Bài giảng nghệ thuật trang điểm

3-4% shrinkage COTTON Cellulosic - Characteristics: Comfortable Soft hand Absorbent Good color retention, prints well Machine-washable, dry-cleanable Good strength Drapes well Easy to

MỤC LỤC

Unit 1 FABRIC 3

1.1 Category fibres 3

1.1.1 Natural Fibers 3

1.1.2 Man Made Fibers 5

1.3 Fabric construction 8

1.4 Fabric composition 10

1.5 Fabric colour 13

1.6 Print 14

1.7 Practice fabric swatches 16

Unit 2 ACCESSORIES 19

2.1 Definition of accessories 19

2.2 Category accessories 19

2.3 Button 22

2.4 Zipper 23

2.5 Drawstrings 28

2.6 Magic tape 28

2.7 Ribons and tapes 30

2.8 Padding 30

2.9 Interlining 31

2.10 Labels 33

Unit 3 MEASUREMENT AND SIZE BREAKDOWN 37

3.1 Measurement introduction 37

3.1.1 Main parts of human body measurement 37

3.1.2 Key measurement 37

3.2 Measurement woven shirt and blouse 39

REVISION 43

Unit 4 SHIRT & BLOUSE 44

4.1 Terminologies for shirt & Blouse production 44

4.2 Technical Specification for shirt & Blouse production 47

4.3 Detail order for shirt & Blouse production 47

Unit 5 PANTS 48

5.1 Terminologies for pants production 48

5.2 Detail order for pants production 49

Unit 6 JACKET 50

6.1 Terminologies for jacket production 50

6.2 Detail order for jacket production 50

REVISION 51

PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRES

Ø The fibre requires a minimum strength – TENSILE (do cang)STRENGTH – during processing incl weaving and knitting It is its ability to (chiu dung) withstand tension which it undergoes during processing

Ø It needs a minimum amount of extensibility and elasticity to withstand strains (suc cang) and pulls It helps to maintain their original shape in use, wear and care

Ø Long staple cotton yarns, especially in fine spinning, produce fabrics and knits with a soft handfeel, very much preferred in today’s fashion

Ø Linen and ramie however give a rather harsh handfeel which cannot be totally changed even under sophisticated processing Softeners are available but do not completely solve this problem

Ø A “silky” look is sometimes preferred which can be given to cotton fabrics by a process called “MERCERIZING”-make fabric more strong, shiny, smooth

Ø “Abrasion Resistance” expresses the fibre’s capability to stay unaffected by repeated creasing, bending or rubbing, for instance the bottom of pants

Ø A fibre’s capability of absorbing dyes (colours) in really fast shades is vitally important

Ø Cotton is generally very good

Ø Linen and Ramie are better for light colours

Ø Synthetic fibres occasionally offer Difficulties depending in dyeing process

Ø Fibres, both natural and man-made, react differently to influences from light, both artificial and sun, heat, wet / damp conditions and may shorten the lifetime of a garment Least at risk are cotton and most man-made fibres, particularly difficult can be viscose and silk

Ø All natural fibres have a tendency to shrink during washing, man-made fibres much less This problem can be solved through finishing

The best process is SANFORIZING (max 1% shrinkage); line dried

- PRESHRUNK is a cheaper version of sanforizing (max 3-4% shrinkage)

- HEAT SETTING refers to circular knits (max 3-4% shrinkage)

COTTON Cellulosic

- Characteristics: Comfortable Soft hand Absorbent Good color retention, prints

well Machine-washable, dry-cleanable Good strength Drapes well Easy to handle and sew

- Major End Uses: Apparel - Wide range of wearing apparel: blouses, shirts, dresses, children's wear, activewear, separates, swimwear, suits, jackets, skirts, pants, sweaters, hosiery, neckwear Home Fashion - curtains, draperies, bedspreads, comforters, throws, sheets, towels, table cloths, table mats, napkins

LINEN Made from flax, a vegetable fiber

- Characteristics: Comfortable Good strength, twice as strong as cotton

Hand-washable or dry-cleanable Crisp hand Tailors well Absorbent Dyes and prints well Lightweight to heavyweight No static or pilling problems Fair abrasion resistant

- Major End Uses: Apparel - dresses, suits, separates, skirts, jackets, pants, blouses, shirts, children's wear Home Fashion - curtains, draperies, upholstery, bedspreads, table linens, sheets, dish towels

MOHAIR from angora goats

- Characteristics: Long, lustrous, strong fiber Luxurious Soft hand Most resilient

natural textile fiber Lightweight, warms, good insulator Dyes well, brilliant colors Non-crush, -mat and -pill qualities Resists fading

- Major End Uses: Apparel - coats, suits, dresses, sweaters, accessories, loungewear, socks Home Fashion - blankets, throws, upholstery, draperies, carpets, rugs

SILK animal fiber (silk worm)

- Characteristics: Soft or crisp hand Luxurious Drapes and tailors well Thinnest of

all natural fibers Dyes and prints well Hand-washable or dry-cleanable Little problem with static, no pilling problem Only fair abrasion resistance Poor resistance to prolonged exposure to sunlight

- Major End Uses: Apparel - dresses, blouses, skirts, jackets, pants, pants, scarves,

ties Home Fashion - curtains, draperies, upholstery

WOOL Animal fiber

- Characteristics: Comfortable Luxurious, soft hand Versatile Lightweight Good

insulator Washable Wrinkle-resistant Absorbent Easy to dye

- Major End Uses: Apparel - sweaters, dresses, coats, suits, jackets, pants, skirts, children's wear, loungewear, blouses, shirts, hosiery, scarves Home Fashion - carpets, draperies, upholstery, blankets

1.1.2 Man Made Fibers

Man-made fibres (MMF) are fibres made by man MMF can be organic or inorganic

Organic MMF can be made from natural materials like wood, or are made from synthetic polymers

Viscose is a typical example and an important MMF, which is made from wood pulp, a cellulose material Other MMF are petroleum based synthetic fibres such as polyamide, polyester, acrylic, aramids, etc

MMF are used daily, and our daily life would look quite different without MMF MMF are not only used in all kind of textiles and apparel, but also in a wide range of technical applications Transport or mobility (road, air) would be quite different and primitive if no MMF were available

The level of sustainability is not automatically defined by the term “natural” or made” To come to the product in use, the production or converting processes may negatively or positively influence the environmental footprint Also the in-use phase must be considered Some MMF help save energy in the in-use phase, which can only be realised by the proper application of the MMF; e.g in composites

“man-MMF is continuously making efforts to further improve the sustainability of its products,

by being active and improving all aspects governing sustainability

• Some of man made fiber

ACETATE Cellulosic-based, from wood pulp or cotton linters

- Characteristics: Luxurious appearance Crisp or soft hand Wide range of colors;

dyes and prints well Excellent drape ability and softness Shrink, moth, and mildew resistant Low moisture absorbency, relatively fast drying No pilling problem, little static problem Most acetate garments require dry-cleaning

- Major End Uses: Apparel- Blouses, dresses, linings, special occasion apparel, Home Fashion - Draperies, upholstery, curtains, bedspreads

ACRYLIC

- Characteristics: Light-weight, soft, warm for winter wearing Fine, soft,

lightweight, cotton-like fabrics, which are cool in hot weather Dyes to bright colors with excellent fastness Outstanding wick ability Machine washable, quick drying Resilient; retains shape; resists shrinkage, & wrinkles Flexible aesthetics for wool-like, cotton-like or blended appearance Excellent pleat retention

Resistant to moths, oil and chemicals Superior resistance to sunlight degradation Static and pilling can be a problem

- Major End Uses: Apparel - sweaters, socks, fleece, circular knit apparel, sportswear, children's wear Home Fashion - Blankets, throws, upholstery, awnings, outdoor furniture, rugs/floor coverings

LYOCELL cellulosic-based

- Characteristics: Excellent strength Washable Shrink- and wrinkle-resistant Soft

hand Excellent drape Absorbent Dyes and prints well

- Major End Uses: Apparel - dresses, suits, sportswear, pants, jackets, blouses, skirts

TRIACETATE

- Characteristics: Luxurious hand Excellent drape ability Resilient Excellent pleat

retention Washable or dry-cleanable No pilling problem Can have static problem

- Major End Uses: Apparel - dresses, skirts, sportswear, robes, particularly where pleat retention is important

POLYESTER

- Characteristics: Strong Crisp, soft hand Resistant to stretching and shrinkage

Washable or dry-cleanable Quick drying Resilient, wrinkle resistant, excellent pleat retention (if heat set) Abrasion resistant Resistant to most chemicals Because

of its low absorbency, stain removal can be a problem Static and pilling problems

- Major End Uses: Apparel - essential every form of clothing, dresses, blouses, jackets, separates, sportswear, suits, shirts, pants, rainwear, lingerie, children's wear Home Fashion - curtains, draperies, floor coverings, fiber fill, upholstery, bedding

POLYOLEFIN (OLEFIN) (OLEFIN) (OLEFIN)

- Characteristics: Lightweight, lightest fiber, it floats Strong Abrasion resistant,

resilient Stain-, static-, sunlight-, and odor-resistant High insulation characteristics Resists deterioration from chemicals, mildew, perspiration, rot and weather Fast drying High wick ability Color fast, because colors are incorporated during fiber forming stage Spills can be readily wiped up Static and pilling can be a problem Ironing, washing and drying need to be done at low temperature Non-allergenic

- Major End Uses: Apparel - activewear, sportswear, jeans, socks, underwear, lining fabrics Home Fashion - indoor and outdoor carpets, carpet backing, upholstery, wall coverings, furniture and bedding construction fabrics

NYLON

- Characteristics: Lightweight Exceptional strength Good drape ability Abrasion

resistant Easy to wash Resists shrinkage and wrinkling resilient, pleat retentive Fast drying, low moisture absorbency Can be pre-colored or dyed in a wide range

of colors Resistant to damage from oil and many chemicals Static and pilling can

be a problem Poor resistance to continuous sunlight

- Major End Uses: Apparel - swimwear, activewear, intimate apparel, foundation garments, hosiery, blouses, dresses, sportswear, pants, jackets, skirts, raincoats, ski and snow apparel, windbreakers, children's wear Home Fashion - carpets, rugs, curtains, upholstery, draperies, bedspreads Other - Luggage, back packets, life vests, umbrellas, sleeping bags, tents

RAYON cellulosic-based from wood pulp

- Characteristics: Soft and comfortable Drapes well Highly absorbent Dyes and

prints well No static, no pilling problems Fabric can shrink appreciably if washing

dry clean only rayon Washable or dry cleanable Read the label!

- Major End Uses: Apparel - Blouses, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings, millinery,

slacks, sport shirts, sportswear, suits, ties, work clothes Home Fashion - bedspreads, blankets, curtains, draperies, sheets, slip covers, table cloths, upholstery

MICROFIBERS available in acrylic, nylon, polyester and rayon

- Characteristics: Ultra fine (less than 1.0 dpf), finer than the most delicate silk

Extremely drapable Very soft, luxurious hand with a silken or suede touch Washable, dry cleanable Shrink-resistant High strength (except Rayon) Excellent pleat retention Insulates well against wind, rain and cold

- Major End Uses: Apparel - hosiery, blouses, dresses, separates, sportswear, ties,

scarves, men's wear, intimate apparel, activewear, swimwear, outerwear, rainwear Home Fashion - curtains, draperies, upholstery, sheets, towels, blankets

SPANDEX

- Characteristics: Lightweight Can be stretched over 500% without breaking Able

to be stretched repetitively and still recover original length Abrasion resistant Stronger, more durable than rubber Soft, smooth and supple Resistant to body oils, perspiration, lotions or detergents No static or pilling problems

- Major End Uses: Apparel - articles where stretch is desired: athletic apparel, bathing suits, foundation garments, ski pants, slacks, hosiery, socks, belts

They are very much in fashion at present and will remain popular in future Garments made from such fabrics have highly comfortable wear characteristics Any fabric, whether made from natural or man-made fibres or mixed, can be made stretchable

Stretchability is achieved by adding between 2 (minimum) to 6 (maximum) percent

“LYCRA” or “SPANDEX” - it is the same product but produced by two competing companies

* Two types of stretch fabrics are being produced:

- “Weft Stretch” which is the most commonly used and popular quality It stretches in one direction only, the weft (width) of the fabric

- “Bi-Stretch” stretches in both directions, warp and weft

* “Stretch” is contained today in most fabric and garment collections

Ø The lower the yarn count the heavier the fabric / garment will be

Ø The higher the yarn count is the more expensive the corresponding fabric will be

Ø You will come across the most frequently used yarn counts time and again in your working life

THE MOST POPULAR YARN COUNTS

Yarn

Count

Woven Fabrics (examples only)

Circular Knits (examples only)

Flat Knits (examples only)

# 7 Very thick as in

heavy denims, twills etc

./ Occasionally for 3GG knitting

# 10 Thick as in

denims, twill etc

./ Occasionally for 3 + 5GG knitting

# 20 Cheap cotton

fabric like sheeting (60x60, 20x20)

For sweatshirts, interlock etc

It comes in different layers for 3+5+7

GG

# 30 Very popular for

shirt and blouse qualities like 110x76, 40x30

Polo-shirts and similar qualities

seldom

# 32 Used for fashion

+ light weight fabrics

Fine knit lacoste + t-shirt qualities

Very popular for 10 + 12 GG

# 40 Very popular for

shirt + blouse qualities

Seldom used since expensive

Very fine 16 + 18 GG

# 70 A fine yarn for

very light weight fabrics

The right size of yarn needs to be used for each specific type of fabric

or knitting to achieve the desired look, handfeel and appearance

1.3 Fabric construction

Whilst selecting and sending a new fabric to your buyer:

Ø To collect all details from your supplier such as: width, composition, construction, finish, price, delivery and CARE LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

Ø To clearly show this information on a label to be attached to the fabric swatch Your buyer will most likely NOT be interested if the quality requires “hand-wash only”

• WARP and WEFT Weaving is the name given to the interlocking of two sets of yarns, WARP and WEFT, at right angles

Ø The WARP yarns are those which lie in the length direction of a fabric whilst

it is being woven – in other words “The Vertical Yarn”

Warp yarns are usually stronger then weft because they have to sustain more pull during weaving

Ø The WEFT or “filling” yarns are those which, during weaving, are introduced between the warp yarns across the width direction of the fabric – in other words

“The Horizontal Yarn”

This determines the desired fabric quality It is to be specified in the fabric order and is often shown in buyers’ garment contracts An example: 110 x 76, 40s x 30s

- 110 threads in warp, yarn count 40s

- 76 threads in weft, yarn count 30s

- “s” indicates that the yarn as used is a “single”

- yarn = 1 end only

- 40/2 would mean “double” yarn = 2 yarn ends, usually twisted, which makes it stronger

- 40/3 would mean “triple” yarn = 3 yarn ends, mostly twisted, and usually used for flat knitting only

The term “Twist” stands for two or more ends of yarn being “intertwined” The yarns may all be of the same fibre or of different qualities incl the mixing of natural and man-made fibres

The “Twist Level” is the number of turns (twisting) per meter and results in different quality standards

Ø Low twist yarns have a greater volume and are used for rougher and thicker fabrics

Ø High twist yarns result in a smooth and dense fabric

Ø Holding a yarn vertical and looking at the surface, you may detect with the bare eye whether the method used is:

Ø “Z-Twist” = the direction of the twist (turn) is to the right;

Ø “S-Twist” = the direction of the twist (turn) is to the left

1.4 Fabric composition

A material may contain 100% of the same fibre, for instance cotton or two or more different fibres are mixed, either in a yarn by twisting or in weaving Such variations are produced for two main reasons:

1/ PRACTICAL PURPOSES - to achieve a desired handfeel, to improve “wear

& tear” or a fibre might not be suitable to stand on its own (100% ramie would be too harsh and improves when mixed with cotton)

2/ DEMANDS MADE BY “FASHION” - to satisfy the never ending need to offer new looks and fabrics

There are no technical limits to mix different yarns in varying percentages

THE MOST COMMON COMPOSITIONS

Ø 100% COTTON The most popular quality of all because of its characteristics

- Comfortable to wear and on the skin;

- Moisture absorbent;

- Available in soft and wrinkle-free finish;

- Gives clean, bright colours and prints;

- Easily absorbs dye-stuff

- It is used for heavy fabrics (twill, denim etc.) to very fine materials for blouses, shirts and others

Polyester yarns are cheaper compared to cotton Mixing the two lowers the fabric cost CVC means “Chief Value Cotton” 55 or 60% COTTON + 45 or 40%

POLYESTER This is often used for shirts, blouses etc because of:

- a price advantage over 100% cotton;

- easy to handle in the washing machine and iron;

- stays “fresh” and does not crease easily;

- the high cotton percentage gives bright colour

- This composition is also a favourite for pants

T/C means “Polyester/Cotton” The “T” comes from “Teteron”, a former brandname of ICI polyester yarns The high polyester percentage gives a very commercial price 65% POLYESTER + 35% COTTON This is the most price aggressive shirt and blouse quality for sale mainly on supermarkets

- The price allows special sales campaigns;

- Washing and ironing are very easy;

- The fabric has close to zero shrinkage;

- The mixture allows “melange” and chan-geant colours (2-colour tones)

65% ramie, mixed with 35% cotton, is a cheap “linen imitation” and mostly produced in China where Ramie grows

- It is nearly exclusively used for summer garments, mainly ladies’ pants

- It is best in light colours such as natural, khaki, brown and beige

- The fabric gives a “cool” handfeel

- The risks of these fabrics are the shells which appear on the surface if the yarn is not properly carded / cleaned

Many different qualities are produced, either 100% polyester or mixed with both natural and man-made fibres Such qualities are often described as “Fashion Fabrics” and new versions are constantly developed

Very light qualities – Chiffon, Georgette – for ladies’ dresses, blouses, skirts, plain dyed and printed are available for the “fashion world” Such fabrics are contained in nearly every collection targeting ladies age groups 40 up

Medium to heavy weight fabrics are mainly used for outdoor jackets

Many different finishes are offered such as Micro-fibre, Peach, all kinds of coating,

water-repellent, waterproof etc

Ø NYLON / …

“Nylon” is a trademark of the USA company DUPONT and is therefore commonly called “Polyamid”

- 100% nylon is mainly used for the production of jackets, both as shell and lining

- When mixed with other fibres, such as cotton or viscose, it gives a very soft and pleasing handfeel and has developed into a very popular fashion quality for all kinds of garments

- It is a very good example of ever on-going new developments which a merchandiser needs to follow

FLEECE

- Contain of 100% cotton or cotton mixture

- One side brushed

POLAR FLEECE

- Contain with 100% polyester

- Two side brushed

The PANTONE colour CARD is the most frequently used colour reference

The 2x2cm squares and Col.Nos can be detached and passed to your fabric supplier Most mills however have this PANTONE Textile colour Specify It can

Determine which light box and standard your buyer is working with and follows the checking of colours accordingly

* COLOUR LABDIPS The dye house needs to establish the formula of colour mix (dye stuff) to achieve the desired tone and shade This is being done by producing labdips in the laboratory which every dyeing mill has

Ø Small fabric swatches (for fabric dyeing) or yarn ends (for yarn dyeing) are dyed

in 3 to 5 different colour shades, usually marked “a” “b” “c” etc and the

“formulas” recorded

Ø Such lab dips are submitted to the buyer – you as the fabric buyer and you in turn

to your garment buyer which is recommended – for checking and approval of one

of the shades

Ø It is not unusual for all versions to be rejected and new labdips to be done based

on buyer’s comments

Ø Preparing lab dips takes 3 to 5 days depending on workload

* COLOUR LAB DIPS - concluding remarks

Ø ALWAYS compare lab dips, the first and following corrected ones, with buyer’s ORIGINAL SAMPLE COLOURS and NEVER with preceding lab dips

Ø Never make a compromise on lab dip approval for time reasons

Ø Once bulk fabrics or yarns have been received, repeat the colour checking in the light box under reference to buyer’s original colour sample and approved lab dips

Ø If differences are found between approved lab dips and bulk deliveries, notify the fabric supplier immediately and send large swatches – fabric min 1 meter or a knitted panel to the buyer for approval

Ø Colour differences cannot by explained TO A BUYER

on the phone or in an email

1.6 Print

GREY CLOTH Fabric woven from natural coloured yarn (i.e not dyed) and prior to any finishing treatment is called “Grey Cloth” It cannot be used for garment making

Grey cloth will completely change its look, handfeel and care characteristics after undergoing finishing treatment

- It will shrink during finishing processes and is therefore wider than the end product

Some weaving mills produce and sell grey cloth only and do not have the dyeing / finishing facilities to make the end-product

Such mills are of no interest to a garment merchandiser

You need the finished, final material for your garment production

PRINTING - most commercial methods The demand for prints for young fashion fluctuates considerably whilst it is more steady for garments, especially blouses, targeting ladies age groups 35 up and fabrics produced of man-made fibres (polyester)

Ø Sampling new buyers’ own print designs can be expensive since new rollers or screens need to be made involving a cost of sometimes several thousand US-Dollars depending on the number of colours contained in the design

Ø Preparing the print of a new design may take up to 4 weeks which needs to be considered when confirming a sample dispatch date

Ø Prints are usually washable in temperatures ranges from 30 to 60 degrees Celsius The printer will supply details for the carelabel

ROLLER PRINTING

SCREEN PRINTING BY MACHINE

SCREEN PRINTING BY HAND

ROLLER PRINTING - CHECKS

ROLLER PRINTING - STRIPE YARN DYED FABRICS

They are available in stripes, both woven and circular knitted, and checks (woven only) in a variety of constructions

Advantages: Good colour fastness, Nice, soft handfeel

1.7 Practice fabric swatches

Art CC 915060 (T1)

Price US$ 3,30 per yard

Suitable for blouses

Art SD 33

65% cotton + 25% polyester + 10% polyamid (nylon)

Construction not available

56/7 “ 148gr/square meter

plain dyed

peach finish (discuss)

Price US$ 2,90 per yard

Suitable for pants

Price not available

Suitable for pants / shorts

( basic styles)

Shanghai-Shelleyn

US$ 1,70 per yard

Suitable for shirts and blouses

Sanforized, silky finish

US$ 1,85 per yard

Suitable for shirts and blouses

Unit 2 ACCESSORIES 2.1 Definition of accessories

Many accessories are used in a garment You will collect new knowledge each time you

source a new type Collect catalogues and pricelists and show them in your sample

room Buyers, especially designers, like to choose from your sample range Accessories

are very much part of fashion They are:

- decorative;

- partly used for the promotion of a brand name;

- the identity card of a garment at times

2.2 Category accessories

Accessories are classified sewing accessories and packing accessories

- Sewing Accessories are button, thread, magic tape…

- Packing materials

UPC sticker

• Different for Destination

• Code stripe on sticker

PACKING TAPE

Polyethylene plastic tapes or poly tapes, most commonly used for packaging and for sealing light weight carton boxes subject to normal shipping and transport hazards A good packaging of standard 0.04mm thickness tape must perform well in a wide temperature range It must have excellent quick stick ability with clarity, UV Stability to color change (yellowish) with chemical and moisture resistance Adhesive used in packaging tape is generally synthetic rubber Commonly used packaging tapes are available in Clear Transparent or opaque tan color Packaging Tapes are available basically in 2 types

PLASTIC POLY BAGS

SILICA GEL

CARTON BOX Carton dimension: Length; Width; Heigth; N.W- Net weight; G.W – Gross weight

SECURITY SEALING TAPE WITH LOGO

HANGER

2.3 Button

Buttons are both functional and used for decoration They are available in a big variety such as: metal - plastic - polyester - wood - shell - pearl - crystal - glass - leather - fabric

Different sizes, shapes, colours, colour mix, surfaces and choice of holes re-sult in a large variety

No matter how the button is shaped, the size is measured at it’s greatest width and ex- pressed as LIGNES

- One “ligne” is 1/40th of an inch or 0,635 mm

- Always have a button size card on hand

2.4 Zipper

The zipper is one of the great inventions of modern times; one of the most important garment accessories; both practical and decorative Modern fashion would not be the same without it Zippers differ in size, materials, colours, length, function, sliders, zipper bands (tape) and others

The basic construction

Let’s review the elements of a zipper and terms relating to it’s parts Refer to actual samples as distribu-ted

1 Identify the various parts;

3 Measure the length of the sample zippers

The 3 types as shown represent a standard part of a collection

Basic Types of Zippers

Coil Fastener (CF)

Metal Fastener (MF)

Vislon Fastener (VS)

ZIPPERS - zipper bands - They cover practical, decorative and promotional

applications such as: - match the fabric colour or design;

- serve as decoration;

- show buyer’s trademark;

- display promotional slogans;

- may be in a water repellent finish

THE INVISIBLE ZIPPER This is commonly used for:

- ladies’ pants, dresses, tops, skirts;

- outer decoration

It’s characteristics are:

- It is made of nylon;

- usually in small size # 2 or 3;

- it’s weight is very light;

- very suitable for fine fabrics

It is recommended to use a sewing foot for the stitching of such zippers as shown

ZIPPERS - qualities (metal) Brass - nickel brass - copper bronze - aluminum are the main qualities Pure nickel is forbidden Below are the most common metal qualities today

Nickel Brass - Copper Bronze – Brass

• Qualities Nylon and Plastic Plastic / nylon zippers are lighter in weight than metal colours and different shapes of the teeth add an element of fashion to the garment

The size range is the same as for metal zippers

• ZIPPERS - sizes