The urinary system (ANH văn CHUYÊN NGÀNH y)

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Chapter 11: The Urinary System

…the sanitation workers of the body!

Spelling Words for this Unit

Can You Identify These Organs?

Organs of the Urinary System

What is the function of the kidneys?

• Clean the blood

• Regulate blood volume

Kidneys: Location

Layers of the Kidney

• Capsule

• Cortex

• Medulla

• Pelvis

Within the Kidney…

• Nephrons are the cleansing units of

the kidney

Nephron

Parts of the Nephron:

• Filter the blood (Filtration)

• Filter the blood (Filtration)

– Passes into Bowman’s capsule:

• Filter the blood (Filtration)

– Passes into Bowman’s capsule:

• Water

• Sugar FILTRATE

• Salts

– Proximal convoluted tubule

– Loop of Henle

– Distal convoluted tubule

– Collecting duct

• Filter the blood (Filtration)

– Increase blood volume increase filtration – Increased blood pressure in glomerulus  increased filtration

• Filter the blood (Filtration)

– Increase blood volume increase filtration

– Increased blood pressure in glomerulus 

• Filter the blood (Filtration)

• Return some filtered molecules to blood (Reabsorption)

• Filter the blood (Filtration)

• Return some filtered molecules to blood (Reabsorption)

– 100% of sugar

– 90% of water

– 90% of salts

– Most occurs in PCT

• Filter the blood (Filtration)

• Return some filtered molecules to blood (Reabsorption)

• Remove additional molecules from

blood (Secretion)

• Filter the blood (Filtration)

• Return some filtered molecules to blood (Reabsorption)

• Remove additional molecules from the blood (Secretion)

• Final Product: Urine!

Which Function is Described?

1 Return molecules to blood from filtrate

2 Take molecules out of blood, based on

size alone

3 Take molecules out of blood that were

not filtered

Which Function is Described?

1 Reabsorption returns molecules to

blood from filtrate

2 Filtration takes molecules out of blood,

based on size alone

3 Secretion takes molecules out of blood

that were not filtered

Disorders Affecting the Kidney

• Diabetes Mellitus:

– Too much sugar in the blood

– Some leaves in urine, carrying water along – Eventually leads to…

Disorders Affecting the Kidney

5 False (secretion occurs after filtration)

6 False (the distal convoluted tubules deliver urine

to the collecting ducts

7 True

Maintaining Blood Volume

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

important?

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

important?

Blood volume affects Blood Pressure!

Blood VolumeIncreased by: Decreased by:

• Rapidly drinking lots

of water

• Stress, trauma, pain

• Too much sugar

• Too much salt

• Low fluid intake

• Hemorrhage

• Diarrhea, vomiting

• Excessive sweating

If blood volume is too low…

If blood volume is too high…

Other Kidney Functions

• Secrete Erythropoietin

• Convert vitamin D to active form

What are the functions

of the kidneys?

Functions of the Kidneys:

• Clean the blood

• Secrete erythropoietin

• Convert Vitamin D to active form

• Homeostasis of Blood Volume

REVIEW:

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

– Drinking lots of fluids

– Too much sugar or salt in the blood – Stress, trauma, pain

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

– Not drinking enough water

– Hemorrhage

– Diarrhea

– Vomiting

– Excessive sweating

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

• If blood volume:

…what needs to happen?

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

• If blood volume:

…what needs to happen?

Kidneys need to increase blood volume!

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

• If blood volume:

– Afferent arteriole constricts (less water filtered)

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

• If blood volume:

– Afferent arteriole constricts (less water filtered) – Kidneys secrete RENIN  increases BV.

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

• If blood volume:

– Afferent arteriole constricts (less water filtered) – Kidneys secrete RENIN  increases BV.

– Adrenal glands secrete ALDOSTERONE

increases salt and water reabsorption.

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

• If blood volume:

– Afferent arteriole constricts (less water filtered) – Kidneys secrete RENIN  increases BV.

– Adrenal glands secrete ALDOSTERONE

increases salt and water reabsorption.

– Pituitary secretes Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

 increases water reabsorption.

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

• If blood volume:

– Afferent arteriole constricts (less water filtered) – Kidneys secrete RENIN  increases BV.

– Adrenal glands secrete ALDOSTERONE

increases salt and water reabsorption.

– Pituitary secretes Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

 increases water reabsorption.

– Hypothalamus  Increased Thirst

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

• If blood volume:

– Afferent arteriole dilates (more water filtered)

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

• If blood volume:

– Afferent arteriole dilates (more water filtered) – Heart secretes ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP)  kidneys reabsorb more salt and water.

Homeostasis of Blood Volume

• If blood volume:

– Afferent arteriole dilates (more water filtered) – Heart secretes ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP)  kidneys reabsorb more salt and water.

– Hypothalamus  Decreased Thirst

Alcohol Intoxication

Alcohol

Increases Filtration by Kidneys

& Inhibits ADH

What is the result?

Alcohol Intoxication

Alcohol

Increases Filtration by Kidneys

& Inhibits ADH

What is the result?

• Increased Urine Production

• Decreased reabsorption of water

• Decreased blood volume (Dehydration)

Alcohol Intoxication

Dehydration leads to…

• Increased thirst, dry mouth

• Less blood to brain “pass out”pass out”

 headache

Exercise 2

1 sweating: decrease blood volume

2 ADH: increase bl volume

3 ANP: decrease bl volume

4 Renin: increase bl volume

5 Aldosterone: increase bl volume

6 Alcohol: decrease bl volume

7 High salt levels: increase bl volume

The Ureter

• Carries

urine to bladder

The Ureter

• Carries urine to bladder

• Smooth muscle in wall propels urine

The Ureter

• Carries urine to bladder

• Smooth muscle in wall propels urine

• Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi)

– Too many salts  Crystals

– Lodge in the ureter (sometimes kidney, urethra)

– If not passed, use ultrasound or laser to break them up

Urinary Bladder

• Storage of urine until excretion

Urinary Bladder Location—Female

Female

Urinary Bladder Location—Male

Male

Urinary Bladder

• Storage of urine until excretion

• Smooth muscle in wall

• Wall is able to stretch!

1 Bladder stretches  Receptors send

message to spinal cord

2 Spinal cord tells Internal Urethral

Sphincter to relax

3 Spinal cord tells brain

4 Person chooses when to relax External

Urethral Sphincter (and urinate)

What is incontinence?

• Inability to control urination

Urethra Location—Female

Female

Urethra Location—Male

Male

How do people get U.T.I.s?

• Bacteria transferred from skin, anal region or vagina to the urethra.

• Often associated with use of catheter

• Women are more likely to get UTIs

– shorter urethra

– proximity to other body openings

Exercise 2

4-3-2-5-1-6

Focus on Culture:

Confidentiality and Privacy

Focus on Culture

• Why doesn’t the doctor want to tell Lai about his patient’s health?

• Why is Lai’s friend becoming angry?

• How can Lai resolve this situation?

• Are privacy laws important? Why or

why not?

Review!