RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY (ANH văn CHUYÊN NGÀNH y)

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY

What is Human Respiration?

 The human respiratory system allows one to

obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide

 Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration

and expiration

 Inspiration- the process of taking in air

 Expiration- the process of blowing out air

Organs in the Respiratory System

nose / nasal cavity  warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled

pharynx (throat)  passageway for air, leads to trachea

larynx  the voice box, where vocal chords are located

trachea (windpipe)  keeps the windpipe "open" trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia

which filter air before it reaches the lungs

bronchi  two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung

bronchioles  a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air

sacs

alveoli  the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged

 Passageway for respiration

 Receptors for smell

 Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign

material

 Moistens and warms incoming air

 Resonating chambers for voice

Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

 Functions:

 Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production

 Trachea: transports air to and from lungs

 Bronchi: branch into lungs

 Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

Lower Respiratory Tract

Pressure Relationships in the Thoracic Cavity

 Intrapulmonary pressure is

the pressure in the alveoli,

which rises and falls during

respiration, but always

eventually equalizes with

atmospheric pressure.

 Intrapleural pressure is the

pressure in the pleural

cavity It also rises and falls

during respiration, but is

always about 4mm Hg less

than intrapulmonary

pressure

Importance of Pressure Relationships

 Transpulmonary pressure (Palv – Pip) keeps the airspaces of the

lungs open.

 The negative pressure of the intrapleural space and the tight

coupling of the lungs to the thoracic walls is extremely important

 If intrapleural pressure is equalized with intrapulmonary or

atmospheric pressure, lung collapse will occur immediately

Intrapulmonary & Intrapleural Pressure

Relationships During Pulmonary Ventilation

 Gases, like liquids,

conform to the shape of

their container

 Unlike liquids, gases

always fill their container

 In a large volume, the gas

molecules will be far apart

and the pressure will be

low

 If the volume is reduced,

the gas molecules will be

compressed and the

pressure will rise

Respiratory Histology

 Trachea

Mucosa ( Lớp niêm mạc)

 -Respiratory epithelium: ciliated

pseudostrastified columnar (trụ giả tầng) with goblet cells ( có lông chuyển)

Sub-mucosa (lớp dưới niêm mạc)

 Mixed seromucous glands (tuyến pha): secrets mucous that

 humidifies the air.

 Traps particles and bacteria

Cartilagious Layer: Lớp sụn

 C-shaped rings

 The ends of the rings are bridged by

horizontally oriented smooth muscle

 => keep the lumen of the trachea from collapsing

Adventitia (Lớp vỏ ngoài)

 a layer of connective tissue

having plates rather than rings of

cartilage, and in having a layer

of smooth muscle between the

lamina propria and submucosa

 the number of glands and goblet cells decreases

 At the transition from bronchi to

bronchioles the epithelium changes to

a ciliated columnar epithelium

 Glands and cartilage are absent

 The layer of smooth muscle is relatively

thicker than in the bronchi.

Type I pneumocytes:

alveolar area) which present a very thin diffusion barrier for gases.

Type II pneumocytes

 Secrete surfactant

Macrophages