal men are pliysically strongcr than womcn

3 rhe bcsl movie that I savv lasl ycar

4 Titanic vvas the most financially successfuỉ movie ever madc

5 Por cxamplc, niany sludcnls have part-timc ịobs

6 Aỉlhouíìh pcoplc \vant lo bcỉicvc that all mcn arc created equai

7 ỉ'inciing a suilablc marriage partncr is a challcnging task

10 Because I don't feel that grades in colỉege have any value.

11 The nuclear accident that occurred in Russia in 1986, the vvorst nuclear accident

in h istorv

12 The firs t hint o f the tragedy came íw o days after the accident occurred

_1 3 W hen radiation m onitors' in Svvcden indicated an increase in radiation ỉevels

over Scandỉnavia

causing crops and dairy products lo becorne contaminated

15 O pponents o f nuclear povver plants pointing to the Chernobyl disaster and the

near-disaster at a U.S plant ỉn Pennsylvania

B Read the follow ing short essay Put brackets [ ] around any sentence ĩragments that yoLi íind and mark them FRAG Then correct alỉ íragments on a separate piece o f paper, piece o f paper

Women Drivers

Maíe Chauvinism^ extends even into the area of automobile driving it seems Beỉieving that they are far better drivers than vvomen Men copsider women drivers incompetent, inattentive, and even dangerous behind the vvheeỉ

Hovvever, statistics prove that women are in fact safer drivers than men For

5 example Insurance rates Insurance rates for women are 20 percent lower than they are for men Another proof is that more accidents are caused by male drivers betvveen the ages of 18 and 25 than by any other group Also, the greater percentage of accidents involving deaíhs caused by men Although women are criticized for being too cautious They are really just being safe drivers

10 The reasons for women drivers' saíer driving habits can perhaps be íound in thediffering attitudes of the sexes toward auíomobiies On the one hand women drivers who regard the automobile as a convenience Like a washing machine On the other hand men regard the automobile as an extension of their egos^ Using it as a weapon

w h e n th e y íe e l p a rtic u la rly a g g re s s iv e O r u s in g ít a s a s ta tu s S y m b o l.

15 All in all, women are safer drivers Because of their attitude Men can learn tobecome safe drivers If they adopt the attitude that an automobiie is mereiy a convenlence

or \vhether one idea is dependent on the other

Chapter 10 Types of Scntences

monitors: niachines to check radiation levels

■ malc chauvinism; mcn’s belicrin maỉc siiperiority

’ cgos: self-importance

1 ỉfth e sentences express equaỉ ideas» use coordination to combine them.

Choppy sentences W ind is ơn e n d u rin g source o f power W ater ìs also an Itn ỉin rite d ư n e n ^

source Dams produce hydraidic power They have existed fo r a lom: tìfve ịVindm iỉls are relaíiveỉy new.

Corrccied Boíh w irìd and wơter are enduring sources o f power Dams have produced

hydraulic power fo r a long time, hut \vindm ills are relativeỉy new.

2 l f the sentences express unequal ideas, that is, i f one sentence expresses a less important idea than the other, use subordination to combine them

Choppy sentences ịYe nmst f in d new sources o f energy N a tu ra l sources o f e ncrg}’ are

dw indỉin^J Soỉar enerịry is a prom ising new scmrce o f e n e r^ , Soỉar energy is energy /ro m the sun.

Correcíed \Ye tnust f n id ne\v sotưces o f energy becouse n a íu ra ỉ sources o f emr<ỉy are

d w iìid ỉin g S o ỉa r energ}\ w h ich is energy fro m the sun, is a p ro m is in g new

Rewrỉtìng Choppy Sentences

Improve the foỉlowing choppy sentences by combining them to make either

compound, complex, or compound-complex sentences

1 Gasoline became expensive Automobile manufacturers began to produce smaller cars Smaller cars use less gasoline

problems for humanity

3 Government and private agencies have spent biỉlions o f dolỉars advertising the dangers o f smoking The number o f smokers is stilỉ increasing

4 Some students go to a vocational school to learn a trade Some students go to coỉlege to get a degree

getting grades The instructors donì enjoy giving grades.

Rim^On Sentences and Comma Splices

A run-on sentence is a sentence in vvhich tvvo or more independent clauses are

vvritten one after another with no punctuation A similar error happens vvhen tvvo independent cỉauses are incorrectly joined by a comma vvithout a coordinating

conjunction This kind o f error is called a comma splice

Rim-on: M y/a m iỉy wení io AustraỊia then ỉhey emigrated ÍO Canada Comma splice: M y fa m ỉly went to Austraỉia, then they em igrated ío Canada.

l'he vvays to correct these two sentence errors are the same.

1 Add a period: M y fam ily went to Australia Then they emigrated to Canada

2 Add a semicolon: M y íam ily went to Australia; then they emigrated to Canada

3 Add a coordinator: M y íamily vvent to Australia, and then they emigrated to Canada

4 Add a subordinator: My fam ily vvent to Australia before they emigrated to Canada * Aíìter my famiỉy went to Australia, they emigrated to Canada

Chapter 10 Types of Sentences

PRACTICE 14

'ice ẳíRun^On/Comma Spỉice Sentences

A Correct the follow ing run-on/comma splice sentences using the method indicated

1 A newly arriveđ international student faces many problems, for example, he has to cope with a nevv culture

a (Add & p e rio d )

b (Add & semicolon.)

2 Nevv York City is very cosmopoỉitan, there are people from many cuỉtures and ethnic groups livin g there

a (Add & period.) -

b (Add & semicolon.)

B Some o f the íoỉlovving sentences are run-ons or comma splices, and some are

left I f it is correct, leave the space blank Then, on a separate piece o f paper, correct the incorrect sentences

Example

Tvvo letters arrived on Mondav: a third one came on VVednesdav

PartlII Sentence Structure

Your school library

probably has other

cx}mputefi2ed reíerence

materials such as

dictionaries and

bibliographies Ask your

school librarian to show

them to you.

1 An encyclopedia is a valuable source of infoiTnation it containssummaries of every area of knovvledge

2 Because o f the rapid expansion o f human knowlcdge, il is diíTicult to

keep encyclopedias currenl

3 A printed encyclopedia becomes obsolele' almost as soon as ii is

pubỉished also it is quile expensive to purchase

4 Encyclopedias on CD-ROMs are inexpensive, convenicnt 1 0 use and

easiỉy updateđ

5 Articles in encyclopedias are written by experts in each subject who

are ofìen university proíessors

6 An editor o f an encycỉopedia doesn't vvrite articles he only collccts

and edits articles vvritten by other cxperts

7 To ĩind a book on a certain subject, you used to look in a cardcatalog, lo íìnd a magazine article on a subject, you uscd to look in a periodical index

8 Novv, most libraries have throvvn avvay their card calalogs, they havecompulerized catalogs that are much more eíĩicieni 10 use and update

9 Many periodicaỉ indexes, vvhich onỉy list titles o f magazine articlcs

and indicate vvhere to find them, have been replaced by Computer indexes, some o f vvhich display synopses^ and even entirc articles

instantly

librarian to heip you, they are paid 10 assist students

paragraphs, correcting the mistakes that you found

Grade inflatỉon

Teachers at stone Mountain State Coỉlege give higher grades than teachers at tvvelve

the State institutional Research Committee Thls report showed that more than one-third of the undergraduate grades avvarded in the spring semester, 1997 were A's, only 1.1 percent

5 were Ps The percentage of A's avvarded to graduate students was even higher, almost two-thirds were A's

While students may be happy to receive high grades, there is evidence that thls trend is having negative consequences Investlgation of the admissions criteria^ of some graduate and proíessional schools indicates that the admissions offices of these schools are

ỈO discounting high grades on the transcripts of SMBO students, this means that an A from

SMSC ỉs not equal to an A from other universities Grade infiation may, theretore hurt a student from stone Mountain State College who intends to apply to a graduate or proíessional school, he or she may not be accepted despite a hỉgh grade point average

A string) sentence is a sentence vvith too many independent clauses, usualỉy

going on and on like a string vvithouí an end

There is no rule lim itin g the number o f independent cỉauses allovved in one sentence, but two is a «ood maximum To correct a stringy sentence, divide it and/or recombíne the' clauses, remembering to subordinate vvhen appropriate

Sỉriììg}’ Many students attend classes all morning, and then they vvork alỉ aftemoon,

and they also have to study at night, so they are usually exhausted by the Nveekend

Correcỉed Many students attend cỉasses alỉ moming and work ail aítemoon Since

they also have to study at night, they are usuaỉly exhausted by the Nveekend

study at night, they are usually exhausted by the vveekend

Stringy Setítences

Improve these strlngy sentences

1 He enrolled in an advanced calculus class, but he found it too diíTicult, so he dropped it

Chapter 10 Types of Sentences

2 The tidaỉ vvave ruined the crops, and it desíroyed several villages, and it caused many deaths, so it vvas a reaỉ disaster

the cause o f the problem, so they rmally gave up, and they vvent home

4 Junk food is bad for yoụr hecỉith, and it also contains no vitamins, and it damages your stomach, so people shouldn’í eat it

5 The lack o f rainíail has caused a severe vvater shortage, so people have to conserve water cvery day, and thev aỉso have to think o f nevv ways to reuse vvater, but the situation is improving

Part 111 Sentence Structure

Review

These are the important poỉnts in the second half o f this chapter:

1 Paralỉelism

Lists o f items joined by coordinating conjunctions and correỉative conjunctions must

be parallel in structure The same is true o f contrasts and comparisons o f items I f the first item is a noun, make all others nouns; i f it is a phrase, make all o f the others phrases; i f it

is a clause, make all o f the others clauses

I enjoy snovv skiing in the vvinter and

waterski summers

I enjoy snow skiing in the vvinter and

\vaterskiing In the summer

M y grandmother not only speaks

four languages but also she

Pragments are incompỉete sentences

Pragment: The subject that I enjoyed

the most in high school

Corrected: The subject that 1 enjoyed the most In high schooỉ Nvasphysics

Run-ons and comma splices are incorrectly joined independent clauses

Run-on: Getting married is easy

staying married is another matter:

Comma splice; Getting married is

easy staying married is anoữier matter:

Coưected: Getting married is easy, but staying ĩĩiarried is another matter

or: Although getting married is easy, staying married is another matter:

Choppy seọtences are sentences that are too short

Choppy: M y fam ily left oưr

homeland Then we live in a reíugee

camp We lived there for several

months Then we got our document

We traveỉed to Canada We li ve

there now

Coưected: A fter my fam ily ỉefì our homelanự, vve live in a reíugee camp for several months As soon as vve got our documents, we traveled to Canada, vvhere we li ve novv

Chapter 10 Types of Sentences

Stringy sentences are sentences vvith too many independent clauses

Stringy: M y ĩam ily left our

homeland, and we lived in a refugee

anip for several months, but íìnally

we got our documents, so vve

traveled to Canada, and vve li ve there

now

Corrected: Aíìter my fam ily ỉeft our homeland, vve lived in a reíugee camp for several months As soon as

we got our documents, vve traveled

to Canada, vvhere we ỉive novv

EDITING PRACTICE

Edit the fo llo w ing paragraph fur errors in parallel structure and other sentence problems Iđentify the problem sentences and correct them (Note: N ot every sentence has a problem)

America: Melting Pot or Salad Bowl?

^The United States counts its population every ten years, and each census' reveals that the racial and ethnic mix is changing changlng dramatically, so by the year 2050, the "average" American will not be descended from" Europeans, but the majority of U.S residents wíll trace their ancestry'" to Africa, Asia, the Hispanic world, the Pacific Islands, or the Middle East “^Once the United States was a microcosm^ of European nationalities, today the United States Is a microcosm of the world ^ h e United States is

no longer considered a "melting pot" society by many of its residents '^Instead, many people preíer the term "salad bowl" ^They use this term to describe American society

^American society will soon be predominantly nonwhỉte ^"Melting pot" implies that the different ethnic groups bỉend together into one homogeneous mixture, "salad bowl" implies that nationalities, like the ingredients in a mixed green salad, retain their cultural identities ®"Earlier generations of Immigrants believed they had to learn English quickly not only to survive but also for success ®"Now, many immigrant groups do not fee! the same need '^"Because there are many places in America vvhere you can work, shop get medical care, marry, divorce, and đie vvithout knovving Engíish example, Chinatovvn in San Prancisco and New York ^^Aiso, Los Angeles has many Vietnamese immigrants and immigrants from Mexico addition, many immigrant groups want their children to know their own culture ^^Many Hispanics, for Instance, want their children to learn both English and study the Spanish language in school, ^^hey are ĩighting for the right to bilingual education in many communities many communlties they are in the majority

' ccnsus: population count

" bc dcscended from: be the childrcn, grandchildren, elc, of

anccstry': a person's origins

microcosm; small communily representin| a large One

clause C ciỉle d an introdiictory clause The noun clause is the object o f the introductory

(know, heỉieve, worider}.

Chapter 11 Noun Clauses

IN T R O D L C T O R Y

1

about Capital punishm ent

Types of Noun Clauses

rhere are three types o f noun clauses:

sucli as \vho, whoever, what whơtever, where, \vherever, when, w h ich , how, h o w rrìuch,

ho\v many etc.

• Ịf/wheíher-cỉauses are formed from yes/no questions and are introduced by the

Science (o r not)

r-rect (o r not)

The punctuation o f sentences vvith noun clauses is easy

• No comma is used to separate the introductory clause from the noun clause

of-sentence punctuation

I f Ihe introductory clause is a question, use a question mark at the end o f the sentence

ỉ f the introductory cỉause is a statement use a period

Do you know when he called?

ỉ don’t knovv when he caỉled

m andatory: required

Part in Sentence Structure

Sequence o f Tenses

the introductory clause verb is simple present, present perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause is in vvhatever tense expresses the meaning that the introductory clause intends

The prim e m irĩisters agree that gỉohaỉ w arm ing' is a serious w orldprohlem

They hope that aỉỉ naíions w iỉỊ be responsihỉe fo r solving íhis serious prohỉem

Scientisís believe thai atmospheric warm ing hơs already begun.

Measurements have indỉcated thai the average temperature o f the eơrih has risen ìn the past one hundredyears.

Furíher research w ill prove íhat carbon dioxide is largely responsibỉe.

Hovvever, vvhen the verb in the introductory clause is in the past tense, the verb in the dependent cỉause is usually in a past fo rn r:

The prim e m inìsters agreed íhat globaỉ warm ing was a serious

F urther research proved that carbon dioxide m is larịreỉỵ respom ihle.

CROSS-REPERENCE

For more examples and

practice, refer also to

composed o f

thơi + subject + verb + complement

that the laiìguage centổr o f the brain diffêrs in each person

that diíĩerent aspects o f language, such as nouns and verts, are processed in different areas o f the brain. _

Here are examples o f complex sentences containing an independent introductoiy clause and a dependent that-clause

Chapter 11 Noun Clauses

mind and body

are grouped according to \vhether or not tlìey may take an indirect object

ỈN T R O D U C T O R Y C LA U S E VERBS

optional; to required vvith indirect object

Indirect object required

Indirect object optional

realize

State

think

The verbs in Group I do not take an indirect object

We know that vvomen have hỉgher verbal IQs than men

The verbs in Group II may or may not take an indirect object Hovvever, i f an indirect

The deíense attorney proved (to the ju ry ) that his Client was not gulty

The verbs in Group III must be followed by an indirect object

Tlie doctor assured the w orrie d parents that their child vvould recover

The verbs in Group ỈV may or may not be íollovved by an indirect object

He promised (them) that they could see their child immediately after the operation Note: !n academic vvriting, especially in scientific vvriting, introductory clause verbs are otten vvritten in passive voice with the neutral subject /7

Part III Scntence Structure

PRACTICE 1

That-Cỉauses

A Complete the introductory cỉauses in the follow ing sentences by adding a verb froin the

voice verbs in sentences 4, 5, and 6,

Examples

Researchers knovv that men’s and wornen's brains are different

it has bcen proven that rneiVs and women's brains are different.

1 Experts

2 T h e y _

womcn leam langiiages more easily than man do

_ vvomen have more brain cells in the language area

3 A recent study _

than men do

4 In the report, i t _ women are not more intelligent than men just becausethey have more cells in the braiiVs language area

5 It _ men and vvomen have different a b ilitie s in v o ỉv in g sp atial' tasks; for

example, men can read maps inore easily, but women can remember the location o f objects better

6 ỉt _ men are, in general, better at math and reasoning than vvomen

clause verb in each sentence, and remember the seqưence o f tenses rules

Aíter certain verbs and adjectives in an introductory clause, the verb in a //7ơ/-clause

is in the simple or base form, called the subjunctive These verbs and adjectives indicate urgency, advisability, necessity, and desirability The verbs and adjectives requiring the subjunctive form in the //7í//'Clause include:

The company president urged that the marketing department be more aggressive She insisted that the company not ỉose any more customers to its competitors

Ịt is necessary that each salesperson work longer hours

The subjunctive also occurs vvhen the introductory clause verb is in passive voice:

ỉt was recommended that the department not hire nevv staff at this time

Chapter 11 Noun Claiises

S uhjiittctive N oun Cỉauses

A Background iníorm ation: /í íh rce -ve a r d ro ug h í has caused a serious w a íe r sh o ría g c in íhe fìC tìtìo us c o u n trv ()f Sunnyỉand As a resiiỉt, Sunnyỉand's g ove rn m e n í is p ro p o s ìn g

re strictìon s on \va(er lỉse.

W 'ite com plex sentcnccs containin« subjunctive noun clauses

STEP ỉ Revvrite the questioỉi in each item as an introductory clause

STEP 2 Revvrite the staíement as a subjunctive noun clause

STEP 3 Combine the tvvo clauses to inake a new sentence

E\am pỉe

Wnat did the uovernment order!

Ci:izens must clecrease their vvater use; they should not vvaste vvater:

waíer:

W ia t did the gover -ment demand?

Ecch ĩa m ily inust reduce its vvater use by 40 percent

W iat is necessary?

AỈ! citizens must com ply vvith^ the nevv restrictlons

W ia t did the government propose for city-dwellers?

Exeryone must take five-m inute shovvers

4.What is advisable?

People should conserve vvater vvhenever possible

Parmers should cut their vvater use by 25 percent

6 What vvas suggested?

Ever>' íarmer should install a đrip irrigation system

7.What did the government urge?

Peopỉe must not use vvater to wash cars, sidevvalks, or streets

0^PUTERĨ1P

A compiter spell

check \«ll find many

errors Hovvever, it will

not findspelllng

errors Sich as

there/thỉlr/they're nor

will it finj a missing -s

on a pliral noun Ỹou

still neel to check for

errors y)urself

■ ílctiticus: not real

’ compt/ with: obey

Part III Sentence Structure

B W rite six originaỉ sentences vvith subjunctive noun clauses, using a differení verb

or adjective in the introductory ciause in each sentence

Wh- ỊVordClauses

A wh-w>ord cỉause is a dependent noiin clause in which the su b o rd in a to r is a w h -\v o rd

such as w/70, what, where, when, why, h ow much, ho\v long, H'hich, etc A \\'h -\v o rd

clause is composed o f either

vvho the president o f South Africa is

how many citizens voted in the last eiection.

or

\vh-w ord + verb + compỉement

vvho made the error

vvhat happened at the student body meeting

The vvord order in these clauses sometimes causes problems for learners o f English as

verb Hovvever, just remember that the vvord order in a noun clause is like a statement, not like a question

Study the vvord order in the w/7-questions on the left side o f the chart on pa<j,e 203, and the w h-w ord clauses on the right Notice that wh-word clauses aivvays use normal sv

í//c/disappear

Chapter 11 Noun Clauses

Wli-Ọiiestions W H-W ORDCLAUSES

Who started the band?

s V who started the band.

Which vocalists have sung with the

group?

s V vvhich vocalists have sung wit!i the

group

V s

How often does the group perform

during the year?

s V how often the group períorms during the year.

V s

Who is the lead singer?

s V who the lead singer is

To change a M^/7-question into a M^/?-word clause:

- change the worđ order to sv statement vvord orđer if necessary.

- Delete do, does, or dicl,

Here are examples of complex sentences containing w/7-word clauses:

INTRODUCTORY

C1.AUSI-:

Wh-WORD CLAUSE

group?

year

singer

was

Part III Sentence Structure

PRACTICE 3

Wh-Word Clauses

- Change the Nvord order to s v statement vvord order i f necessary

- Delete do, does, o r did.

STEP 2 Combine your new wh-word clause vvith the introđuctory clause to forni a

new compỉex sentence, and observe the sequence o f tenses ruỉes

Example

Who plays lead guitar in the band Behind Bars!

We don't knovv vvho plavs lead euitar in the band Behind Bars?

1 Which company produces their CDs?

We asked the music store m anager

2 Where w ill their next concert be held?

They vvilỉ announce tom orrovv _

3 Where do they practice on the road ?

The band‘s manager alvvays arranges _

4 When did they ỉast perform in Europe?

ỉ remember very c le a rly

5 Who Nvrites their songs?

The group never s a y s

6 Which o f their songs do you ỉike the best?

I can't really say

7 Hovv many members o f Ihe group have received íormal music training?

It is surprising

8 What happened to their female vocalist?

Their agent wouldn’t reveal

in the present tense

Example

Who was Pablo Picasso!

Chaptcr 11 Noun Clauses

1 Where vvas he born?

2 Where did he live most o f his ỉife?

How many o f his paintings have been exhibited at the Louvre in Paris?

4 What is the subject o f his painting entitled Guernica?

5 Where is the actual city o f Guernica?

6 Who vvas his ĩavorite model?

7 Hovv oỉd vvas Picasso at his death?

I f/ Whether-Ciauses

ỉf/wheiher-cỉơuses are dependent noun clauses that are íanned from yes/no questions

composed o f

wheíher (ịj) subject verb + CQmplement

vvhether the president vvill win reelection i f the airplane landed saĩely.

Does Dr Chen praclices acupuncture?

s V ifD r Chen practices acupunctưre?

Is acupuncture an effective treatment

for arthritis!

s V vvhether acupuncture is an effective treatment for arthritis

Has it been used as an anesthetic

during surgery!

s V vvhether it has been used as an anesthetic during surgery or not

To change a yes/no question into an if/whether-cỉause:

- Change the word orđer to s v statement vvord order i f necessary

wheíher Add or not at the end o f a clause beginning vvith ìf.

‘ Change the word order to s v statement vvord order

• Delete do, does, or did

• Add the subordinator wheíher or if,

• Ị f you wish, add or rìot in an appropriate location.

STEP 2 Add your new clause to the introductory clause to make a complex sentence,

and observe the sequence o f tenses rules

You may vvrite your nevv sentence in any o f the fíve possibìe ways shown above

1 Is acupuncture a risky medical procedure?

Westemers woulđ like to kn o vv _

2 Do acupuncture needles reỉieve pain after dentaỉ surgery?

3 Has the safety o f acupuncture, vvhich is practiced vvidely in Asia and Europe, ever been tested?

A nevv report hadn't reveaỉed _

Chapter 11 Noun Clauses

4 Does acupuncture use the body’s own energy to promote healing?

It has not been proven _

5 Can acupuncture strengthen your immune system?

It is not certain

appropriate position Add the appropriate end-of-sentence punctuation,

Example

1 _ acupuncture treatment are expensive

2 _ heaỉth Insurance companies vvilỉ pay for acupuncture treatments

3 _ acupuncture is successful in h e lp in g people lose vveight o r

stop smoking

4 _ my docíor approves o f acupuncture treatment

5 _acupuncture as an alternative medical practice vvill be

an accepted form o f treatment

paítern once

Revìew

1 A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions like a noun as a subject, a subject complement, or an object A noun cỉause used as an object is the object o f

an introductory clause verb

2 When vvriting a complex sentence with a noun clause, follow the sequence o f tenses rules

• ỉf the introductory cỉause verb is in the present, present períect, or future tense, the verb in the noun clause can be in any tense

• l í the introductory clause verb is in a past tense, the verb in the noun clause must

simple present tense

3 Do not use a comma with noun clauses

Part III Sentence Structure

TYPES OF NOUN CLAUSES

that-clauses:

fanned from statements

thai can be omitted

The Russian president and his wife

to ld the press (th at) they w ere

enjoying, their visit

subjunctive noun cỉauses:

• verb in simple form

• occur after verbs and adjectives o f

urgency, advisabiỉity, necessity, and

• fanned from w/?-questions; w/?-words

are the subordinators: w/?0 where,

whỉch, how, etc.

• use s v statement word order

• do, does, í//í/disappear

Do you knovv who the Interpreter for the Russian leader was? The reporter asked vvhiclì companies planned to do business In Russia

ỉf/w lte th e r clauses:

• fanned from yes/no questions

whether Whether is more form aỉ than if

• use s v statement vvord order

• do, does, í//í/disappear

The question is vvhether (or not)American and European companies understand the Russian business environment (or not)

No one knovvs l f the experiment vviỉl succeed (or not)

You can improve your writing style by using noun clauses correctly Doing the editing practice that follows w ill make you avvare o f potential eưors in this sentence pattem and alert you to look for them in your ovvn w riting