Cae nha khoa hoc cung thay cac gia trj dao due gan lien vdi gia trj can cii lao dgng, cdc gid trj luat phap; eiing cd y kien cho rang dao diic bat ngudn tir tin ngudng ton gido; nhie[r]
Trang 1c o x NttUCn VA VAX HOA VAX MIXH
TIM HIEU HE GIA TRI IVIY
Pham Minh Hac*
He gid tri My cd lich sic hinh thdnh vd phdt trien nhu mot he gid tri chinh thdng cua Hap Chiing qudc Hoa Ky Ndi la chinh thdng bdi sdch bdo viet ve My vdi moi de tdi vdn hda, SIC phdn vinh, sice mgnh, con ngudi (tinh cdch, chudn muc dgo due.) deu de cap tdi He gid tri My Dd Id thdnh qud cdng sice ciia nhdn ddn Hap chiing qudc Hoa Ky, nhiing gid tri do cdc the he ngudi My ndi tiep nhau tgo lap trong sudt han 2 the ky qua
(tit 1776), tuu trung lgi cd 6 gid tri ndi bdt: Ddn chii; Quyen con ngudi; Chii nghia cd
nhdn; Cdn cii lao dpng; Tri tue vd Tdc phong cdng nghiep Bdi viet ndy khai thde nhimg kinh nghiem tdt dep ciia he gid tri My theo tinh thdn hoc hdi tinh hoa cdc nen vdn minh nhdn logi, tinh thdn "ggn due khai trong", bdi duong nhien cd gid tri (nhu Chu nghia
cd nhdn) chi cd the chdp nhdn duoc mdt phdn, tuy noi, tuy liic
1- Mffdau
My Id mot nude ddng dan, hien nay
(7- 2009) ed tdi 307.212.123 ngudi, lai
nhidu ehiing toe, phan tang xa hoi rat phire
tap, phan biet giau ngheo qua rd ret, tham
chi edn ed "Mot nude My khae" (Michael
Harrington, 1962, ban tidng Viet, 2006)^
thdng ke chinh thiic cho biet hien nay cd
12% dan My, rieng d Nixu ude - 19%,
trong eu dan da den hon 40% - la dan
ngheo (tdt nhien, mire ngheo d day khdc
vdi nhung noi khae), 7,5% lire lugng lao
dgng bj thdt nghiep Mot sir that khach
quan la Hoa ky trong nhidu thap ky qua da
va dang la nude phdt trien nhat, eo eau
kinh td: ndng nghiep - 1,2%, edng nghiep
- 19,6%, djeh vu - 79,2% (2008), nude di
ddu trong viec ehuyen ddi sang kinh te tri
thirc (2008), thu nhap qudc dan theo siic
mua cua dong tidn - PPP/ddu ngudi vao
loai cao nhdt thd gidi: 47.800 USD (2008),
' GS.TSKH.; Chu tjch Hpi khoa hpc tam ly gi^o
dye Vi?t Nam
nhat la ve khoa hgc, eong ngh?, giao d\ic ndi ehung, giao due dai hoc ndi rieng, tiic
la vd tri tue, sang tao, phat minh - nhung gia trj dac trung ciia con ngudi Tir ngay 1-11-1945 Cu Hd Chi Minh da vidt trong thu giri Bd trudng ngoai giao My: " cac tri thuc Viet Nam rat nhay ben quan tam ddn nudc My la mot nudc co nhiing ky thuat hien dai cue ky hap dan "'* Dd la thanh qua do cong sue ciia nhan dan Hgp chiing qudc Hoa Ky tao lap nen trong sudt hon hai thd ky qua (1776-2009) - didu hidn nhien ai ciing phai cong nhan, do la nhimg gia tri ciia cae the he ngudi My noi tidp nhau lam ra Ndi khdi quat, do la san phdm eiia He gia trj My Ddng thdi, do ciing la tidn de va moi trudng san sinh, ke thira va phat tridn He gia trj My Ndi each khae, He gia tri My cung da nay nd va phat tridn trong sudt thdi gian ay, cd mot Ijch sir kha dai, mang lai nhidu kinh nghi?m vd ciing phong phu cho tat ea nhung ai di vao gia tri hoc, va ca giao dye gia trj, gdp phan tao nen sg phdn vinh
Trang 22- He gia trj My
a Ddi dieu lich sic: khdi ngudn
Qua mot sd tdi lieu, ed the khang djnh
rang He gia tri My ed gdc re sau xa tir lau,
nhung mdc Ijeh sir rd net dugc sir sdeh ghi
tir khi nude My gianh dgc lap (4-7-1776)
vdi "Hoi ddng 5 uy vien" soan thao Tuyen
ngdn dgc lap, gdm Gi.Adam (J.Adam), B
Phorangcolanh (B.Franklin), T.Giephescm
(T.Jefferson), R.Livingstdn (R.Livingston)
va R.Secman (R.Serman) Nam 1741
Phorangeolanh da van diing dao diic hoc
"Pham chat" eua Aristot dua ra 13 ldi
khuyen ngudi My nen ren luyen, md dau
eho vide xay dung He gia tri My: ehirng
mire, ndi vira du, ngan nap, kien quyet,
tiet kiem, tac phong edng nghiep, chan
thanh, edng ly, trung dung, ve sinh, yen
tinh, thuan khiet, khiem ton Giephesan,
tac gia chinh cua Tuyen ngdn dgc lap, da
vidt mot "ldi bdt hii" (Ho Chi Minh) ma
dan ta deu biet tir hon nira the ky trudc:
"Chiing ta tin vao mot ?u that hidn nhien
rang, tat ea mgi ngudi sinh ra deu cd
quyen binh dang va Tao hod eho hg nhirng
quyen khdng ai ed the xam pham duge,
trong do ed quyen sdng, quyen tu do va
quyen muu eau hanh phiie" Tuyen ngdn
doe lap eiia nude Viet Nam do Chii tjch
Ho Chi Minh du thao va edng bo ngay
2-9-1945 md dau bang cau ndi do, gan
quyen eon ngudi vdi quyen dan toe Mgi
ngudi, mgi gidi d hau het cae nudc, tuy d
eac mue do khae nhau, deu edng nhan ldi
bdt hii do ham ehiia ea mot triet ly nhan
sinh hdt sue tfeh cue, bat ngudn trude het
tu quyen eon ngudi, dat nen mdng cho He
gia trj My, tao ra mot siie sdng manh liet
sudt chidu dai lich sir eiia Hgp chiing qude
dugc nhu ngay nay Tdng thong Lineon
(hai nhiem ky - 1861-1869) eiing dugc coi
la ngudi cd edng ldn trong viec phat trien
tu tudng hdt sue coi trgng quyen con ngudi, nhat la quyen tu do, dac bidt quyen binh ding dan toe, ddn dan duge khang dinh la cae gid tri co ban trong He gid tri
My Kd thira di san ehinh tri eiia 6 tdng thdng trude, A Giacson (A.Jaekson), tdng thdng thii bdy cua Hoa Ky (nhiem ky 1829-1837), danh ddu mot mdc mdi khang dinh tridt ly dan chii eiia nha nude My
b- Tdy Au phdt hien
Dan ehii vdi ngi dung binh dang, tu do
va eac quyen con ngudi - quydn sdng va quyen muu eau hanh phiie - Id nhiing gia tri ndi bat trong He gid tri My, va ngay nay, nhdt la tir eudi the ky XX dau the ky XXI dang la van de thdi dai Ndi ve nen dan chu My, khdng the khdng nhac tdi tae pham ndi tieng "Dan ehii d My" eiia Tocccrvin (A.d.Tocqueville, 1805-1859, Phap) xuat ban tap I nam 1835 vd tap II nam 1840 - san pham eiia mot ehuyen tham quan (1831-1832) nghien euu he thdng phat d My; tae pham nay da dua tdc gia trd thanh vidn sT Vidn Han lam Khoa hge dao diie va ehinh tri nam 1837, sau do
4 nam thanh vidn sT Vien Han lam Phap (1841) Trong 174 nam qua (1835-2009) sach nay khdng biet bao nhieu nudc khap nam chau luc da dieh, xuat ban vd sd lan, ban tieng Viet mdi ra mat ban dge, vd d nhidu nude dugc coi la sdch kinh dien trong xa hgi hge va ehinh tri hgc Chuyen tham quan dien ra trong bdi canh d Tay
Au va My dang tien hanh cugc edeh mang thi trudng, mot sd nude chau Au md rdng thugc dia, va d My, tdng thdng Giaeson ndu cao dan ehii Tdeeavin tap trung vdo ehu dd dan ehu, thay d dd dgng lire quan
trgng thue day tien bg xa hgi "Dd« ehii a My" duge coi nhu phdt kien ciia dng eho
chau Au mot kinh nghi?m chinh trj tuy?t vdi Ong da xae dinh ngi ham eiia khai
NghlSn ctiu Con ngutH s6 3 (42) 2009
Trang 3Pham Minh Hac
nidm dan ehii la sir can ddi giira tu do vd
binh ddng nhan manh, khae vdi d chau
Au, xa hgi My lay cdn cii lao dpng, kiem
tien Id dSe diem chii dao trong dao diic,
lao ddng kiem sdng - gia tri co ban nhat
cua con ngudi - tao nen nhan pham, danh
du eiia eon ngudi - dd ehinh la dieu kien
cua binh dang, binh dang trong thu nhap,
thdi nay ndi la binh dang ea hgi; khdng
tinh den, nhu ta ndi bay gid, ly Ijch trudc
do nhu the nao Tir day tao nen cai ggi la
"ehii nghia ea nhan thd thidn" ("crass
individualism") duge Tdeeovin danh gia
cao cung vdi ehii nghia tu ban thi trudng
Ong khang dinh: ehinh nhd tu tudng binh
ddng cho mgi ngudi, ngudi thudng khong
khae quy toe, ai ciing dugc danh gia bang
lao dgng, thu nhap, ma xa hgi My dat
nhung dinh cao Day ehinh la co sd cua
dan chu, coi trgng vai trd eua dan chu doi
vdi tien bg x3 hgi Ciing tir day ed y tudng
ve xa hgi cdng dan (phan biet vdi xa hgi
chinh trj) Nam 2008, vdi sir kien mot
ngudi gdc Phi dugc bdu la tdng thdng,
ngudi ta lai cdng ehii y tdi "Dan ehii d
My" Tim hidu can nguyen ciia cae gid tri
nay, md Tdeeovin ed eho ggi la gia trj
"trung binh" ("middling" values) - sau
nay cd ngudi ggi Id tu tudng hay triet ly
"trung binh ehii nghia" - dng da de cap
den quan he giiia tu hiru va quydn lire, dac
bi?t nhdn manh den vai trd ciia giao due
-tri tu^ vd tdi ndng - giiip cho eon ngudi
md rgng ea hgi lira ehgn, thd hidn dugc
het nang lire ciia con ngudi ddng gdp cho
xa hgi giai quydt cdc vdn dd (bay gid ggi
Id thdeh thire) dat ra, thue ddy tien bg xa
hgi, Tdeeovin da phdt hidn ra ban chat eiia
H? gid trj My "
Sudt gdn 200 nam qua, ddi song nudc
My, eon ngudi My ndi ehung, eung nhu
cac cugc khao sat, eac edng trinh nghien
ciiu deu nhat tri rang cae nhan xet, kdt luan eiia Tdeeovin cdn nguyen gia trj, ai ciing ddng y rang chii nghia ea nhan, can
cu lao dgng, va gan day qua cugc bau cir tdng thdng nam 2008, binh ding dan toe, dan ehii la cac thanh phan trong He gia trj
My Dau thd ky XX, sau 3 thang di tham hau khap nude My vao nam 1904, Mac Vebo (Max Weber, 1864-1920, Dire), nha
xa hgi hgc ldn nhat eiia the ky XX, da khai quat thanh 6 gia tri My, gia tri dau tien trong do la "can cii lao dpng", va tat nhien, tidp theo cd "ehii nghia ca nhan"; 6 gia trj dd la:
• Can eii lao dgng,
• Tinh than tdng hgp (universalism),
• Chu nghia ca nhan,
• Phiic lgi,
• Tich c\rc hoat dpng (activhism),
• Duy ly
Rat tiee, ddn nay chiing tdi chua tim dugc tai li?u xem Vebo cd giai thich c\i thd eac gia tri nay khong, nhung theo each hidu chung, thi thdy tong ket nay phii hgp vdi thue tien, deu la nhung gia trj mang tae dung tich cue, can cd su thdng hieu tuong ling, khdng thien leeh Vi du, eiing mot thuat ngir "individualism" djeh la
"chii nghia cd nhan", nhung neu hidu la ton trgng, de eao, phdt huy vai trd ciia timg eon ngudi, moi ngudi hay dem het kha nang eiia ban than ra lam vi?c (chua dung gia tri "can cii lao dpng") vua vi s\r sdng ciia chinh minh, vira vi lgi ich cua gia dinh, cdng dong, xa hpi, moi ngudi trude hdt phai cd traeh nhiem vdi minh, ddng thdi va tir dd ed traeh nhidm vdi ngudi khde, vd trdch nhiem xa hgi ndi chung (bay gid hay ndi la "ehia sd", "dua vao nhau md sdng"), do la mat tich cue can khai thac Tdeeovin nhan xet ehii nghia ed nhan d My ed ket hgp vdi boat
Nghien ctiu Con ngiit* s6 3 (42) 2009
Trang 4dgng eac lien doan, dieu nay vd sau gia tri
hpc dat thanh van de "nhan va cho" ma
giao due gia tri phai giai quydt sao cho
mpi ngudi ed y thiie diing dan, hai hod
Cdn edi "chu nghia ea nhan" can len dn la
nhiing ke ehi bo bo bidt minh, edi gi eiing
"thu ven" cho minh, tham ehi vd trdch
nhiem ea vdi ban than (ed khi sdng budng
tha), khdng quan tam den quyen lgi eiia td
ehiie, doan the, edng ddng - theo tdi, de
phan biet vdi thuat ngii tren, d day gpi la
"ed nhan ehii nghia" hay "ehu nghia ea
nhan tuyet ddi" Sue manh My ehinh bat
ngudn tir day: tir siic manh eua eon ngudi,
bay gid gpi la "vdn ngudi" - sue manh vo
tan
Ndi them vai y ve gid tri "duy ly" la hat
nhan eiia sue manh eiia timg ea nhan eon
ngudi Cdc nude Tay Au tien phong tien
vdo edng nghiep hoa, deu bat dau tir triet
ly duy ly ra ddi tir nhung nam 40 the ky
XVll do R.Ddcac ( R.Deseartes,
1596-1650, Phap ) de xudng, roi the ky Anh
sang (the ky Giao due) tir the ky XVIll,
ehuyen biet bao tiem nang eua eon ngudi
thanh ea mpt thdi dai khoa hgc, ky thuat,
edng nghe, thay ddi han bp mat, ddi song
cua xa hpi va con ngudi Tuy ngudn sang
tao, phat minh khdng chi cd ly tri, ma cdn
nhieu yeu td khae, nhu true gidc, theo
thuyet true giac do A.Beesdng
(A.Bergson, 1859-1941, Phdp) chii
truong, nhung true gidc thudng chi cd vai
trd trong cac giay phiit d cdng doan cudi
ciing bat ra phdt minh, edn chii ydu la ed
mpt qua trinh dao tao, hoc hdi, lao dpng
tim tdi vo cimg vat va Chinh vi vay, de ed
nang lire san xuat ed chat lupng, hidu qua,
can ehu y tdi phat trien giao due - ddo tao
ra tay nghe, luong tam nghe, ed tai nang,
ed sang tao Tat nhien, can ea mpt mdi
trudng Ihuan lgi cho eon ngudi phat trien,
tai nang nay nd, tich cue hoat ddng, mang lai phiic lgi ngay cang eao cho timg ngudi
vd eho ca edng ddng xa hgi Siic manh eua ddt nude bit nguon tir day He gid tri ciia
xa hgi, edng ddng, timg ea sd , eiing nhu eua cd nhan la gid dd eho nen giao due va mdi trudng lanh manh ay Nghien euu gid tri va gido due gid tri md ehiing tdi theo dudi bdy lau nay chinh la nham muc dieh
do
c Nghien cihi cua gidi khoa hpc
Khoa hge vd gia tri hidn dai bat ngudn tir nudc Dure, nhung phat tridn manh lai d nudc My Diem qua nghien ciiu He gia tri
My, thay nhieu edng trinh deu md dau bing khang djnh gid tri dan ehii hdm chiia sir tdn trpng, ddnh gid eao vai trd eiia ca nhan trong xa hpi (dieu nhieu ngudi gpi la ehii nghia ed nhan), vdi eac quyen eon ngudi, trong dd ed quyen bau ra ngudi lanh dao, gan day nhan vao sir ddng thuan ciia nhdm trong vide hoach dinh ehinh sach eua tap the tir thap den eao Nhieu bai khang djnh di khang dinh lai nhung gia tri do tdng thdng Lineon de ra: ngodi gia tri binh dang, nhat la binh dang chirng toe, edn ndu cae gia tri-pbam chat, nhu
cdn cii lao dpng, tiet kiem, ham hieu biet,
cd tham vpng (d ta trude day ed quan
niem ngudi tham vpng la ngudi xau, d nhidu nudc ndi tham vpng ed y la ham tien bp, lam vide mang lai thdnh tuu) Cd tdc gia gdi eac gia tri-pham chdt vira neu vao gia tri "boat dpng" hay "lao dpng hieu qua", coi nhu mpt gia trj mau mue, ly tudng eiia van hod My Chinh dac didm nay tao nen mpt gia trj didn hinh My dugc Lenin va ea thd gidi danh gia cao - dd Id tinh thyc te, d My va trong sdeh khai quat ggi la chii nghia thue dung (pragmatism bat nguon tir chir "pragma"
ed nghia la "hanh dgng", ra ddi d My tir
6 NghlSn ciiu Con ngutif siS3 (42) 2009
Trang 5Pham Minh Hac
cudi thd ky XIX ddu thd ky XX) Tinh
thue dung, tinh thiet thuc, gidi ly luan My
cdn gan vdi tuong ddi luan (relativism) va
thuyet edng eu (instrumentalism: lam gi,
ke ea tu duy, eiing phai ed tri thiie la cdng
cu, tu duy bang edng eu tri thiie, hanh
dpng bing cdng cu tac dpng vao ddi tugng
lao dpng) d day can ndi them, gia tri lao
dpng hidu qua - tinh thue tien, tinh hidu
qua - la dac diem ehung eiia loai ngudi
bao dam su tdn tai va phat trien nhan loai,
trir trudng hgp lao dpng bj tha hoa, nhu
Cac Mae da ehi ra tir nam 1844 trong
"Ban thao kinh te-tridt hpc" Ddy la edi
nguon siie manh eiia ca loai ngudi, eiia
tung qude gia-dan tpc, va eiia timg eon
ngudi, nhu toi da ed djp trinh bay^, ndi len
mat thdng nhat (tat nhien, cdn mat mau
thuan nira) quyen lgi eua timg ngudi va
quyen Igi ciia ea xa hpi, ciing nhu cua
cong dong loai ngudi, d cho xa hpi tdn tai
va phat trien dua vao sire lao dpng ciia con
ngudi, gid trj thang du eiing tir day ma ra,
dong thdi bang sire lao dpng eiia minh,
con ngudi nhan duge sir edng nhan cua xa
hpi Cae nha khoa hoc cung thay cac gia
trj dao due gan lien vdi gia trj can cii lao
dgng, cdc gid trj luat phap; eiing cd y kien
cho rang dao diic bat ngudn tir tin ngudng
ton gido; nhieu tdc gia nhan manh eac gid
tri nhan van (quan tam giiip dd nhau, lam
tir thien ), gid trj ehinh true, Ijeh thiep;
nhieu edng trinh ciing ndi tdi mau thuan
trong he gia trj eiia timg ngudi, eua cong
dong, eiing nhu mau thuan giira phap luat
va he gia trj: su van dpng giira thdng nhat
va mau thuan la quy luat tae dpng ciia he
gia trj ehung eiia edng ddng xa hpi va cua
limg thanh vidn Chinh vi vay, nudc My
rdt chu y kd thira va phat huy he gia trj ciia
hg, cung nhu md rpng anh hudng ciia he
gia trj eua hp ddi vdi cac nudc khdc, thdng
qua cac mat boat ddng, nhdt la hoat dpng chinh trj, ngoai giao va nhung ngudi dung dau chinh quyen
d Y kien ciia gidi edm quyen
Cd nhan xet chung, cac tdng thdng My
ai cung ndi, ft nhidu, dam nhat cd khae nhau tdi He gia tri ciia ddt nudc Bay gid ndi tdi thdi nay - tong thdng thii 43 va thii
44 hien nay
Tong thong Cfflinton (nhiem ky
1993-2001) trong "Ddi toi"' da vidt: ngudi dan
My "luon dat nidm tin vao hai y tudng vl dai: rang ngay mai co thd tdt hon hdm nay, va rang moi ngudi trong chiing ta cd traeh nhiem ca nhan va dao diic lam didu
do" (Ddi tdi, tr.596) Ong nhan manh ben
canh quydn cong dan la tinh than traeh nhiem xa hpi ciia timg ca nhan, dao due
va nidm tin lae quan luon luon "hudng ve tuong lai", sire manh cua dan tpc bit
ngudn tir cac gia trj luan ly (Ddi tdi,
tr.l02), dac biet la gia trj lao dpng tot Cd the danh gia lao dpng hieu qua, tinh nang
no hoai dpng (aetivitism) dung la gia trj sd
1 trong He gia trj My Hillary Clinton trong "Hdi ky"^ (tr.22) vidt: "Uy thd cua nudc My khdng phai chi nhd vao sire manh quan su, ma edn tir gia trj ciia chung tdi , nhimg ngucri da lao dgng can man
va cd trdch nhidm", ngudi My "tin vao vide lao dgng can man, chii khong phai dae quydn, tin vao chinh minh, chir khong phai dua dam vao ngudi khae"
Tong thdng Barac Obama ca trong
chinh sach ddi npi lan doi ngoai deu chii y tdi each tiep can gia trj Gan day, ngay 18-4-2009, tai Hpi nghj thugng dinh chau
My, ong tuydn bd chinh sach doi ngoai
eiia My dua trdn nguydn tac ''loi ich vd
gid tri" - trudc dd cd ngudi da gpi la
dudng loi ngoai giao theo gia trj quan Trong dien van nhdm chirc (20-1-2009)
NghlSn cOv Con ngiAM s63 (42) 2009
Trang 6dng da keu gpi nhan dan My hay "quay
ve nhiing gia tri da dan den thanh eong
-su trung thuc vd chdm chi, dting cam vd
cdng bdng, khoan dung vd td md, trung
thdnh vd long yeu nudc Dd la nhung lire
day am tham cho tien bp xuyen sudt lieh
sir " nudc My, khang dinh di san do la
siic manh eiia qude gia-dan toe Dae biet,
trong sach "Hy vpng tao bao - Suy nghi ve
vide tim lai giac mo My" (2006)^^ Obama
da danh ban mpt chuong - chuong 2 - lay
tieu de "Gid tri" (eac trang 53-81) vdi suy
nghi:" cac gid tri eiing nhu ddi sdng tinh
than ed vai trd quan trpng khong kem
GDP eua dat nude" va "eac gid trj chung
ed the ddng vai trd nen mdng cho su dong
thuan ve chinh tri" Trong tac pham nay,
tdc gia nhac nhd mpi ngudi hay nhd tdi
diem khdi dau vdi tu each la ngudi My
-ldi bat hii trong Tuyen ngdn dpc lap khang
dinh cae quyen eo ban nhat cua con ngudi,
coi do Id edt ldi eua niem tin d mdi ngudi
Nhd dd, Obama viet, "gia tri tu do ca nhan
an sau trong chiing ta den miie chiing ta ed
xu hudng coi nd Id binh thudng, hien
nhien"; giai thieh npi ham eua gia trj tu do
la "tinh tu lire, tu phat trien, chap nhan nii
ro Dd la gia tri eiia tinh nghj lire, ky luat,
dn hoa va cham chi Dd Id gia trj eua tinh
tiet kidm va tu chju trdch nhiem ea nhan",
"duge tu do theo dudi lgi ich eiia rieng hg
thi toan bg xa hgi se edn thjnh vugng":
timg ngudi dem het nang lire eua minh ra
lam vide, do ehinh Id ngudn vd tan tao nen
su thinh vugng eiia ea xa hgi Ong vidt
tiep: "Tuy mdi ngudi My tan day Idng la
ngudi theo ehii nghia ed nhan , nhung
neu eho rang dd la toan bg eon ngudi My
thi that sai lam Chii nghia ed nhan eiia
ngudi My ludn ludn duge gidi ban bdi gid
tri cong ddng ldng yeu nudc, nghia vu
eong dan ", nghia vu ddi vdi gia dinh,
trong cae gia tri diing dan, ngudi My xep nudi day con cai la gia tri thii nhat, het sue coi trgng va de cao gia tri giao due, ca tren phuang dien qude gia lan ea nhan Chuong sach dang dugc gidi thieu giiip ehiing ta hidu diing hon He gia tri My va vai trd ciia nd ddi vdi su phdn vinh, thinh vugng eiia dat nude hg Mue dieh eiia vide tim hieu dang dd cap d day la tim cdi tinh hoa - cae gid tri tien bg, nhu Vien Rdecorits (Rockridge) da dn lai va tdng kdt: tu do (nhan manh tu do co hgi, vi du,
cd CO hgi lam viee, tir 29-10-2007 vien nay da dd nghi ehinh phii My phai dieu ehinh thi trudng sao eho thoa man nhu cau lao dpng, ed cho ndi tu do kinh te rdi mdi den t\T do cdng dan), binh ding trudc phap luat, binh ding ea hgi, nhat la binh dang giao due va y te, an sinh Di vdo chi tiet hon, cu the hon, ehiing ta tim hieu vide giao due gid tri trong eac nha trudng d
M y ,
•-2- Giao due gia tri 6" My
a Diem qua tien trinh
Lich sir gido due gia tri d My eiing dai nhu lieh su He gid tri eiia hg, khd ed dugc mot tdng quan ldm thoa man ban dgc Nhin dai the, eac nha nghien eiiu gido due d dd ddu eho hay nhiing ngudi trong Ban soan thao Tuydn ngdn dgc lap My da dat ra cho nhd trudng trdch nhiem gido due cae pham chat dao diic, truydn dat ede gid tri, dac biet chii y eac gid trj dan ehii, cho cdc the he tuong lai: sir thjnh vugng eiia dan toe phu thugc vao dd Trong the
ky XIX, trudc ldn sdng di eu tir ede nudc chua ed truyen thdng dan ehii, hg chii y nhieu hon den giao due gia tri Sang thd
ky XX, giao due gia tri ggi Id giao due tinh each, may thap ky dau cd chidu hudng giam siit Trudng dai hge su pham thugc Dai hgc Colombo da tidn hanh mgt
8 NghlSn cuu Con ngutH s63 (42) 2009
Trang 7Pham Minh Hac
cong trinh nghien cim van dd nay rtr nam
1925 - 1929, da ehi ra cac chuong trinh
giao due tinh each ehinh thiic trong nha
trudng khdng mang lai hieu qua Tinh
hinh nay ed nhidu nguyen nhan, trong dd
cd mpt nguyen nhan mpt sd tae gia nhan
manh, dd Id nguyen nhan vd mat tu duy:
vao the ky XX My chju anh hudng manh
ciia Iriet hpc thue ehirng^'^ d chau Au tir
nua dau the ky XIX, phan biet tri thiie la
khach quan, edn gia trj la ehii quan, tri
thiie khdng anh hudng dugc den gia tri
Do do di ddn ehii truong ehi dua vao nha
trudng chuong trinh ly luan ve dao diic,
chii khong truydn thu gia tri dd hpc sinh
tidp thu, ehi thien vd nhan thiic, khdng chu
y tdi hdnh vi va tinh edm Chuong trinh
nay bi phd phan nang nd, nhdt la vao vai
thap ky eudi the ky XX tinh hinh dao diic
d thanh thidu nidn qua nhidu van dd phirc
tap (bao lire, tinh due, xi ke ma tuy ), nhu
Bdnet (W.J.Bennett)"', Bp trudng Bp Gido
due (1985-1988), mpt nhd lieh sir vd
nghien euu giao due ndi tieng d My, da
phai dat lai van de giao due tinh each,
nhan manh: tinh each quan trpng nhu eac
ky nang khae Ong viet: cdc gia tri dan
ehii ed truyen thdng tir Ngay doe lap la
cac gid tri eao ca nhat md gido due phai
truydn dat eho the he tre, cae gia tri nay
cdn quan trpng hon ed Igi the so sanh eiia
luc lugng lao dpng ed nang suat cao Tuy
chii truong khdng ed gid ridng eiia bp mdn
ndy, nhung tat ca eac mdn hpc, nhat la
mon van, sir, khoa bpe xa hpi, deu phai
ciing nhau thue hien chuong trinh nay
Dong Ihdi, td chire gid ngoai khod, eau lac
bg, edng tdc xa hpi, v.v Chii truong phai
'"Triet hpc thi;c chirng c6n gpi 1^ th^rc chimg luan
do O.Congta- A Compte, 1798-1857, Phip, xay
d^mg nen
dae bidt quan tam den giao due tinh each (giao due gia trj) vdi giai phap nay dugc
xa hpi ddng tinh, img hp, nhu kdt qua mpt
sd cupe dieu tra eho bidt:
- Chuong trinh Giai phap chien thing Tuong lai My dd xuat di vao thd ky mdi phai eung ed va lam song dpng He gia tri
My, nhdt la gia tri phiie lgi: 92% ngudi tham gia phdng vdn tra ldi nhu vay
(nguon: Mgng ciia Chuang trinh ndy ngay
7-8-2007)
- 86%) cae nha quan ly cho bidt cae edng ty eua hp ed he gia trj va dao diic, trong do ty Id nhin manh: 76% - gia trj dao due ndi ehung, nhdt la tinh ehinh true 61% - tinh than traeh nhidm,
59% - kinh trpng ngudi khae, 51% - tinh edi md,
47% - ddi mdi/thay doi, 43% - hpc tap sudt ddi, 42% - bao vd moi trudng, 41%-da dang,
38% - tham gia cdng tdc xa hpi
(nguon: Hpi qudn ly My Dieu tra gid tri 2002 y^
b Chien luac gido due gid tri a bdc hoc phd thdng
Cac cdng trinh nghien ciru giao due eiing tdng ket Chidn luge giao dye gia trj
d trudng phd thdng gom nhung didm nhu sau: (1) giao due con ngudi toan didn, tap trung vao tri thirc, hanh vi va tinh cam; (2) gidi thidu cac tam guong, dd hpc sinh suy nghi cac gia trj cua hp; (3) sir dyng cae tai lieu thich hgp; (4) thay eo giao tiep xiic vdi hpc sinh mpt cdch trong sang, chan thanh, tin tudng tat ea cac em se tidn bp; (5) ton trpng ede em, ehii y ngdn ngir ndi vdi ede em; (6) xay dung khdng khi hoa thuan, giai quyet dn thoa cac xich mieh npi bg; (7) kip thdi khuyen khich, khen nggi cae vi^e lam lot; (8) ehinh ddn, sira
NghlSn ciiu Con ngutil s6 3 (42) 2009 9
Trang 8sai lam; (9) td ehiie hgp tdc ciing nhau lam
mot sd vide, tham gia edng tac xa hpi; (10)
phoi hgp nhd trudng, gia dinh va xa hgi;
(11) day dd ehii khdng thuydt giao; (12)
de xuat 10 gia tri de eac trudng tham
khao xay dyng he gid tri eua trudng minh:
thucmg ngudi, can ddm, lich thiep, chai
dep, luong thien, tu te, trung thdnh, nhdn
ngi, long kinh trpng vd tinh thdn trdch
nhiem
c Gido due gid tri trong cdc trudng
phd thdng bang Gioocgia (Georgia)
Giao due gia tri dugc tidn hanh thdng
qua chuong trinh gido due tinh each theo
quy dinh eiia ehinh quyen eac bang Co
quan lap phap Bang Gioogia thong qua
chuong trinh gido due tinh each thdng
8-1997, va giao eho Hgi ddng giao due bang
soan thao eac van ban cu the, xde dinh
giao dye gia tri la mang lai eho hgc sinh
cae eo hpi phat trien tri thire, ky nang va
thdi dp, tuong iing vdi eac gid tri va hanh
vi bieu hien cdc gia trj ay, tap trung d
nidm tin vao chan va thidn; edn giao due
tinh each nham hinh thanh cac net nhan
each tich cue thdng qua eac bai hgc lich
sir, cae tam guong va eac boat dgng thue
tien Hgi ddng da soan ra he gid tri bao
gom 26 gid tri: can dam, long yeu nudc,
tinh thdn cdng ddn, ehinh true, lich thiep,
kinh trpng ngudi khde, le do, hap tdc, tu
trpng - tu kiem sodt bdn thdn, nhd nhgn,
thuong ngudi, khoan dung, chuyen cdn,
rpng luang, diing gid, sgch se, vui ve, tu
hao ve trudng minh, bdo ve mdi trudng,
cd tinh sdng tgo, tdn trpng ngudi sdng
tgo, kien tri, nhdn ngi, yeu the thao, trung
thdnh, dice hgnh Hgi ddng edn de ra ke
hoach trien khai rat eu the, tir xay dyng
chuong trinh, tdi lieu giang day, cae boat
dgng den dao tao thay gido, rdi ngan
sach, edeh ddnh gia'
e Td chiec Gid tri Nhdn vdn vi Hap chiing qudc Hoa Ky
Td ehiie nay xuat phat tir Chuong trinh Giao due gia tri do Sathya Sai Baba (sinh nam 1926, An Do), dua ra may cham ngdn:
muc tieu eudi eung eua Gido due la tinh cdch, Thdng thai la tu do
Van hod la hoan thien, Tri thiie la tinh yeu,
va 5 gia tr| tong quat: Chan, Hanh
dgng diing Yen binh, Tinh ydu, Khdng bao lire vdi ngi dung khai quat nhu sau
Chan: day eho tre em hieu sau sac
Chan la gi, nhan manh long luong thien,
tu soi xet ban than va tinh chinh trye
Hanh dgng dung: day cac em pham
tru nay thdng qua cac gia tri tu kiem - hieu minh, nhudng nhin, trdch nhiem, tdt bung
va cae ky nang xa hgi khde
Yen binh (tieng Anh la Peace, cd the
hidu la thanh binh, hod binh, thanh than): giiip hge sinh ed dugc su can bang tinh cam, hidu minh, lae quan, kien nhan, chap nhan, khiem tdn
Tmh yeu: giiip tre phat trien ldng thuong
ngudi, ehia se, khoan dung, hiiu nghi vd hy smh, de tre hieu ra tinh yeu khdng chi la tinh cam, ma edn la dgng luc tao ra cdc sang tao (tinh yeu theo nghia rgng)
Khong bao lire: khdng gidi ban trong
nghia thdng thudng khdng hai ngudi khde, sdng hay chdt , md day cho hgc sinh tinh than hgp tac, tdn trgng da dang, can bang mdi trudng, quy nhat sir sdng'^
Nhu vay, 5 gid trj chung dugc cu the hod qua 23 gia tri cu the, tap trung vao eac pham chat dao diie, ky nang xa hgi, ndi khai quat, giao due gia trj nhan van Ngdy nay khi edng nghe phdt tridn, cac nhd giao due rat coi trgng giao due nhan van
10 NghlSn ciiU Con ngudi s6 3 (42) 2009
Trang 9Pham Minh Hac
3- Ket luan
a Theo tinh than hge tap tinh boa van
hoa eac dan tge, tim hidu He gid tri My,
tuu trung ed 6 gia tri noi bat nhu sau:
(1) Dan ehii: tu do, binh ding;
(2) Quydn con ngudi: quydn sdng (ton
tai), quydn muu eau hanh phiie - phiie lgi;
(3) Chu nghia ed n_han - thue td, thue
dung; tdm ly tu khang dinh minh;
(4) Can cii lao dpng - tich cue hoat
dpng - hidu qua;
(5) Tri tue: sang tao, khoa hpc, edng
nghe - duy ly;
(6) Tac phong edng nghiep
Y kidn nhieu nha khoa hpc va chinh tri coi
do la nhiing gia tri vira la tien dd vira la he qua
cua xa hpi edng nghidp, ed gia tri thudng ngay
(gid tri 4), cd gia tri phai trai qua nhidu giai
doan (gid tri 1), cd gid tri chap nhan duge mpt
phan (gid tri 3), tuy timg noi
b Giao due gid tri d My cd be day Ijeh
sir ddng nghien euu, trai qua eac giai doan
phdt trien khae nhau, gan day gan bd vdi
giao dye tinh each hay giao dye dao dire
ndi chung, ed nhieu each td ehiie linh
hoat, nhieu hpi doan tham gia, nhidu each
tien hdnh linh boat, rat dang luu y giao
dye gia trj ky nang sdng, ky nang xa hpi,
ky nang giao tiep - hinh thdnh va phat
tridn von gia trj ea nhdn, dugc xa hpi
(doanh nghidp, eo quan, td ehiie ) ddn
nhan vd tao mdi trudng eho timg ngudi
phat huy hdt khd nang ciia minh vi Igi ich
ban than va Igi ich cdng ddng, tao nen siie
manh va phdn vinh cua qudc gia-dan toe
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Bin Calinton Ddi tdi Nxb Cong
an nhan dan Ha Ngi (HN.), 2007
2 Barac Obama Hy vpng tdo bao Suy nghi ve viec tim lgi gidc ma My Nxb
Tre Tp Ho Chi Minh, 2008
3 Maicon Harington Cd mdt nudc
My khdc Nxb Tri thirc HN., 2006
4 H6 Chi Minh Todn tgp,t4, tr
80-82.Nxb CTQG HN., 1995
5 Hd Chi Minh Todn tap, t.l, tr.l
Nxb CTQG HN., 1995
6 Aldehxit do Tdcvin Ddn chii d My
(tidng Anh) Nxb Pinhguyn, 2003
7 Pham Minh Hac Hpc thuyet Mac
vd lao dpng Tc Nghien cihi Con ngudi,
s6 5 (32) 2007
8 Hilary Clinton Hdi ky Nxb Van
hoa Sai gdn 2006
9 Dale N Titut Gido due gid tri trong nhd trudng phd thdng My Tham
luan tai Hpi thao khoa hpc ve giao dye tai Dai hoc Kutztown, 15-9-1994
10 Wiliam Bdnel Trong gido due, tinh cdch quan trpng nhu cdc ky ndng
Bao Nudc My ngay nay, 20-9-1997
11 Mgng Lien dodn qudn ly My
Mang Google, 21-2-2009
12 Mgng gidi phdp My vi tuong lai nudc My Mang Google, 22-2-2009
13 Linda Serened Bp giao due
Gioocgia Hudng ddn thuc hi$n gido due gid tri vd gido due tinh cdch Thdng
8-1997
NghlSn ciiu Con ngutH s63 (42) 2009 11