Chapter 4: Project scope management. After reading this chapter, you will be able to: Understand the importance of good project scope management, describe the process of planning scope management, discuss methods for collecting and documenting requirements to meet stakeholder needs and expectations,...
Trang 1Chapter 4:
Project Scope Management
adopted from PMI’s PMBOK 2000 and Textbook : Information Technology Project Management
(author : Dr. Kathy Schwalbe)
Trang 2Contents
• Importance of scope management
• Project Scope Management Processes (Initiation, Scope planning, Scope definition, Scope
verification, Scope change control)
– Initiation (init phase)
• key tools: selecting project based on financial methods (NPV, ROI and Payback analysis)
Trang 3Screening a project
Trang 4processes will be used in producing them
Chapter 4
Trang 5Project Scope Management Processes
• Initiation: beginning a project or continuing to the next phase
• Scope planning: developing documents to
provide the basis for future project decisions
• Scope definition: subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable
components
• Scope verification: formalizing acceptance of the project scope
• Scope change control: controlling changes to
Trang 6Project Initiation: Strategic Planning and Project Selection
• 1st initiation phase process
• Initiation is the process of formally authorizing a project or that an existing project should continue
on the next phase.
– The first step in initiating projects is to look at the big picture or strategic plan of an organization
Trang 7Inputs to Project Initiation
• Product description
– documents the characteristics of the products or service that the project was undertaken to solve. It also documents the business need that
• Historical information
– results of previous decisions and performance.
– For example: a) relevant lessons learned from past projects; b) the
history with a particular customer; c) the history with similar projects.
Trang 9• b) constrained optimization methods – mathematical models using linear, dynamic, integer, and multiobjective programming
algorithms.
• Expert judgment
– Subject experts with specialized knowledge or training assess the inputs to this process. Results of this analysis are a documented opinion or recommendation
Trang 10Methods for Selecting IT Projects
• There are usually more projects than available time and resources to implement them
• It is important to follow a logical process for selecting IT projects to work on
• It is often difficult to provide strong justification for
many IT projects, but everyone agrees they have a high value
Trang 12– Net present value (NPV) analysis
– Return on investment (ROI)
– Payback analysis
Chapter 4
Trang 14Figure 42. Net Present Value Example
Excel file
Trang 15Chapter 4
Trang 16• Many organizations want IT projects to have a fairly short payback period
Chapter 4
Trang 17Figure 43. NPV, ROI, and Payback Analysis for Project 1
Excel file
Chapter 4
Trang 18Figure 44. NPV, ROI, and Payback
Analysis for Project 2
Excel file Chapter 4
Trang 19– First identify criteria important to the project selection process– Then assign weights (percentages) to each criterion so they add
up to 100%
– Then assign scores to each criterion for each project
– Multiply the scores by the weights and get the total weighted scores
• The higher the weighted score, the better
Chapter 4
Trang 20Figure 45. Sample Weighted Scoring
Model for Project Selection
Excel file
Trang 21Project Charters
• After deciding what project to work on, it is important to formalize projects
• A project charter
– a document that formally recognizes the
existence of a project and provides direction on the project’s objectives and management
• Key project stakeholders should sign a
project charter to acknowledge agreement
on the need and intent of the project
Chapter 4
Trang 22Upgrades may affect servers and midrange computers as well as
network hardware and software. Budgeted $1,000,000 for hardware and software costs and $500,000 for labor costs
Trang 23Table 42. Sample Project Charter (continued)
Walter Schmidt, CEO Project Sponsor Monitor project
Mike Zwack CIO Monitor project, provide
staff Kim Nguyen Project Manager Plan and execute project Jeff Johnson Director of IT Operations Mentor Kim
Nancy Reynolds VP, Human Resources Provide staff, issue memo
to all employees about project
Steve McCann Director of Purchasing Assist in purchasing
Trang 24– In topdown approach, planning start with largest
items, or mostgeneralized description, of the project and break them down to the finest level of detail.
– In bottomup approach, planning start with the
detailed tasks and roll them up to higher levels of
detail
Chapter 4
Trang 25Input to Scope Planning
• Product description
– Documents the characteristics of the project or service that the project will create. It is less detailed in the early phases
• Project Charter
– The document that formally recognizes the existence of a project.
It is issued by a manager who is external to the project and at a level appropriate to the needs of the project
• Constraints
– factors that limit the project management team’s options
• Assumption
– factors that, for planning purposes, will be considered to be true, real, or certain
Trang 26Tools for Scope Planning
• Product analysis
– involves developing a better understanding of the product of the project. It includes techniques such as system engineering, value engineering, value analysis, function analysis, and quality
function deployment
• Benefit/cost analysis
– estimating tangible and intangible costs and benefits or various alternatives and using financial measures to assess the relative desirability of their alternatives
• Alternative identification
– any technique used to general different approaches to the project (e.g. brainstorming or lateral thinking)
• Expert judgment
– may be provided by subject experts with specialized knowledge
or training
Trang 27Output from Scope Planning
• Scope statement
– provides a documented basis for making future project decisions and for confirming or developing common understanding of
Trang 28• Scope definition divides major project deliverables into manageable components. It provides a baseline and
assigns responsibilities. A scope baseline is the original plan, plus or minus approved changes.
• Good scope definition
– helps improve the accuracy of time, cost, and resource estimates– defines a baseline for performance measurement and project control
– aids in communicating clear work responsibilitiesChapter 4
Trang 29Inputs to Scope definition
• Scope statement
– The scope statement is an agreement made between the client and project manager. It is an output from Scope Planning
• Historic information
– information from similar or previous projects
Trang 30• Decomposition
– subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components.
Trang 31• Scope statement update
– refinements of the scope statement.
Trang 32Figure 46a. Sample Intranet WBS
Organized by Product
Trang 33Figure 46b. Sample Intranet WBS
Organized by Phase
Trang 34Table 43. Intranet WBS in Tabular Form
1.0 Concept
1.1 Evaluate current systems1.2 Define Requirements
1.2.1 Define user requirements1.2.2 Define content requirements1.2.3 Define system requirements1.2.4 Define server owner requirements1.3 Define specific functionality
1.4 Define risks and risk management approach1.5 Develop project plan
1.6 Brief web development team2.0 Web Site Design
3.0 Web Site Development
4.0 Roll Out
5.0 Support
Trang 35Figure 47. Intranet WBS and Gantt
Chart in Project 2000
Project 98 file
Trang 36Figure 48. Intranet WBS and Gantt Chart Organized by
Project Management Process Groups
Trang 38• Many IT projects suffer from scope creep and poor scope verification
Trang 39Scope Verification
• 2nd of 8 controlling phase process
• Scope verification is the process of formalizing acceptance of the project scope by key
stakeholders, especially the customer and
sponsor
• It requires reviewing work products and results
to ensure that all product or service features and functions are complete, correct and satisfactory.
Chapter 4
Trang 40of activities performed and are fed into the performance reporting process.
• Product documentation
– any paperwork describing the project’s
products must be available for review.
Trang 41– The purpose is to identify any particular on variances, omissions, deficiencies, gaps, and errors.
Trang 42Outputs from Scope Verification
• Formal acceptance
– documentation of approving the project of the project, or phase, needs to be prepared. Often the client or sponsor needs to sign off on
formal documents as a part of wrapping up the project.
Trang 43– The big change requests are easy to spot because they happen all at once.
– When there are small multiple change requests, these are known as scope creep and it can be a difficult to detect.
Trang 44Inputs to Scope Change Control
• WBS
– a scope definition tool that organizes the work and provides a basis for project estimates.
Trang 45Tools & techniques for Scope Change Control
• Scope change control system
– defines the procedures by which the scope of the
project may be changed. It includes the paperwork, tracking systems, and approval levels necessary for authorizing changes. (e.g. change request form)
• Performance measurement
– techniques to assess the magnitude of any variations that occur in the performance of the project.
• Additional planning
– activities that may be necessary to the project plan or subsidiary plan in order to adjust to changes.
Trang 4646
Trang 47Control
• Scope changes
– any modifications to the authorized project scope as defined by the approved WBS. It often requires
adjustments to cost, time, quality, or other project
objectives.
• Corrective action
– anything that bring the performance back in line with the project plan.
• Lessons learned
– assessments that include the causes of variances,
reasoning behind corrective actions, and other types of lessons learned as a result of scope change.
Trang 48Chapter 4
Trang 49Suggestions for Improving User
Input
• Insist that all projects have a sponsor from the user organization
Trang 50• Put all requirements in writing and current
• Create a requirements management database
• Provide adequate testing
• Use a process for reviewing requested changes from a systems perspective
• Emphasize completion dates
Chapter 4
Trang 51Chapter 4
Trang 52Chapter 4