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I answer the questions 1 What the semantics do? Semantic is a branch of linguistics which deal with meaning Semantic is the systematic study of meaning Put another way it is the study of how language.

I answer the questions

1 What the semantics do?

Semantic is a branch of linguistics which deal with meaning Semantic is the systematic study of meaning Put another way it is the study of how language organizes and expresses meaning

2 Components of word- meaning

We distinguish 4 major components of word meaning

- Denotation which includes: conceptual and referential meaning, denotation exists by virtue of what its refers to

- Connotation including stylistic, affective, evaluative, and intensifying, is the pragmatic communicative value the words acquires by virtue of where, when, how, and by whom, for what purpose and in what context it is or may

be used

- Structural meaning which is the meaning a word acquires by virtue of its membership in a system or a set

- Categorial meaning which serves as a classificatory basis

3

- Sentence meaning as what a sentence mean regardless of the context or

situation in which it may be used

- Utterance meaning, on the other hand, is what a speaker means when he makes an utterance in a certain situation

II

IV

Question 18

Words are regarded as the smallest indivisible meaningful units of a language which can operate independently

e.g no, way

Question 19

The difference between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning: lexical

meaning is dominant in content words, whereas grammatical meaning is dominant

in function words, but in neither is grammatical absent

Example of lexical and grammatical meaning love, like, work have different

lexical meaning and have same grammatical meaning ( verbs)

Question 20

They look alike or sound alike (or

both) but have different meanings

It is a property of single words

Another way it is a multiple meaning Question 21

Depending on the pronunciation and spelling homonyms may be classified into

- Full homonyms, identical in both: bark- bark

- Homophones, identical in pronunciation only: air- heir

- Homographs, identical in spelling only: wind- wind

Question 22

Synonyms are words of the same parts of speech which have similar meaning but not identical meaning and sound different

E.g father and dad

Question 23

Antonyms are opposite in meanings./ words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms

Types of antonym

Complementary: fast – slow

Gradable pairs: black- white

Conversives: lend- borrow

Question 24

Full words in English are the notional parts of speech such as nouns, verbs,

adjectives, adverbs

E.g girl, learn, blue

Empty words consist of articles, conjunctions, certain pronouns, prepositions E.g the, in, because

Question 49: distinguish metaphor and metonymy

- Is the transference of meaning

from one object to another based

on similarity between these two

objects

- Can be defined as the substitution of one word for another with which it is associated

- E.g she is a snake It means she

is a bad women

- E.g roof for house It means we all live under the same roof

Question 50

1.When he gets going, Jack is a streak of lightning

- It is metaphor

- a streak of lightning in this context means: fast

- the whole sentence means Jack is very fast

Question 57

Entailment is a relationship that implies between two propositions where the truth

of one implies the truth of the other because of the meaning of the other because of the meaning of the words involve

E.g peter is married to Anna

-> Anna is peter’s husband

Question 63

The structural meaning of the sentence is the kind of meaning that results from a particular arrangement of the parts of the sentence

E.g the mantte wernnted a job

Question 64

- material processes are processes of doing

- Involves an actor and a goal

- e.g she is slept in semantic class

An actor- she, process- sleep, goal- semantic class

Question 65

Mental processes are processes of sense: feel, think

Involve a senser and a phenomenon

e.g everyone likes the play

Question 70

- Epistemic can be scribed as - Deontic can be characterized as

possibility- based

- not contain an element of will

- judgements and evidentials are the

kinds of epistemic commitment

necessity- based

- contain an element of will

- commissives, imperatives or directives are the grammatical type of deontic modality

Question 77

Proposition content consists of the predicate, argument, and the role of each

argument

Example

- The man bit the dog

- The dog bit the man

Two sentences have the same proposition, because both consists of the predicate BITE and two argument MAN and DOG But two sentences have different

meanings The sentences are different not in term of their predicate and arguments, but in terms of the semantic roles of MAN and DOG In the sentence “The man bit the dog” the man is the argument that preforms the event of BITING and DOG is the argument that undergoes this act While in “The dog bit the man” the situation

is opposite

Question 78

Semantic roles are a means to represent sentence meaning in logical terms

Semantic roles are assigned to nouns and noun phrases according to the relation they hold with the predicate

Example: she opened the door

She – doer

The door- affected