Bài tập lớn Ngữ âm lý thuyết.EN10

Part 1 : Basement 1. Intonation concept Intonation is the pattern of pitch changes that occurs over a phrase which may be a complete sentence. In English, intonation is the up and down adjustment of voice, pauses in sentences. Using intonation makes your communication more natural. 2. Intonation include : Tune shapes Functions of intonation + Attitudinal function. + Accentual function

ASSIGNMENT ON PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY (1)

Write about the Vowels in English

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: Definition and classification of vowels and how to describe them

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas

ASSIGNMENT ON PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY (2)

Write about the Consonants in English

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: Definition and classification of

consonants in English and how to describe them

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas

ASSIGNMENT ON PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY (3)

Write about the Stress Patterns in English

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: Definition and rules of stress patterns

in English and how to apply them

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas

ASSIGNMENT ON PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY (4)

Write about the Weak and Strong Forms of Grammatical Words in English

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: The cases of weak and strong forms of grammatical words in English and how to use them in conversation

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas

ASSIGNMENT ON PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY (5)

Write about the Elision and Linking in English

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: Definition and cases of Elision and Linking in English how to use them in conversation

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas.

ASSIGNMENT ON PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY (6)

Write about the Assimilation in English

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: Definition and cases of Assimilation in English and how to use them in conversation

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas

ASSIGNMENT ON PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY (7)

Write about the Variation in English

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: Definition and cases of Variation in English and how to use them in conversation

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas

ASSIGNMENT ON PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY (8)

Write about the Rhythm units and Tune shapes in English

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words.

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: Definition and classification of Rhythm units and Tune shapes and how to use them

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas

ASSIGNMENT ON PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY (9)

Write about the Intonation in English

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: Definition and importance of

intonation in English and how to use them in conversation

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas

ASSIGNMENT ON PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY (10)

Write about the Overview Phonetics and Phonology in English

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: Overview of Phonetics and Phonology, Speech organs

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas

Write about the Intonation in English.

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: Definition and importance of

intonation in English and how to use them in conversation

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas

Part 1 : Basement

1. Intonation concept

Intonation is the pattern of pitch changes that occurs over a phrase which may be a complete sentence In English, intonation is the up and down adjustment of voice, pauses in sentences Using intonation makes your communication more natural

2 Intonation include :

-Tune shapes

-Functions of intonation

+ Attitudinal function

+ Accentual function

+ Grammatical function.

+ Discourse function

- The Basic English tunes

The falling tune - The glide down

The first rising tune - The glide up

The second rising tune - The take off

The falling-rising tune - The dive

Part 2: The research problem.

1 What is tune shapes?

The shape of a tune is decided partly by the number of important words in the group, and partly by the exact attitude you wish to express Important words are words which carry the most meaning in a word group and words must be stressed, but not all stressed words are important Examples :

a) How was John? He was in an appallingly bad temper

b) Was John in a good temper?He was in an appallingly bad temper

c) Was John in a bad temper? He was in an appallingly bad temper

2 Functions of intonation

1 Attitudinal function.

Intonation enables us to epxress emotions and attitudes as we speak,to express feeling and this adds a special kind of meaning to spoken language This is called the attitudinal function of intonation, diffirent voice qualities, diffirent pitch range

in diffirent ways, diffirent keys is high, mid key or low key

We also have fours types of attitudinal intonation

- Fall intonation

- Rise intonation

- Fall – rise intonation

- Rise – fall intonation

Examples :

Ex: Thank you

• Starts high and ends low → shows real gratitude

• Starts low and ends high → casual acknowledgement of something not very important

2. Accentual function

Intonation helps to produce the effect of prominence on syllables that need to be perceived as stressed, and in particular the placing of tonic stress on a particular syllble marks out the word to which it belongs as the most important in the tone unit This has been called the accentual function of intonation, the most

common position for the placement of tonic syllable is the last lexcical word and not the funtional words

Ex: she was wearing a red dress (normal placement)

Ex: she was not wearing a red dress She was wearing a green dress

(contrastive purpose placement)

Funtions of accentual intonation in additon used to clear out the ambiguities

Ex: I have plans to leave

Ex: I have plans to leave

Function of accentual intonation is also similarity for the purporse of

emphasis stress can be placed in other positions

Ex: The movie was very BORING

Ex: The movie was VERY BORING

3. Grammatical function.

The listener is better able to recognize the grammar and syntactic structure

of what is being said by using the information contained in the intonation For example, such things as the placement of boundaries between phrases, clauses and sentences, the difference between questions and statements and

the use of grammatical subordination may be indicated This is called the grammatical function of intonation

The grammatical funtion is when the listener is better able to recognize the grammar syntax structure of what being said by using the information

contained in the intonation

Grammatical funtion is used in those sentences which written are ambigious and whose ambiguities can only moved by using differences intonation In the following example the differences caused by the placement of tone – unit boundaries causes two different interpretations of sentence:

Ex : Those who sold QUICKLY made a PROFIT it explains that, a profit

was made by those who sold quickly

Grammatical function is also the choice of tone on the tonic syllable, for examble, rising tone is used with questions simply by changing the tone of from falling to raising the possibility of changing a statement to question is created

Ex: The price is going UP (statement with a falling tone)

Morever, grammatical funtion related with the use of question – tag,

difference in falling and rising intonation can cause difference in meaning Ex: They are coming tomorrow, aren’t they?( the falling tone indicates that the speaker is certain that the information is correct and simply expects the listener to provide confirmation

4. Discourse functions of intonation

Looking at the act of speaking in a broader way, we can see that inotation can signal to the listener what is to be taken as “new” information and what

is already “given”, can suggest when the speaker is indicating some sort of contrast or link with material in another tone unit and in conversation, can convey to the listener what kind of response is expected

3 The Basic English tunes

1 The falling tune - The glide down

The falling tune is the intonation pattern consisting of a fall in the voice from a fairly high pitch to a very low one, one singel syllable, the voice falls within the syllable

Ex: No

Ex: Two

One more than one syllable, the voice either falls within the stressed

syllable or it jump from that syllable to the next, unstressed syllables at the end are very low

Ex: Photography

If there other words following the falls, they may still have stress, but they are still said on that very low pitch just like unstressed syllable

Susan’s knocking at the door

If there are any unstressed syllable before the stressed syllable is the first important, these are all said on a rather low pitch

Also any stressed syllable near the beginning which belongs a words which

is not important is said on a rather low pitch

Ex: I see you on thurday night

Ex: You can phone me at any time of the day or night

- Symbol

Before the stressed syllable where the voice falls, we put ( \ )

before the stressed syllable of each important word, we put ( ' )

unstressed syllables at the beginning we have no mark before them

If there is a low pitch stress near the beginning, it is remarked by ( < ) And the same mark is used for stressed syllable which come after the fall

I wait almost twenty five minutes for the wretched man

2.The first rising tune – The glide up

The glide up is the intonation pattern consisting rise at the end of a

sentence but the tune starts at a high pitch, at the stressed syllable stressed as well as unstressed after the stressed syllable of the last important word are

on the rise

Is it true that you’re chaning your job?

Did you say it was your twentieth birthday today?

If the sentence consists of only one important word, the voice starts at a very low pitch

Forty of them were there?

Symbols

We use ( / ) before stressed syllable of the last important word to show where the rise starts

We use ( ) before any stressed syllable within the rise Have you been at word today John?

3 The second rising tune - The take off

The take off is the intonation pattern that ends with a rise in the voice like glide up but any words or syllables before the rise are low

We can call it the take off because like an aeroplance taking off, it starts by running along at a low level and finally rises into the air How the voice take off the rise starts at the stressed syllable of the last important word All the syllables before the rise are said on the same low pitch as the beginning of the rise ,each the syllables before the rise is a bit higher ex:

I only trying to help him with it

I wasn’t expecting him at six o’clock in the morning

4 The falling-rising tune - The dive

The words are important you have rised tune

Ex: Do you live in a ꜜHOUSE or live in a Flatꜛ

Part 3: Conclusion

Knowing how to use tone is also a way for you to express your emotions when talking Intonation in English can help listeners understand content that written language cannot express, such as happiness, sadness, sympathy, so when you’re learning English, you shouldn’t just learn what to say, you should also learn how

to say it