BỘ CÔNG THƯƠNG CÂU HỎI THI KẾT THÚC HỌC PHẦN TỪ VỰNG I Answer the question 1, What is morpheme and types of morphemes? A morpheme has its sound form and meaning but unlike a word, it is not independen.
Trang 1CÂU HỎI THI KẾT THÚC HỌC PHẦN TỪ VỰNG
I Answer the question
1, What is morpheme and types of morphemes?
- A morpheme has its sound form and meaning but unlike a word, it is not independent and occurs in speech only as part of a word although a word may consist of one morpheme, is they coincide It’s the smallest meaningful language unit
- There are 2 types of morphemes:
The roof morpheme: It is the primary element of the word and conveys its essential
lexical meaning E.g: Teacher, unbelievable.
The affixational morpheme:
Grammatical morphemes: create different forms of the same word it carries the
grammatical meaning only E.g books, listened, faster
Derivational morpheme: carries both lexical and grammatical meaning E.g unhappy,
disillusion
2, What is a word and types of words?
- Word is a dialectical unity of form and content, independent unit of language to form a sentence by itself E.g: book, go, eat…
- There are 3 types:
- A simple word consists of a roof morpheme E.g: boy, girl, green…
- A derived word consists of a roof and one or more derivation morpheme E.g : teacher, student, interested…
- A compound word is one that has at least 2 roofs, with or without derivational morphemes E.g: blackboard, ladykiller, happy- go-lucky…
3, What is the difference between a word and a morpheme?
- A word is a separate meaningful unit, which
can be used to form sentences
- a word can stand alone
- word has sound, spelling and meaning
- A morpheme is the smallest meaningful part
of a word
- a morpheme may or may not be able to stand alone
- maybe has meaning or not
4, What is word formation and ways of word formation ?
- Word formation is the process of building new words from material already existing in the language according to certain structural and semantic patterns and formulae
- Ways of word formation:
- Affixation: Happy Unhappy Unhappiness, Book Bookish Bookishness
- Compounding: hand-bag, store-keeper…
- Shortening: Abbreviation:
- Acronyms:
+ CNN: Cable News Network
+ HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Clipping: + (Tele)phone, (omni)bus, (motor)car.
- Blending: +brunch: breakfast + lunch, smog: smoke + fog
Conversion:
- traditional and occasional conversion
Trang 2+Traditional conversion: Eg Play, book
+Occasional conversion: hello, dear
- Partial conversion: have look/ talk/ smoke
- Substantivation: native -> a native; 2 native; the native
- sound imitation:
+ words showing animals: crow, cuckoo
+ words showing movement of water: flush, splash
+ words showing actions made by man: giggle, chatter, murmur
+ words showing sounds made by animals: cackle, moo, roar
- back derivation: to window- shop( from window- shopping), to edit( from edition)
- sound and stress interchange:
+ sound interchange: food(n)-> feed(v), sing(v)-> song(n)
+ stress interchange: ‘export(n)-> ex’port(v), ‘perfect(a)-> per’fect(v)
5, What is affixation ? The difference between prefixation and suffixation?
- Affixation is the formation of new words with the help of affixes: prefixes and suffixes
- Prefixes are added to the front of the
roof
- while suffixes usually change the part
of speech of the word
- Suffixes to the back the roof
- Prefixes rarely change the part of speech
of the word
6, What is compounding and how are compound words classified ?
- Compounding is the building of new word by joining two or more words
Eg boyfriend, easy-going, dirt-cheap, door-handle, skyscraper, mother-in-law, aircraft-carriers According to the part of speech:
+ COMPOUND NOUNS: Answerphone, playboy, snowfall
+ COMPOUND ADJECTIVES: Dirt-cheap, paper-thin
+ COMPOUND VERBS: To whitewash, machine-wash
+ COMPOUND ADVERBS: Wholeheartedly, Self-confidently
+ COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS: Into, onto, upon
According to the degree of motivation
+ MOTIVATED COMPOUNDS: store, goal-keeper
+ NON-MOTIVATED COMPOUNDS: Nightmare, lotus-eater
7, What is the difference between a compound and a free-word group ?
Phonetic criterion: 1) often has a nuclear
stress on the 1st component
(2) on the 2nd
Structural integrity
criterion:
Semantic integrity
criterion:
(1) expresses a single idea and its meaning may not be amere sum of the meaning of the components
Eg: red tape, hot dog, lip-service, merry-go–round
Trang 38, What is shortening and types of shortening ?
- Shortening is new words biult by living out part or some part of word.
- There are 2 types of shortening: Abbreviation and blending
+ Abbreviation:
- Acronyms: Words built from the initials of several words
M.A: Master of Arts, Ph.D: Doctor of Philosophy, VOA: Voice of America
+ type of acronyms: monograms: are two or more letters combined in one design.
and homonymy- based acronyms: are based on the use of identical sounds of words and letter.E.g: I.O.U ( I love you)
- Clipping:
+ Initial clipping: the 1st part of a word is clipped
E.g: (Tele)phone, (omni)bus, (motor)car
+ final clipping: the last part of a word is clipped
E.g: Ad(vertisement), advert(isement), Lab(oratory),
+ initio-final clipping: both the 1st and the last parts of a word are clipped
E.g: Refrigerator → fridge, Influenza → flu
+ middle clipping: the middle part of a word is clipped
E.g: Victory day → V-day, Nuclear bomb → N-bomb
+ phrasal clipping: a combination of ellipsis, conversion and clipping
E.g: Popular music → Pop, Public house → Pub,
9, What is the difference between affixation and back-formation ?
10, State types of meaning of words ?
• Lexical meaning is the individual meaning that each word has in the system of language
It is the realization of things or concepts
• Grammatical meaning is a kind of abstract meaning that unites words of different lexical meanings into groups that share certain grammatical features
• book, river, boat:
have different lexical meanings but they share the same grammatical meanings
(singular, count, concrete, common nouns)
11, State stylistic classification of the English vocabulary ?
- Standard words
+ Neutral words: Take up the majority of English vocabulary Used in all styles and spheres of human life Neither formal nor informal
E.g.: we, man, children, tall, nicely, on
+ Colloquial words: Used in spoken language rather than in written language Informal, casual, lively, down-to-earth
E.g.: fellow, kid, dad, bike, exam, air-con, to drop out, to booze, to kid, terrific, gosh
+ Bookish words: General bookish words, Scientific terms, Poetic and archaic words, Non-assimilated foreign words
- Non-standard words
+ Slangs: there are 2 types general and special
+ Vulgarisms: Vulgar words are “dirty” words used by few people They are not generally used
in public: “dammed”: It’s dammed hot today!
+ Dialectal words: - Dialectal words belong to only a definite territory or locality “Loch (Scottish) = lake”
Trang 412, What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy?
13, What is metaphor ?
Metaphor is the transference of names based on the association of similarity In other words, metaphor is hidden comparison
Type of metaphor:
+ Living metaphor: when a word has unusual metaphorical sense or the metaphor is create and used by an individual: “ she lent wings to his imagination”
+ faded metaphor: is one that has lost its freshness due to long and traditional use: her voice is sweet
+ dead metaphor: is a metaphor which is no longer felt as a metaphor because the direct meaning of the word has been completely lost: to ponder originally meant to weight but now only means to meditate, to think carefully
14, What is metonymy ?
Metonymy is the transference of names based on the association of contiguity The name of one thing is changed for that of another to which it is related
Type of metonymy:
+ names of containers are used instead of things contained: he drank twenty glasses
+ names of parts of body are used as symbols: she has a good ear for music
+proper names are used as common names: have you read Dickens?
+ names of materials are used instead of the things made of them: I’ve bought a new iron
+ concrete things are used instead of alstract things: the while house decided to spend more money on mic exploration
+ a separate part is used instead of a whole thing and vice versa: I used to live without a root over my head
15, What is idiomatic expression and its study ?
Phraseology is the study of set expressions called phraseological units : (to be) as hungry as a hunter, good heavens, to kick the bucket
Structural features
The set expressions studied by phraseology may be completely or partially fixed.( They are either unchangeable or changeable expressions)
a, lexical stability
Eg : "to give sb the cold shoulder" means to treat sb coldly but "to give sb the warm shoulder" doesn't make sense
+ Semi-fixed expressions, possible
"He stuck his ground", splicing "stuck to his guns" and "stood his ground”
Semantic and stylistic features
a, The meaning of non-motivated expressions is never a mere sun of the meaning of its components
Eg : to pull sb’s leg to give sb the sack
b, Phraseological units are reproduced in speech as ready-made units and can be raplaced by words in mane case :
Eg : to kick the bucket = to die
To contain different figures of speech such as metaphor, metonymy ,synonym ect
Eg :
- based on meraphor : "a dark horse" is a person about whom nothing is known,
16, What is the difference between idioms and proverbs/saying ?
Trang 5Idioms Proverbs
- Idioms are phrases which people use in
everyday language which do not make sense
literally, but we understand what they mean
e.g when pigs fly
- A proverb is a short saying expressing popular wisdom, a truth or moral lesson in concise and imaginary way
e.g practice makes perfect
17, What does lexicology study? What are their branches?
- Lexicology study: Lexicology studies systematically the vocabulary of a given language (the origin, development and present use)
- 5 branches of Lexicology
- Word formation: structure of the word and the way it is formed
- Semantics: lexical meaning of the word
- Phraseology: set expressions
- Etymology: the origin of words
- Lexicography: dictionary compiling
18, What is slang?
A type of language consisting of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people
19, What is a euphemism?
Euphemisms are polite, mild phrases which substitute unpleasant ways of saying something sad
or uncomfortable Euphemisms are often used in everyday speech to soften difficult
situations Here are a few examples of euphemism: Example
We have to let you go, Tyler.
To “let someone go” is to fire someone This is a euphemism that sounds much nicer than the harsh truth of the situation
20, What is a cliché? Give examples
Cliché’s are quotations or saying which are so frequently used that they have become hackneyed and state
Example:
- As old as the hills: This describes someone very old
III Fill in the blank with one suitable word:
1 , spelling and structural
2, creating
3 making
4, meanings.
5, in forn of and back
6, the
7 contained or proper
8 sematic, derivational, synonymy- based, combinability.
IV True or False
Trang 6V Rewrite each of the sentences below, forming a compound adjective from the two words in italics and making any other changes necessary.
1 That thing looks dangerous.
That's a dangerous-looking thing.
2 Mr Reed is an accountant who was born in London.
Mr Reed is a London-born accountant.
3 She always dresses very smartly.
She is always very smartly-dressed.
4 It was painted red like the colour of bricks.
It was painted a brick-red colour.
5 She had eyes like a cat.
She had cat-like eyes.
6 It was an occasion which was happy and sad at the same time.
It was a happy-sad occasion.
7 The tower has a shape like a mushroom.
The tower is mushroom-shaped.
8 He was famous all over the world.
He was world-famous.
9 We had to write a composition of 200 words.
We had to write a 200-word composition.
10 The meal tasted awful.
It was an awful-tasting meal.
11 Only planes with a single engine can land here.
Only single-engine/single-engined planes can land here.
12 A building of five storeys suddenly collapsed.
A five-storey building suddenly collapsed.
13 We walked along a corridor which had a red carpet.
We walked along a red-carpeted corridor.
14 This machine is operated by hand.
This machine is hand-operated.
15 The new director is an economist educated at Oxford.
The new director is an Oxford-educated economist.
16 He has very broad shoulders.
He is very broad-shouldered.
17 She's always very satisfied with herself.
She's always very self-satisfied.
18 My sister is very conscious of dress.
My sister is very dress-conscious
19 We'll have a guide who speaks French.
We'll have a French-speaking guide.
20 The walls were as blue as the sky
The walls were sky-blue.
21 I looked at the sea, which was rather blue but also rather green.
I looked at the sea, which was blue- green.
22 The ship sailed with a crew of eight men.
The ship sailed with an eight- man crew.
23 She had fair hair.
Trang 7She was fair- haired.
24 The new machinery, built in America, will arrive next month.
The new, American- built, machinery will arrive next month.
25 I heard a voice that sounded strange
I heard a strange- sounding voice.
26 These tigers eat men.
These are man- eating tigers.
27 He always has a bad temper.
He is always bad- tempered.
28 The experiment was done with balloons filled with gas.
The experiment was done with gas- filled balloons.
29 My teenage son is mad about football.
My teenage son is football- mad.
30 I'm afraid my wife spends very freely.
I’m afraid my wife is very free- spending.
31 He certainly has good intentions.
He is certainly well- intentioned.
32 They have very bad manners.
They are very bad manners.
33 The firm has its base in New York.
The firm is New York- based.
34 Those cars are a very high price.
These cars are very high priced.
35 The noise split our ears!
the noise are ear- splitting.
36 I need a car with four doors.
I need a four door car.
VI Fill each space in the sentences below with the correct form of the word in bold print above it
1 beauty
(a) She is very beautiful
(b) She's training to be a beautician
(c) They're going to beautify the town with more trees and parks.
2 pay
(a) To buy this car I made a monthly payment of $280 for two years.
(b) Please make your cheque payable to John Watson.
(c) The person a cheque is made out to is called the payee
3 receive
(a) She works as a receptionist at a hotel in Scotland.
(b)' Ask for a receipt when you buy something, in case you need to return it.
(c) I made several suggestions to improve production, but the management was not very
receptive to my ideas
4 hero
(a) He received a medal for his heroism
(b) They fought heroically in the war.
(c) She was described as a heroine
5 produce
Trang 8(a) production of the new sports car has been halted by a strike.
(b) China is one of the world's leading producers of rice.
(c) I'm afraid the talks were totally unproductive We didn't reach agreement on anything.
6 explain
(a) An explanatory leaflet is given to all purchasers of the machine.
(b) His disappearance is very strange, in fact quite inexplicable
(c) I think you owe me an explanation for your behaviour.
7 compare
(a) This is incomparably better than that In fact, there is really no comparison.
(b) Scientists have made comparative tests on the new drugs.
8 advise
(a) Until the situation has settled down, it is inadvisable to travel to that country.
(b) The government set up an advisory body on 'he upc of drugs in sport
(c) I doubt the advisability of drinking alcohol while undergoing that medical treatment.
9 admire
a) She was a pleasant, attractive girl, always surrounded by admirers
(h) I am full of admiration for what she has achieved.
(c) I approves of him wholeheartedly He is an admirable man.
10 stable
(a) To stabilise the boat in rough sea, we redistributed the weight.
(b) Between 1860 and 1900 the country had a number of revolutions and uprisings It was a
time of great instability.
(c) The exchange rate is going up and down dramatically It's very unstable at the moment.
11 economy
(a) We're spending too much We must economice
(b) This car uses a lot of petrol It's terribly uneconomical
(c) The Chancellor (Minister of Finance) is responsible for economic affairs.
12 reside
(a) Buckingham Palace is the Queen's official residence in London.
(b) There's no industry or entertainment here It's a residential district.
(c) All residents of the neighbouring houses were warned of the gas leak.
13 comfort
(a) In that tense situation I found the good news very comforting
(b) I felt rather uncomfortable, so I put a soft cushion behind me.
(c) She sat in terrible discomfort on the hard chair for over an hour
14 dead
(a) The increasing number of deaths in traffic accidents is alarming.
(b) Be careful! That's a deadly poison!
(c) The doctor gave him an injection to deaden the pain.
15 demonstrate
(a) The demonstrators marched through the streets chanting slogans
Trang 9(b) Grandfather rarely showed the affection he felt for his family He was a very
undemonstrative person.
(c) What you say is demonstrably false Let me show you the facts.
16 imitate
(a) The bag is made of imitated leather.
(b) Small children are very imitatable in their behaviour They just copy what they see.
(c) His acting style is unimitated No one can copy him.
17 argue
(a) She had an argument with her husband last night.
(b) He's s very bad-tempered, argumentative chap He's always quarrelling
(c) She is arguing the finest pianist in the world.
18 repeat
(a) He lost his temper and used disgusting, repeating language.
(b) In this essay you've said the same thing several times It's very repeatitive
(c) I hope there will be no repeatition of this shocking behaviour.
19 fail
(a) She is very efficient and unfailingly polite to the customers.
(b) He considered himself a failure He had succeeded in nothing.
(c) It was difficult to see much in the failing light.
20 courage
(a) His friends tried to ……… him from attempting the dangerous climb
(b) She courageously stood in the way of the escaping robbers.
(c) His parents gave him a lot of incouragements in his studies.
21 real
(a) I think it's a bit realable to hope that world peace can be gained so easily.
(b) He spends all his time in romantic daydreams He's lost touch with reality
(c) Ladies and gentlemen, I am a realism and I think we must face facts.
22 false
(a) She was accused of false the financial accounts.
(b) It is a falsehood to say he did it when you know he didn’t.
(c) The falseness of his argument was obvious to everyone.
23 prophesy
(a) I am not a prophest and I would not like to make a propheson whether the world can
survive this age of nuclear weapons
(b) What he wrote in 1930 was prophesytic Much of what he described has come true.
24 describe
(a) The damage caused by the earthquake cannot be imagined It was describable
(b) The teacher asked them to write a disdescribetive passage about their home towns.
(c) The witness was able to give a full describetion of the wanted man.
25 friend
(a) The friendship between the two soon developed into love.
(b) In London she was befriended by a rich woman who looked after her and helped her.
Trang 10(c) The desert is a dangerous, friendless place.
26 sense
(a) He felt a strange, painful sense in his back.
(b) Even the most sensitive person ought to appreciate the beauty of this music.
(c) What an idiotic, nonsense thing to do!
27 famous
(a) The fame of the Beatles soon spread outside Britain.
(b) The day of the massacre will go down in history as a terrible, famous day It was a day of famousness.
28 defend
(a) I just want to ask you a few ordinary questions, so why don't you relax? Why are you so
defendsive
(b) The government's policy on arms is shocking It is quite defendable
(c) We must do all we can for the defend of this nation against possible attack
29 agree
(a) What an unpleasant, disagree old woman she is!
(b) We finally reached agreement on the matter at midnight.
(c) I liked the place I found the people, the weather and the food very agreeable
30 possess
(a) In his will he left all his money and possession to his wife.
(b) She was a very possessive mother She gave her son very little freedom.
(c) The actor playing the main part should be the possesses of a very good voice, good looks
and a very strong physique
31 different
(a) I'm afraid I have to differentiate I don't agree with you at all.
(b) Politeness is one thing Real kindness is another You must learn to different between the
two
(c) We get along pretty well, although of course we have our differentes from time to tine.
32 active
(a) The firm maintained that the strike was organized by a group of political action
(b) The fire-prevention system is actived by any small increase in temperature.
(c) It is quite safe to go near the volcano It has been actived for years.
33 form
(a) It is especially important for children to have love and affection in their formal years.
(b) The slight form in his left hand was corrected by surgery.
(c) The police are considering the formation of a new anti-drugs unit.
34 compel
(a) Military service is no longer compellable in Britain
(b) Membership of the Students' Club is entirely voluntary There is no compellation
whatsoever
(c) All staff should attend the meeting Only the most compellable reasons for absence will be
accepted