BÀI GIẢNG CÁC CHIẾN LƯỢC DỊCH

Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at word level Translation by a more specific word - This strategy might lead to over interpretation of the source language meaning.. Strateg

SESSION 3: THE STRATEGIES OF

TRANSLATION

- Personal

- Depend on age, sex, mood,

About language

Dialects

Slang

- Regional variation of a language

- Define a dialects: decide when two tongues are

to be classified as separate language instead of one being a dialects of the other

- There is a rule of thumb, which states that two dialects become different languages when they are mutually unintelligible, when people of one language group can no longer understand members of the other group.

Creates new forms by combining existing words, giving new meaning to words or introducing completely new words into the language

About language

Special words and phrases

that are used by particular

- Single or compound words

Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at

word level

Translation by a more specific word

- This strategy might lead to over interpretation of the source language meaning.

- it may be appropriate or necessary to use a more specific word to translate an

English word into Vietnamese.

Eg:

Almost a quarter of people in the UK do not wear sunscreen to

protect

themselves from the sun's rays

 Gần như một phần tư người dân Anh quốc không thoa kem chống

nắng để bảo vệ làn da khỏi các tia từ mặt trời

During Tet holiday, a number of villages in northern and central Vietnam hold rice

cooking contest

=> Trong dịp Tết, một số làng ở miền Bắc và miền Trung Việt Nam tổ chức cuộc thi nấu

cơm.

Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at

word level

Translation by a more general word.

Using a superordinate is one of the popular strategies for dealing with many types

of non-equivalence It works equally well in most, if not all, languages, since the

hierarchical structure of semantic fields is not language-specific Under certain

circumstances, it may be appropriate to use a more general word to translate an

English word with no specific Vietnamese equivalent.

Eg:

- …meaning can not be completely determined within the historical, geographical, and

cultural milieu without consideration of social aspects

= …ngữ nghĩa không thể chính xác nếu người dịch không quan tâm tới các khía cạnh xã

hội mà chỉ dựa trên môi trường lịch sử, địa lí, văn hóa

Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at

word level

Translation by cultural substitution.

Each nation's culture is different However, because of respect for

the original text, translators will often keep its meaning in the

translated text but rarely change according to the culture of the

target language.

Eg: The baby weights 6 pounds -> Em bé nặng 6 cân anh

= Em bé nặng 2,7 kg

=> although the content can be kept, translated text can not be

effectively communicated to the reader This is a burden of

translators, commissioners and editors In addition, filed testing of

documents will elicit useful feedback on cultural appropriateness.

Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at

word level

Translation using a loan word plus explanation

• Loan English words are familiar to Vietnamese people such

as names of medicines and names of diseases.

Eg: HIV, AIDs, Alzheimer's, , berberin, cloxite,

• Because these loanwords are widely used in Vietnam, they

are used without footnotes

• Less common words include an explanation such as ORS

(muối bù mất nước)

Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at

word level

1 Teenagers should not drink alcohol.

A Trẻ vị thành niên không nên uống rượu

B Trẻ vị thành niên không nên uống rượu

bia

C Trẻ vị thành niên không nên uống các

chất kích thích

1 Teenagers should not drink alcohol.

A Trẻ vị thành niên không nên uống rượu

B Trẻ vị thành niên không nên uống rượu

bia

C Trẻ vị thành niên không nên uống các

chất kích thích

Alcohol mentions both beer and wine, so

the Vietnamese translator should add both

of them in text to reflect all clear and full

the meaning of the sentence.

Alcohol mentions both beer and wine, so

the Vietnamese translator should add both

of them in text to reflect all clear and full

the meaning of the sentence.

The meaning of a “hot” phrase among Vietnamese youth:

What importance is your attitude

+ Raw translation : Quan trọng là thái độ + Flexible paraphase : Quan trọng là thần thái

The meaning of a “hot” phrase among Vietnamese youth:

What importance is your attitude

+ Raw translation : Quan trọng là thái độ + Flexible paraphase : Quan trọng là thần thái

Attitude means vibe and atmosphere someone bring to situation, but “thần thái” is your confidence, how you manage yourself

► It must be unpacked for better understanding and can`t account for full and clear meaning

Attitude means vibe and atmosphere someone bring to situation, but “thần thái” is your confidence, how you manage yourself

► It must be unpacked for better understanding and can`t account for full and clear meaning

Translation by paraphrase:

* The definition of translation by paraphrase :

Translation by paraphrase is the way to translate an English

word or concept that does not exist in Vietnamese or when the

Vietnamese term does not decribe all the meanings conveyed

by the English term for the same concept.

Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at

word level

Translation by omission

Omission : It is the way to reduce the

redundancy of the text by omitting

words that are not essential to the

meaning or impact of the text ( such as :

flow and overall meaning )

Translation by omission

Omission : It is the way to reduce the

redundancy of the text by omitting

words that are not essential to the

meaning or impact of the text ( such as :

flow and overall meaning )

► The verb “đến” was omitted to convey a concise verison in the target language

- “ and he bent down over the bed and took his wife’s hand and began to caress her forehead ”

 =  rồi anh cúi xuống cầm tay vợ và vuốt

► The verb “đến” was omitted to convey a concise verison in the target language

- “ and he bent down over the bed and took his wife’s hand and began to caress her forehead ”

 =  rồi anh cúi xuống cầm tay vợ và vuốt

ve trán nàng”.

►  “over the bed” and “began” were omitted to make the version more concise

Strategy 2: How to deal with idioms and fixed

expression

Using an idiom or fixed expression of similar

meaning and form

- It is sometimes possible to find a Vietnamese idiom

or examples with a similar meaning to an English

idiom or expression, and which is expressed in the

same way.

Eg: To fight like cats and dogs = cãi nhau như chó với

mèo

Strategy 2: How to deal with idioms and fixed

expression

Using an idiom or fixed expression of similar meaning but dissimilar form

- It’s usually easier to find a Vietnamese idiom with a similar meaning to an

English idiom, but which is expressed differently.

Eg: to carry coals to Newcastle = to carry firewood to the forest

- By substituting similar Vietnamese idiom, then, the flow and the impact of the

original text are retained in the translation

Eg:

A poor as a church mouse/ hungry as a church mouse => Nghèo rớt mùng tơi

To sell like hot cakes =>Bán đắt như tôm tươi

As the crow flies => Theo đường chim bay.

Strategy 2: How to deal with idioms and fixed

expression

Translation by paraphrase

- Paraphrase is representing ideas and necessary information in a different form by using your own

words, often to clarify meaning without changing it

- Translation by paraphrase is the most preferred strategies in translating English idioms and fixed

expressions into non-idiomatic expression in Vietnamese

Eg:

Maybe he had always been shielded by his grandmother, since he was the apple of her eye.”

 Có lẽ anh ấy luôn được bà che chở, vì là người cháu yêu quý nhất của bà.

 When translating from Vietnamese to English, due to cultural differences, sometimes it is difficult

to find a suitable equivalent idiom so using paraphrase is still a popular strategy

Eg:

“Liệu cơm gắp mắm” => One has to match his spending to his income.

Strategy 2: How to deal with idioms and fixed

expression

Translation by omission

- In certain situations, idioms may be omitted from the target text The reason

may be that they cannot be easily paraphrased, they do not have a close

match in the target language, or because of stylistic considerations

- The use of this strategy may be considered reasonablely, if omission is to

avoid lengthy explanations and the omission of idioms does not affect the full

meaning of the text

 This is the least used strategy

Eg:

Now Rachel was absentmindedly rubbing her index finger back and forth over

her upper lip, her brow slightly furrowed.”

= Bây giờ Rachel vô thức xoa ngón trỏ qua môi trên, lông mày cô ta hơi nhíu

lại.

Strategy 3: How to deal with voice, numbers,

person

VOICE: The passive voice is used very frequently in English

and poses some problem for translation into Vietnamese

Passive voice can be translated from English into Vietnamese in the following aways

English : A to be done (by B)

Vietnamese: (i) A được + V + (bởi B) (positive

- He was found in the forest by the police

Anh ấy được cảnh sát tìm thấy ở trong rừng

- Tom was attacked by a stranger last night

Tom bị một kẻ lạ mặt tấn công tối hôm qua

- Tom has been promoted recently

Tom mới được đề bạt gần đây

- The bank robbers are caught

- Though both languages have similar notions of number and countability, each language

expresses this in very different ways In Vietnamese, number is often not expressed at all

In English, number is expressed as a grammartical category, that is, there were different

grammartical forms for the singular and pural nouns In Vietnames, no such distinction is

made grammartically.

Eg: Phụ nữ = can mean either woman or women.

- In Vietnamese, some plural makers such as “các”, “những”, “tất cả”, “mọi”, “mỗi”… can

be used in addition to be noun.

Note: Some word that can be countable in Vietnamese but are uncountalbe in English

For example: Information, equipment, furniture, advice, potential…

Strategy 3: How to deal with voice, numbers,

person

PERSON

Participants roles and forms of address are expressed in Vienamese through a very complicated

system of personal pronouns based largely on kinship terms Unlike their English counterparts,

Vietnamese pronouns convey many different distinctions, depending on relationship within the

family, familiarity, social status and even one’s paricular mood or attitude in a given situation

Eg: A manual on health care contains sections written specifically for children and adults In the

section for children, “you” is translated as “em” or “cac em” In the section for adults, “you” should

be translated as “chúng ta”, which is the inclusive “we” – that is, the speaker is including the listen in

a group with him/herself, and in different contexts, “we” can be translated as “chúng tôi” meaning “

other people and I, but not you or “ chúng ta” meaning “you and I”

+ Note: In English, age is often not important in the addressing system And there is no distinction

between the relatives of mother’s side or father’s side

Strategy 3: How to deal with voice, numbers,

person

Strategy 4: How to deal with proper names

A proper name is a noun or noun phrase that designates a particular person, place or object.

Personal name Geographical names

Names of newspapers, magazines and their

headlines

Names of books, musical pieces, paintings or sculptures

Names of single

events

Names of unique animals

Names of unique objects

Names of institutions

and facilities

Strategy 4: How to deal with proper

- Translate into another word in Vietnamese

- Translate phonologically (“s” becomes “x”)

- Remaine unchanged

- Translate into Vietnamese or unchanged

- Translate only translatable parts are translated

Singapore = singapore/XingaporeAustralia = Ốt-strây-li-a

Socialist = Xã hội chủ nghĩaIndonasia = InđônêysiaPeople’s = Nhân dân

ABC company = công ty ABCThe Beatles = nhóm nhạc the beatles

Strategy 4: How to deal with proper names

- Often using the reverse order or adjective + noun

or noun + preposition + noun.

“Bộ”, “Sở” = Ministry of …, Department of…

“Ngân hàng” = Bank for …, or Adjective + Bank

“Tổng công ty” = Corporation

- Tests, symptoms, diseases, syndromes, parts of the body are named after one 'scientist' in one language community and a different one, are given a more general term, in another Check the spelling of all proper names - this is where misprints are most common

Vietnamese to

English

In medical texts

Strategy 5: How to deal with non-subject

sentences

In Vietnamese-written passages, some non-subject sentences are

often come across In this case, the following techniques of translation

- Put in the real subject that is often found in the previous sentence(s)

In Vietnamese-written passages, some non-subject sentences are

often come across In this case, the following techniques of translation

- Put in the real subject that is often found in the previous sentence(s)

- Không có cách nào thoát khỏi ngôi nhà kinh dị

Strategy 6: How to deal with newspaper

headlines

Some main characteristics of newspaper headlines:

- Present tense = past tense

Eg: The forest fire in Australia = một vụ cháy rừng đã xảy ra ở Austraylia

- Present participle = event in progress

Eg: Goverment improving people’s living standard = Chính phủ đang nâng cao đời sống của người

dân

- To + infinitive = future events

Eg: Stranger star to crush? = Hành tinh lạ sẽ va chạm

- Past participle = passive voice

Eg: The Monalisa portrait stole last night = Bức họa Monalisa bị đáng cắp đêm qua

Practise times

Ex1: So sánh bản gốc và bản dịch dưới đây và chỉ ra một vài chiến lược dịch thuật được

sử dụng. 

Trong đầm gì đẹp bằng sen

Lá xanh bông trắng lại chen nhị vàng Nhị vàng bông trắng lá xanh Gần bùn mà chẳng hôi tanh mùi bùn

     Hoa sen luôn luôn tượng trưng cho sự thanh cao, cho sức sống diệu kỳ, mạnh mẽ, cho ý chí

bền bỉ vươn lên Từ trong thẳm sâu của bùn đất đã vượt lên căng tràn sức sống, sáng ngời ngợi

dưới ánh mặt trời Chính vì vậy mà từ ngàn xưa hoa sen thường được chọn đưa vào điêu khắc,

chạm trổ, thêu, trong những nơi cao quý thiêng liêng, có giá trị bền vững Với ý nghĩa như thế,

lần này hoa sen lại được chọn và cách điệu trong thế tạo hình mềm mại, nhưng cứng cáp, uy

nghi Rất đặc sắc và hiện đại trong cấu hình xử lý khi được dệt bằng kỹ thuật công nghệ cao trên

chất liệu tơ tằm cao cấp.

Ex1: So sánh bản gốc và bản dịch dưới đây và chỉ ra một vài chiến lược dịch thuật được

sử dụng. 

Trong đầm gì đẹp bằng sen

Lá xanh bông trắng lại chen nhị vàng Nhị vàng bông trắng lá xanh Gần bùn mà chẳng hôi tanh mùi bùn

     Hoa sen luôn luôn tượng trưng cho sự thanh cao, cho sức sống diệu kỳ, mạnh mẽ, cho ý chí

bền bỉ vươn lên Từ trong thẳm sâu của bùn đất đã vượt lên căng tràn sức sống, sáng ngời ngợi

dưới ánh mặt trời Chính vì vậy mà từ ngàn xưa hoa sen thường được chọn đưa vào điêu khắc,

chạm trổ, thêu, trong những nơi cao quý thiêng liêng, có giá trị bền vững Với ý nghĩa như thế,

lần này hoa sen lại được chọn và cách điệu trong thế tạo hình mềm mại, nhưng cứng cáp, uy

nghi Rất đặc sắc và hiện đại trong cấu hình xử lý khi được dệt bằng kỹ thuật công nghệ cao trên

chất liệu tơ tằm cao cấp.

=> TRANSLATION:

To bloom with beauty in the pond is only Lotus, With green leaves, white petals and yellow carpel.

Yellow, white, and green focus, 

Shining and undefiled by the mud it emerged from.

(Vietnamese folk chant)

     Lotus symbolises purity, amazing life with great will It grows from the bottom of the dirty mud

moving towards the light on the surface of the water to blossom in the sun The lotus flower

symbol has been introduced into sculpture, carving, embroider… offered to worship in holy places

And now, the deepest symbol of Lotus is chosen to create a shape of an artistic product - graceful,