TAM 1 1 Hft tIMH 1 1 H^e l ttft TU^I PHAM CHAT CHU YEU CUA HOC SINH PHO TH0N6 PGS TSKH, NGUYEN KE HAf Abstract Essential qualities of school students in particular and of human beings in general, ^ re[.]
Trang 1TAM 1.1 H f t - tIMH 1.1 H^e l.ttft TU^I PHAM CHAT CHU YEU CUA HOC SINH PHO TH0N6
PGS TSKH, N G U Y E N KE HAf
Abstract: Essential qualities of school students in particular and of human beings in general, ^
reasoning, affection, and will Basic solutions (or solutions system) to help establish these esseti&i qualities in school students Include (1) Reforming cumculum and textbooks; (2) Building capacity In teachers and educational managers; and (3) Prouiding necessary and sufficient facilities and eqi^ ments
Keywords: Essential qualities; Reasoning; Affection; Will; Basic solution
Trong xa hpi, bat ki ttidi nao, khi nhan dinh, danh
giampt ngudi eg the nao do tti udng thdng qua
pham chat, nan^ luc hay dfle va tai cua hp 6
cae CO quan^ doan the, trudng hpe va to chue xa hpi
cung vay, moijhanh vien deu dupc xem xet, danh gia
dinh ki vepham chat, nang luc, hay hanh kiem (dflc)
va nang luc (\a\).Trong^ Dt/hao Chuang trinh giao
ducphoMng tong thecodua ra yeu cau ve nhung
pham chai chu yeu va nang luc chung cua hoc sinh
(HS) Bai viet nay decap van de pham chatva dua ra
nhflng quan diem ve pham chat chu yeu cua ngudi
Viet Nam noi chung va HS phothong noi rieng
I V e t r i e t l i g i a o d u c f T L G D )
^ Conhieu each nghT, each hieu, diin dat khac nhau
ve TLGD, nhung tuu chung deu phan anh dudng
hudng giao due, phuong each giao dye Quan niem
trp thanh triet II "con han cha ia nha cophuc", da c6
nhflng gia dinh ban rugng ban vudn, trau bo de lay
ti^n cho con em an hpe; hoac "yeu cho roi chg vol,
vdi con cai Cho den ttidi nay, P cac nha trudng con
nguyen cae khau hieu djnh hudn^: "Day tdt- Hgc tor,
"Tat caviHS than yeu".hay "Moi ngay den tn/(^gia
mp//73ay w r c u n g CO thehieunhula TLGD
Ngay^nay.eottiehieuTLGDIanhflngquanniSm,
quan diem ve giao due cua mot ngudi hoae nhieu
ngudi (nhom ngudi, cpng dong ngudi) duoc ngudi ta
y thflc trdthanh phuong cham hanh dpng, thanh le
song cua hp; do co the la quan niem cua dan thudng
hoac eua nha khoa hpc, cua Dang, Nha nudc Hay
ttieo each diin dat chung nhat la: Ai cung dupc hpc,
hoe dephat trien ca nhan, hoan thien nhan each de
hudng dan giau, nudc manh, xa hpi dan ehu, cong
141 Tgp chi Giao due so 379
b^ng, van minh; cung CO nghTa la ai cung hoc:'Wocds
phat tiien, hgc desong tot dep han" aK;
TLGD suy cho cung la triet lisdng.Tflxi/ap^ nay CO rat nhieu quan niem ve triet lis6ng.Tro(i|(3fl, trietlisdng phdbien cua ngudi phupng TSyvangui phUPng Dong cd diem khac biet (ngudi phuona^ thudng sdng thien ve li tri, cdn ngudi p t i u o n g m lai thien v l t i n h cam) Nhflng ngudi sdng ttiienp tri la ngudi sdng thien ve tritue, coitrpng li le, tiif|| theo luat le eua cupc sdng Nti flng ngudi sdng t l i i vetinh cam phg thupc vao xue cam, nhieu khittiley tinh tao
The gidi ngay nay la 'Ihe gidi phang", thS'gidlhoi nhap, Con ngudi du d noi nao tren trai dat, du thuoc cpng dong dan tpc nao, ton giao, hetutudng naoliii cung can nhflng pham chat eo ban ngudi, can song
CO li tri, CO tinh cam va y chi Con ngudi van minh hien dai hudng tdi suphattrien ca nhan vahudngt^
su hai hoa cua ba pham chat chinh lam n&n tru Ml nhaneach
2.Nhungpham chat chuyeu cuaHSphottioil
^ Tron^ Duthao chuang ttinh giao ducpho^ long the, co neu: T e u cau can dat ve pham chatctw
yeu cua HS phdttidng Viet Nam", do la: -Songye?
thuong; - Song tuchu; - Song trach /j/i/e/n Trong moi
pham chat lai c6 mot sd bieu hien eu t i l l , nhU: pham
chat Sdn^y^u thuangco 6 bieu hien; Smgtuchm
5 bieu hien; Song trach nhiem c64 bleu hi§n Nhirng
pham chatnaydanhan dupc ratnhieu ykien g ^ y ^ chieu; tuy nhien, juy thupc vao quan Cfiem va cacli nhin nhan cua moi ngucri, CO ttie hieu vaco each ling
xu khac nhau, nhung cung rat khd di vao cTdi s^g thue tien dcac trudng phdthdng Vi du, trong pham
* Tnrifng Dai hpc Sir pham Ha Ngi
(kil-4/20m
Trang 2"Yeu thich cac san pham, hoat dgng van hoa khac
nhau Uen Uiegk^, hoac pham chat Sdng tuchudcap
tieu hpc CO yeu cau: "Yeu met) va lam tfieo nhOng tam
fiTi/onfiitfaodtfc" Nhung bieu hien cythenay CO the
hieu khac nhau vakho hudng d i n , thuc hien giao due
HS ttieo rihflng bieu hien do, lai cang kho danh gia
pham chatcua HS dflpc hinh ttianh trong qua trinh
hpc tap
Theo y kien ca nhan, nen thay 3 pham chat do
bling cac pham^ chat: - Song ii trf, - Song tinh cam;
- Songychi Oe co dupc nhflng pham chat nay, eon
ngfldi can hpc, hoc sudt ddi de phat trien hoan thien
minh; hpc de sdng, co hpc se biet va eo ttie sdng tdt
dep hpn.Dieu nay can cho mpi ngucri, mpi thdi dai va
cung COthehieunhulaTLGD
_ Des6ngc6IIttI,connguciicanc6kienthuc(trittiuc),
canco kTnang vanhung pham chat tam likhac.Nhung
pham chatdd dupc hinh thanh dmdi ngudi thong qua
quatrinh hpetap dtrudng hpcva "tnj'dng ddi"
Tinh cam con ngudi dupc hinh thanh qua con
dudng giao due, trong quatrinh hpc tap, lao dpng va
cac hoatdpng khac Con ngudi chan chinh can co
"tinh cam dep", the hien qua ldi sdng nhan hau, nhan
ai, bao dung, vi tha, cam thong chia se; dong thdi
eung biet cam gian, dau tranh khong khoan nhupng
vdi ke thu, tay chay thoi hu tat xau Tinh cam con
ngudi tren hdtthay latinh yeu gia dinh, yeu thuong
eon ngudi, yeu que huong, dat nudc
Ychicon ngucri dupc giao due, ren luyen trong nha
trudng va cupc sdng thudng ngay Thue te cho thay,
nhflng ngudi trong hoan canh kho khan, phai buon
chaittiudngcoychi.nghi lyc.Trong nhatrudng,nam
hpc nao cung xuat hien nhflng HS c6 y chi vupt qua
ngheo kho hpc t$p dat ketqua hpc tap, ren luyen tdt
3 Con dirdng hinh thanh pham c h ^ c h u yeu
c u a H S
Pham chat chuyeu cua HS phothong dupc xem
la mpt trong nhflng nhan toco ban trong nhan each
HS phdttidng, dupc quy djnh trong Luat Giao due
va Cac van ban quy pham phap luat vemuc tieu giao
rfircuttiedanh chp HS tflng Idp hpc, cap hpe "Pham
eliat nguoi" luon gan bo chat chevdi "nang lue ngudi",
tao ttianh nhan each trong cong ddng, xa hpi Vdi HS,
nhan each dupc xem xet danh gia theo 2 mat: Hanh
kiem vaj-igc tup
P/)amc/?af(hanh kiem} va/7pc/yc (nang luc) cua
HS dupc hinh ttianh bang con dumg hgc tap (con
dudng giao due - giao due nha tn/dng, giao dye gia
dinh, giao due xa hpi) ya con dudng tugiao due Sau
day, chung ioi de xuat mpt sd giai pliap nh^m hinh
tfl phia nha tardng, gom:
3.1 Boi mdi chuang trinh - Sach giao khoa
(SGK) Trong he thdng giao due qudc dan, bac phothong dupe tdchflc theo 3 cap hpc, phu hpp vdi quy luat nhan thflc theo con dudng han lam eiia van minh nhan loai Trong do, co cap tieu hpc (5 narri hpc), cap trung hpc co sd (THCS), day la hai cap hpc pho cap vdi mue tieu giao due toan dien; cap trung hoc phd thong (THPT) la cap hpc dinh hudng nghe nghiep Bae hpe phothong co y nghTa dac biet nen trong m6i giai doan phattrien eua xa hpi da d i l n ra cac cupc cai each giao dye (CCGD) hoac dd'i mdi giao dye Ke tfl khi thanh lap nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam (1945) da co 3 cupc CCGD va 1 cupc doi mdi giao dye; hien nude ta dang budc vao eupc doi mdi giao due lan thfl hai -ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due Nha nudc dac bietquan tam den ddi mdi chuong trinh, SGK gjao
due phothong (Qudc hpi da co Nghi quyet so 88/ 2bl4/QH 13 ngay 28/1 i/2014 ve Doi mdi chuang trinh, sach giao khoa giao ditc pho thong)
Viee Qudc hpi ra Ngh J quyet ve ddi mdi chuong trinh, SGKgiaodycphothong noi l&n ynghTava tam quan trpng cua cong viec nay, nh§m muc tieu dua giao ducphdthong phattrien dattrinhdpcao hon giai doan tnj'dc (nghia la khi chuyen sang day va hpc theo chuong trinh va SGK mdi thi HSse dat dupc suphat trien ve pham chatva nang luc cao hon trinh dp phat tnen cua HS cac giai doan trudc)
Chuong trinh,_SGK phothong do Bp GD-DT ehu tri tdchflc thiet ke, tham dinh, thiet ke bien soan den quan liehi dao trien khaittiuc hien Vivay, can dat
dupc cac tieu chi: - Tam nhin: Co chatlupng cao hPn
giai doan trudc, eo thethuc h ien tren pham vi ca nude,
CO ttie hpi nhap (ngang tam khu vuc va thegidi); - Tinh
/f/ioa/ioc: Tinh II thuyet (han lam) vahanh dung (thue tiin) thugc eae khoa hpe co ban vacac khoa hpc giao
dye; - Tinh thi/c tien: Tinh khathi (dam bao thuc hien
dupe tten pham vi canudc (phdeap), c6suphan hoa (phat trien|, tinh Ipi Ich (chuong trinh, SGK mdi dam bao khi tnen khai dat ehat iupng va hieu qua cao hon giaidoan trudc)
Ngoaira, chuong trinh, SGK phai tuan thu cac nguyen tac nhat dinh, Theo chung tpi nen dua tren
3 nguyen tae: - Nguyen tie phat trien :Qu'^ 6mh npi
dung chuong trinh, SGK dupc the hien theo logic phattrienkien thflc cua tflng mon hpc Dong thdi, each the hien phai phu hop vdi dac diem phat trien
tam sinhji lua tuoi HS cac ldp hpc, cap hpc; -Nguyen
/acc/iuanmuc.-ChuPngtrinhva SGK phai dat dupe
Tap chi Giao due so 379 I is
Trang 3Npi dung chuPng trinh, SGK dam bao su hpp li,
khong qua tai, khong ttiieu tai Noi each khac la dam
bao tinh gian duve chat (chat lieu), khong du thfla ve
vat lieu (tdi thieu ve vat lieu) (day dupc coi la nguyen
tie tdi uu)
Chupng trinh, SGK phai phu hop vdi muc tieu
chung, vdi chuan kien ttiflc, kTnang, yeu cau CO ban
vepham chatva nang luc cac mon hpc, cac hoat dpng
giao dye (do chinh la chuan dau ra cua tflng ldp hpc,
cap hpc, ehuan nay chi la tdi ttiieu, tfl do HS dupc
phan hoa vuon toi trinh dp phat trien cao hon chuan),
Hon nfla,con the hien npi dung hpe tap danh cho HS,
npi dung nay da an chfla trong do phuong phap hpe
tap va phuong thflc to chuc hpe tap
3.2 Xay dt/ng dgingugiao vien, can bg quan
ligiao duc(QLGD).Th\Jc tien ngay nay doi hoi giao
vienvacanbpQLGDphaidatnhflng ehuan muc mdi
ve dao due nghe nghiepva nang iuc nghe (tay nghe)
Pham chat(dao due) va nang luc nha giao,nhaQLGD
phai the hien c6 nhflng yeu td mdi vdi trinh dp phat
trien cao hon giai doan tn/dc Dpi ngu giao vien, can
bp QLGD phat trien bang con dudng dao tao mdi,
dao tao lai va boi dudng thudng xuyen; co suquan li
cua Nha nudc, chu yeu la ve che dp chinh sach, dai
ngp giao vien va can bp QLGD
Trong cae phuong thfle phat trien doi ngu giao
vien, can bp QLGD giai doan ddi mdi can ban, toan
dien giaodye thi phuong thfle tuhpc, tuboi dudng
theo dinh hudng vatao dieu kien eua nganh la thudng
xuyen,CPban
3.3 Tao casavatchat-thiet bj can vadu.Qe
thuc hien thanh cong chuong trinh, SGK mdi, can
tao dupc sudong bp vecP sdvat chat-ttiietbi phuc vy
hoat dpng day cua giao vien va hoat dpng hpe eua
HS Hien nay, cac tnidng phdtiiong tren pham vi ca
nudc cosukhaebietnhieu veco sdvat chat-thietbj,
nhieu tn/dng datchuan nhung cung con nhieu tardng
con xa mdi dat chuan Vi vay, Nha nudc nen uu tien
dau tu hon eho cac trudng gap nhieu kho khan nay
Trong dieu kien KT-XH hien nay, viee dau tU tao lap
CO sdvat chat-th let bi day hpe can coke hoach cu ttie
eua tCmg tnidng, ti>ig dia phuang va trien khai theo
bude di hpp li, thuc dung (hieu theo nghTa tich cue la
ttiuc te, thuc chat, CO Ipi)
Pham chatva nangluc{hay ducva tai) la nhan td
CO ban tao nen nhan cach^2 nhan tdnay g i n bo mat
thietvaeosuchuyen hoa lan nhau Co pham chat tot
eon ngudi se hpe tap tu dudng de ngay cang co nang
16 Tap chi Gido dye so 379
cho ban than, gia dinh va xa hpi, nghTa la cung seco pham chat tdt hon Cung trong rndi quan he nay.con ngudi CO pham chat tdt se la nen tang, tao dpng kjt hpc tap, ren luyen deed nang luc 3 pham ctiatlifri, tinh cam, y ehi cua HS phdttidng ndi rieng, cua con ngudinoichung COthehieunhulatrietlisdng,TLGD,
la dao hgccua con ngudi Q
Tai lieu tham k h i o
1 Ba GD-DT Du thdo Chuang trinh gido dtic phi thdng tdng thi li.20\5
2 H 6 Nggc Dai Giai p h a p giao due NXB Gidod^c Vi^lNam, H.20]0
3 Ph?im Minh Hac T a m li giao due th? gidi vi
Viet Nam NXB Gidod{ic VietNam H, 2011
4 Pham XuSn Nam (chu bien) Trift liphattrieiiB
Vi€t Nam - Ma'y va'n d^ cfft I6i NXB Khoa hf>cxi
ft^i.H 2015
Tap luyen Clio Sinli Vien
(Tiep Iheo trang 46)
hpc dinh II Toan hpc nham lam cho tiet hpc sinh dong, pliatliuydupctinti tieh cue, ehu dpng,sang tao, kidi ttiich susay me hpetap eua HS, gop phan khac phuc nang cao chait luong day hoc dinh II •
Tai li^u tham k h a o
1 TMn van Hao (trfng chu bifin) Gi^i tich 12 NXB
Gido due, H 2008
2 Trjnh Thanh Hai Ong dung cdng ngh^ thdng tin vdo d^y hoc Hinh hoc ldp 7 theo hudng tich cyic hda hoatddng hoc tdp ciia hoc sinh LuSn Sn tie'n si Giao
due hoc, Vi^n Khoa hpc G i i o due Viet Nam, 2006,
3 NguySn B i Kim, Phtnmg phap day hoc m5iiTo^ii
NXB D^i hpc supham, H 2011
4 Dao Thai Lai IJng dung cdng ngh^ thdng tin Irong dgy hpc & cdc trudng phd thdng Viit Nam Qt liii
trong di^m cSp B6, Ma s6' B2003-49-42-11), 2006
5 Bui VSn Nghi VSn d u n g li luSn vao thuc ti^n day
hoc mfln T o i n A trurnig phd thdng NXB Dgi hocSu phgm, H 2009
6 Tr3n Trung l/ng ditng cdng ngh^ thdng tin vd Iruyln thdng hd iri^ dgy hoc Hinh hoc Iheo hudng tich cifC hda hogt ddng nhdn thiic cua hoc sinh du bi dgi hgc ddn t^c Luan an ti^n sT G i i o due hgc, Tru&ng Dai
hoc Vinh, 2009
7 Nguygn Anh TuSn (chu bifin) - Nguyen Danh Nam
- Biii Thj Hgnh Lam - Phan Th! Phuung ThSo GiiD
trinh ren luyen nghi§p vu svt p h a m mfln Toan NXB Gido due Viet Nam, H 2014,
il-4/201&
J