Chapter 6: Project cost management. This chapter describes important concepts in project cost management, particularly planning cost management, creating good estimates, and using earned value management (EVM) to assist in cost control.
Trang 1Chapter 6:
Project Cost Management
adopted from PMI’s PMBOK 2000 and Textbook : Information Technology Project Management
(author : Dr. Kathy Schwalbe)
Trang 2Contents
• Importance of Project Cost Management
– Problem: cost overrun and cannot meet cost goals– Costs are measured in monetary units
• Project Cost Management
– Resource planning, Cost estimating, Cost budgeting, Cost control
• Resource Planning consideration
– difficulty, uniqueness, track record, people, equipment and materials
• Types of cost estimate
• basic tools and techniques
• Earned value management is an important tool for cost control
Trang 3• In 1995, cancelled IT projects cost the U.S. over $81 billion
Chapter 6
Trang 4Typical allocation of cost
Trang 5• This is the process group to ensure the project is completed within the approved budget.
– The major output is the cost management plan
– There are 4 processes in Project Cost Management
Chapter 6
Trang 6Project Cost Management Processes
• Resource planning (planning phase)
– determining what resources and quantities of them should be used
• Cost estimating (planning phase)
– developing an estimate of the costs and resources needed to complete a project
• Cost budgeting (planning phase)
– allocating the overall cost estimate to individual work items to establish a baseline for measuring performance
• Cost control (control phase)
– controlling changes to the project budget
Chapter 6
Trang 7Basic Principles of Cost
Management
• Most CEOs and boards know a lot more about finance than IT, IT project managers must speak their language
– Profits are revenues minus expenses
– Life cycle costing is estimating the cost of a project over its entire life
Trang 8Chapter 6
Trang 9Resource Planning
• 8th of 21 planning phase process
• The nature of the project and the organization will affect resource planning
Trang 10• Activities duration estimates
– the best estimates of the time that it will take to perform the work
– It is the output of Time Management Process: Activity Duration
Estimating.
Trang 13Cost Estimating
• 9th planning phase process
• collecting and predicting the costs over the life cycle of a project or phase of a project
– developing cost estimates for all the resources needed
to complete project activities.
– An important output of project cost management is a cost estimate
– There are several types of cost estimates and tools and techniques to help create them
• It is also important to develop a cost management plan that describes how cost variances will be
managed on the projectChapter 6
Trang 15Inputs to Cost Estimating (2)
• Historical information
– the cost of many categories of resources is available from the following sources: a) project file; b)
commercial costestimating databases; c) project team knowledge
• Chart of accounts (COA)
– describes the coding structure or the budget categories that the performing organization uses to report
financial information in its general ledger.
• Risk
– to show the importance of considering the impacts of both opportunities and threats for costs estimates for each activity
Trang 16• Parametric modeling
– uses project characteristics as the parameters is a mathematical model to predict project costs
– Models may be simple or complex (e.g. simulations using
statistics or function point analysis to estimate software
development durations)
– The costs and accuracy of parameters model vary.
Trang 17– Defining smaller activities or work packages increases both the cost and accuracy of the estimate.
Trang 18Provides rough ballpark of cost for selection decisions
–25%, +75%
Budgetary Early, 1–2 years out Puts dollars in the
budget plans –10%, +25%Definitive Later in the project, <
1 year out Provides details forpurchases, estimate
actual costs
–5%, +10%
Chapter 6
Trang 19Outputs from Cost Estimating
• Cost estimates
– Quantitative assessments of the likely costs of the resources required to complete project activities. Cost estimates types include
• Cost management plan
– describe how cost variances will be managed. It is part of the project plan.
Trang 20Constructive Cost Model
(COCOMO)
• Prof Barry Boehm helped develop the COCOMO models for estimating software development costs
– a famous parametric model for software development industry
– Parameters include source lines of code or function points (these two are common parameters to measure the complexity of a program)
• COCOMO II is a computerized model available
on the web
• Boehm suggest that only parametric models do not suffer from the limits of human decision
making Chapter 6
Trang 21Typical Problems with IT Cost
Estimates
• Developing an estimate for a large software project is a complex task requiring a significant amount of effort
– Remember that estimates are done at various stages of the project
• Many people doing estimates have little experience doing them
Chapter 6
Trang 22Information Services and Technology
• The project budget is the planned cost of each
activity at the lowest level, which is then rolled
into a project total. Chapter 6
Trang 23• Risk management plan
– A part of the project plan that contains procedures to manage risk throughout the project
Trang 24Outputs from Cost Budgeting
• Cost baseline
– A timephased budget that will be used to measure and monitor cost performance on the project
– It is developed by summing estimated costs by period and is usually displayed in the form of an Scurve
– Larger projects may have multiple cost baselines to measure different aspects of cost performance.
Trang 25– informing project stakeholders of authorized changes to the project that will affect costs
• During this process, project manager try to determine what facts impact, cost, how these factors can be influenced,
whether these changes are beneficial to the project or
product.
• Earned value management (EVM) is an important tool for cost control
Chapter 6
Trang 26Inputs to Cost Control
• Cost baseline
– includes a timephased budget used to measure and monitor cost performance on the project
– The cost baseline is usually shown as costbyperiod and can be charted in the form of an Scurve.
• Performance reports
– provide information on cost performance, such as which budgets have been met and which have not.
• Change requests
– take many forms: oral or written, direct or indirect, external or internally initiated, and legally mandated or optional.
• Cost management plan
– describes managing cost variances
Trang 28• The following shows a sample form for collecting information
Chapter 6
Trang 29Earned Value Management Terms
• The planned value (PV), formerly called the budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWS), also called the budget,
is that portion of the approved total cost estimate
planned to be spent on an activity during a given period
• Actual cost (AC), formerly called actual cost of work performed (ACWP), is the total of direct and indirect costs incurred in accomplishing work on an activity
during a given period
• The earned value (EV), formerly called the budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP), is the percentage of work actually completed multiplied by the planned
value
Chapter 6
Trang 30Earned Value Calculations for One
Activity After Week One
Trang 31Earned Value Formulas
To estimate what it will cost to complete a project or how long it will take based on performance to date, divide the budgeted cost or time by the appropriate index
Chapter 6
Trang 32Rules of Thumb for EVA
Numbers
• Negative numbers for cost variance (CV) and schedule variance (SV) indicate problems in those areas.
Trang 33Earned Value Calculations for a OneYear
Project After Five Months
Excel file
Trang 34Earned Value Chart for Project
After Five Months
Excel file
Trang 36• Corrective action
– anything done to bring expected future project
performance into line with the project plan
Trang 37• actual costs to date plus a new estimate for all remaining works
• actual cost to date plus the remaining budget.
• Project closeout
– processes and procedures for closing or canceling the project
• Lessons learned
– document the causes of variances, reasons behind the corrective action chosen, and other lessons learned
Trang 38– Cost estimating: developing an estimate of the costs and
resources needed to complete a project
– Cost budgeting: allocating the overall cost estimate to individual work items to establish a baseline for measuring performance – Cost control: controlling changes to the project budget
• Resource Planning consideration
– difficulty, uniqueness, track record, people, equipment and materials
Trang 39– Earned value management is an important tool for cost control