Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi môn sử ( phần 1 )

Tir do, ong doan tuy^t voi t u tuong quan chii, chuyen tir quan ehii lap hien sang cpng hoa t u san, day la buoc tien quan trpng trong qua trinh hoat dong cuii nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau..

TUYỂN TẬP ĐỀ THI TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI MÔN LỊCH SỬ

LOI NOI DAU

Cac ban d6n§ nghidp va cac cm hoc sinh Lh&n men!

Hii^n nay Lrdn Lhi Lniong sach Lham khao mon Ljch sii c6 r^L nhi<iu Lai lidu vi6L v6

luydn Lhi dai hcpc, cao dSng nhimg iL Lhiy Lai lieu v\6l vc boi duong hoc sinh gioi Nhu

cAu SHU [Am Lai lidu dS hSl duong hoc sinh gioi cac mon hoc noi chung cung nhu m6n

Ljch sir noi ridng dang Lro ndn r^L cAn cho Lhay c6 giao va cac cm hoc sinh 6 cac

Lnrong THPT, nha la cac Lruong THDT chuyen

Tu Lhyc 16 nhu cdu do, chiing Loi manh dan bidn soan cuon " 5 0 1 DUONG H Q C

G I O I MON LICH &\J 12" v6i hy vong gop moL ph^n nho vao vide giai quycL nhu

c^u buc xuc dang daL ra va b6 sung vao kho Lai lieu sach Lham khao mon Ljch su dang

hidn hanh Day la nhirng v^n d6 c6 lidn quan den cac ki Lhi hoc sinh gioi qu6c gia mon

Ljch sii hang nam ciia B6 Giao due va Dao Lao

(Sach gom c6 ba phdn:

Phan 1: Huong dan lam bai Lhi hoc sinh gioi mon Ljch su

Chiing Loi d c cSp d6n bon v^n 66: ydu cAn on Lfip; muc d d kien Lhuc va ki nBng;

cAn Lnic d6 Lhi va moL s6 v^n de c^n luu y khi on L&p va lam bai Lhi hoc sinh gioi mon

Ljch su

Phan 2: Ljch su VidL Nam hidn dai

Trong phdn nay, chiing Loi chia ra moL so cac chuydn de Lhco Lien Lrinh phaL Lriin

ljch su dan L6c Lu nSm 1919 den nay M6i chuydn 66 chiing Loi khac sSu nhirng kien

c^n Lhi6L, c6 lidn quan den vide b6i duong hoc sinh gioi va Lhi hgc sinh gioi

Phan 3: Ljch su Lhi^ gioi hidn dai

Chiing Loi gioi Lhidu nh&ng ki6n Lhiic co ban, c6 dong ve ljch sii Lh<5 gioi Lhoi can

va hidn dai, do la nhung kien Lhiic phuc vu cho vide boi duong hoc sinh gioi LoL nh^L

Hi vong rang, cuon nay d6n voi quy Lhiy c6 giao va cac cm hoc sinh nhu la moL Lai

lidu nghidn ciiu, Lham khao, de \in luoL Lhao go nhung kho khSn, vuong mic Lrong qua

Lrinh boi duong hoc sinh gioi daL kcL qua LoL nh^L

Tuy da c6 nhieu c6 gang nghidn ciiu, song qua Lrinh bidn soan chac se khong

Lranh khoi nhOng Lhicu soL, riL mong nhSn dugc sir dong gop y kien cua cac ban dong

nghidp va cac cm hoc sinh Ain chSn Lhanh cam on!^

3 Npi dung on tap phai bam bam sat cac yeu cau ve kien thuc, ki nang 6 cac muc dp da dupe hpc trong chuong trinh nang cao va npi dung chuyen sau

I I M L / C D O C A N D A T V E K I E N T H L T C V A K I N A N G

1 Ve kien thuc: yeu cau hpc sinh phai nho, nam virng va hieu sau sic cac

kien thuc co ban ciia chuong trinh, sach giao khoa nang cao va npi dung cac chu de chuyen sau Do la nen tang co ban virng vang de tie'p can cac kien thuc sau sac hon

2 Ve kl nang: can chii trpng ki nang phan tich, tong hap, khai quat hoa kien thuc, ren luy^n kha nang van dung cac kien thuc vao giai quyet cac van de trong hpc tap va thyc tien, dac bi^t chii y ki nang viet, ki nang trinh bay mpt van de

3 Vi?c on tap thi hpc sinh gioi mon Ljch su phai dya tren co so phat trien nang luc tri tu^ ciia hpc sinh tu miic dp dan gian den phuc tap, tu thap den cao; npi dung bao ham cac muc dp khac nhau cua nhan thuc Tuy nhien, doi voi thi hpc sinh gioi khong chi dirng lai 6 vi^c cac kien thuc nhan biet, thong

nang so sanh, doi chieu, lap luan, the hi^n chinh kien ciia minh va van dyng kien thuc da hpc vao cupc song dang doi hoi

H I C A U T R U C B A I T H I M O N L I C H SU"

diem 20, dugc phan bo nhu sau:

Cau 1 (2,5 diem): Phan ljch su Vi?t Nam. -il"' ' "^'^"^

Cau 2 (2,5 diem): Phan ljch su the gioi

Cau 3 (3 diem): Kien thuc ljch su Vi^t Nam, cau hoi yeu cau thi sinh phai biet tong hpp kien thuc

Cau 4 (3 diem): Kien thuc Hch su Viet Nam, tren co so trinh bay mpt sy ki?n hay mpt qua trinh ljch su Vi?t Nam, thi sinh biet de giai thich hi§n tupng lich

su do

3Si du&ng HSG L/ch Sit 12 - Ths Truvn^ Ngpc Thoi

Cau 5 (3 diem): Kie'n thuc Ijch sir Vi$t N a m , tren co so nhung sir ki#n hay

mot qua trinh Ijch su Vi?t N a m , thi sinh bie't the hi?n ki nang n h u lap bieu

bang, so do, so sanh

Cau 6 (3 diem): Kie'n thuc ijch sir Viet Nam, thi sinh bie't phan ti'ch, danh

gia, nhan xet mpt sir k i f n hay mpt qua trinh Ijch sir Vi^t Nam

Cau 7 (3 diem): Kien thuc Ijch su the'giai, thi sinh bie't phan tich, danh gia, nh^n

xet mpt sy ki?n ijch sir the'giai hoac kT nang nhu lap bieu bang, so do, so sanh

I V M Q T SO V A N DE C A N L l / U Y K H I O N T A P T H I H Q C S I N H G I O I

1 Bam sat kie'n thirc, kT nang trong chuong trinh nang cao va noi dung

chuyen sau Trong qua trinh on tap dua tren co so kien thirc ciia sach giao

khoa nang cao va kien thirc chuyen sau, can phai nam vCrng nhirng sir kien Ijch

sir CO ban nha't Ch^ng han, trong giai doan Ijch sir tir nam 1930 den nam 1945,

cac em can tap trung vao cac sir kien Ijch sir sau:

- Su thanh lap Dang Cpng san Viet N a m ngay 3 - 2 - 1930

- Phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 voi dinh cao la X6 viet Nghe - Tinh

- Phong trao dan chii 1936 - 1939

- Phong trao giai phong dan tpc 1939 - 1945

Trong do, chii trpng den cac su kien dien ra trong nam 1930 va nam 1945

2 Bam sat cau true de thi de on tap

Cau true de thi hpc sinh gioi quoc gia co 7 cau n h u da neu, trong qua trinh

on tap, cac em can bam sat cau true do de cac em lam quen voi cac dang cau

hoi va t u xay d y n g dap an tra lai, qua do ren luy#n nang lyc t u hpc, t u kiem

tra danh gia ve von hieu bie't kien thirc Ijch sir eung n h u cac kT nang lam bai va

kT nang thue hanh

Vi du, dcthi tlwo can true cau 1: Hay neu nhirng chui/en bien trong tu tucmg dm

mtac cua Phan Boi Chau dan theki XX

V&i denay yen can hoc sinh phai trinh bay noi dung:

Dau the ki XX, phong trao giai phong dan tpc Viet N a m phat trien len mpt

buoc moi theo khuynh huong dan chii t u san, giai phong dan tpc gSn lien voi giai

phong xa hpi Dai bieu cho khuynh huong cun nuoe moi la Phan bpi Chau, Phan

Chau Trinh

Phan Bpi Chau (1867 -1940), sinh ra trong gia dinh co truyen thong nho hpc 6

N a m Dan - N g h ^ A n , dupe dao tao theo khuon mau Trung quan ai quoc, yeu nuoc

thuong dan sau sac, som tham gia chong Phap

Tir nam 1883 den 1901, ong huong theo ngpn co Can vtfcmg chong Phap: viet

Hich binh Tdy (1883), lap dpi Si tu Can vu'ffng (1885), nam 1900 ong do giai nguyen

CO "danh" de thuc hi^n chi nguyen cuu nuoc, nam 1901 m i m bao dpng cuop thanh

Mghe A n nhung bi 16

Nam 1902, ong bSt dau cupc hanh trinh tim nguoi cimg chi huong: ra BSc, vao

Nam tim dong chi , tie'p can t u tuong dan chii t u san qua tan van, tan thu , t u

tuong ciru nuoc cua ong b5t dau chuyen bien theo huong m o i Nam 1904, lap Duy tan hpi voi mue ticu: "Danh Phap, khoi phue Vi^t Nam, lap chinh phii doe lap, ngoai ra chua co chu nghia gi khac", dua Cuong De, con chau hoang tpc lam minh ehii 1905 -1909 thuc hien phong trao Dong d u

Nhirng hoat dong do danh dau su chuyen bien trong t u tuong cua Phan Bpi

Chau tir quan chu chuyen r/zt'sang quan chu lap hich: mupn danh nghTa hoang tpc

de tap hop luc lupng

Nam 1911, each mang Tan H p i Trung Quoc thang Ipi, ong huong ve Trung Quoc,1912 lap Viet Nam Quang phue hpi voi mue dich "Danh Phap, khoi phue Vi?t Nam, lap cpng hoa dan quoc" Tir do, ong doan tuy^t voi t u tuong quan chii, chuyen tir quan ehii lap hien sang cpng hoa t u san, day la buoc tien quan trpng trong qua trinh hoat dong cuii nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau

Nam 1917, Cach mang thang M u o i Nga thSng Ipi den voi ong n h u luong anh sang moi Tuy chua tro thanh nguoi cpng san nhung ong co cam tinh voi nuoc Nga X6 viet, dat niem tin vao sir thing Ipi ciia chii nghia cpng san, niem tin vao lanh ty Nguyen A i Quoc

N a m 1925, khi chua the thay doi dupe to chuc, phuong phap dau tranh thich hop voi su chuyen bien moi cua dat nuoc va thoi dai, ong bj Phap bat giam long tai Hue'

Vi du, dcthi theo cau true cau 2: Neu nhiem vii va tinh chat cua Cach mang thang Mmri Nga nam 1917

V&i denay yeu cau hoc sinh phai trhih bay noi dung:

Nuoc Nga truoc each mang la noi tap trung cac mau thuan ciia chii nghTa dequoc, la "nha tii cua cac dan tpc"

N h i ^ m vu each mang: lat do che'dp Nga Hoang, giai phong giai cap v6 san, nhan dan lao dpng Nga, dong thoi giai phong eac dan tpc thupc dja trong de quoc Nga

Doi voi nuoc Nga, do la mpt cupc each mang v6 san (lat do ach thong trj ciia giai cap t u san va phong kie'n, thiet lap nen chuyen chinh v6 san, dua cong nong len nam chinh quyen)

Doi voi cac dan tpc thupc dja trong dequoc Nga, do la mpt cupc each mgng

giai phong dan tpc •

i-BSi dijOng HSG L/ch Sit 12 - Ths Truang Ngpc Thai

Vi du, de thi theo cau true cau 3: Hay trinh bay su thanh lap Hoi Viet Nam Cdch

mqng Thanh nien nam 1925 Hoi Viet Nam Cdch mang Thanh nien c6 vai tro nhu the

ndo dot v&i su ra dai cua Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam?

Vai denay yeu cau hoc sinh phdi trinh bay hai noi dung:

Mot la, s\f ra dai ciia Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien nam 1925 nhu sau:

Sau khi ve den Quang Chau (Trung Quoc), Nguyen A i Quoc ma lop huah luy^n

dao tao can bp Phan Ion hoc vien la thanh nien, hoc sinh, tri thuc Viet Nam yeu

nuac Nguyen A i Quoc lua chon mot so thanh nien tich eye trong Tam tam xa de

to chiic thanh nhom Cpng san Doan (2 -1925)

Thang 6 - 1925, Nguyen Ai Quoc thanh lap Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh

nien nhSm to chuc va lanh dao quan chiing doan ket lai, kich li^t tranh dau de

danh do de quoc chii nghia Phap va tay sal, tu cini minh

Thong qua Bao Thanh nien la ca quan ngon luan trung uong ciia Hoi do

Nguyen Ai Quoc sang lap va pham Dumg Kdch menh duqc xuat ban nam 1927

Boo Thanh nien va sach Difcmg Kdch menh da trang bj li luan each mang cho can

bp ciia Hpi Vif t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien de tuyen truyen chii nghla Mac

-Lenin cho giai cap cong nhan va cac tang lop nhan dan Vi^t Nam

Hai la, vai tro ciia Hpi Vi?t Nam each mang Thanh nien doi voi su thanh lap

Dang Cpng san Viet Nam:

Sau khi tiep thu chii nghla Mac - Lenin thong qua cac bai giang ciia Nguyen

Ai Quoc tai cac lop huah luy?n cho Hpi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien,

nhung thanh vien ciia Hpi Ian lupt dupe cu ve nuac theo chii truang "v6 sdn

hod" ciia Hpi nam 1928, nhieu can bp ciia Hpi da di sau vao cac nha may, xi

nghi?p, don dien cung lao dpng va song vai cong nhan de tuyen truyen, van

dpng each mang va tuyen truyen chii nghla Mac - Lenin

Trong nhung nam 1928 - 1929, chii nghia Mac - Lenin dupe truyen ba sau

rpng vao Vi?t Nam c6 tac dung thiic day phong trao cong nhan va phong trao

yeu nude phat trien manh me Mot yeu cau cap thiet ciia lich su dat ra la phai

thanh lap chinh dang ciia giai cap v6 san de lanh dao phong trao

Dap ung yeu cau do, a Vi^t Nam Ian lupt xuat hien ba to chuc cpng san vao

nam 1929 Nhung su hoat dpng rieng le ciia ba to chuc cpng san gay anh

huong khong tot den tien trinh each mang Can phai hpp nhat cac to chuc cpng

san thanh mpt Dang duy nhat, do la Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam

Nhu vay, Hpi Vi^t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien vua dong vai tro truyen ba

chii nghla Mac - Lenin vao Vi#t Nam, vua tao dieu kif n thiic day phong trao

cong nhan va phong trao yeu nuoc 6 Vi?t Nam phat trien Do la ba yeu to can

thiet de di den thanh l$p Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam (3 - 2- 1930)

Vi du, de thi theo cau true cau 4: Vi sao Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam ra doi ma ra mot buae ngoqt vo eiing quan trong trong lich su dan toe Viet Nam?

Vai denay yeu cau hoc sinh phdi trinh bay hai noi dung:

Dang ra doi da vach ra duong loli chien luoc cho each mang Duong 161 do la- Truoc lam each mang dan tpc dan chii roi sau tien thang len chii nghia xa

hpi bo qua giai doan phat trien che dp tu ban chii nghla Tie nay each mang

Vi?t Nam chain dut su khiing hoang ve duong 161 va c6 su lanh dao diing dan dedi den thang Ipi

Dang ra doi, xay dung dupe mpt lue lupng mai cho each mang ma chii yeu

la lien minh cong nong Dang ra doi de ra hai khau hieu chien lupc la: "Dpc lap dan tpc" va "Rupng dat dan eay" Hai khau hi^u nay dap ling dupe nguy^n vpng ciia da so nhan dan, nhat la nong dan Do do, loi cuon dupe dong dao nong dan di theo each mang, xay dyng dupe khoi lien minh cong nong, tao ra dupe mpt nhan to co ban nua, dam bao thSng Ipi cho each mang Vi?t Nam Dang ra dai vach ra dupe phuong phap each mang diing dSn Do la dung

phuang phap dau tranh each mang hang bao luc ciia quan chiing theo quan

diem ehii nghla Mac - Lenin Nho do ta biet xay dung va su dung hai luc lupng chinh trj, vu trang de tien hanh khoi nghla

Dang ra doi xay dung dupe ban dong minh mai Dang ra doi lam cho each m^ing Vi#t Nam tro thanh mpt bp phan khang khit ciia the gioi Nha vay, tir do den nay, ta da tranh thii dupe sy dong tinh va ling hp to Ion ciia cac lyc lupng each mang the gioi, tao nen sue manh tong hpp de chien thSng mpi ke thu

Vi nhi>ng le do Dang Cpng san Viet Nam ra doi da ma ra mpt buoc ngoat Ijch su vT dai cho each mang Vi^t Nam

Vi du, dethi theo cau true can 5: So sdnh chien thang Viet Bac thu - dong 1947 vd chien dich Bien giai thu - dong 195 dethd'y dugc buac tien cua ta trong khdng chien chongPhdp

Vai npi dung ciia cau hoi nay khong yeu cau hoc sinh trinh bay dien bien ciia chien djch Vi?t B3c thu - dong nam 1947 va chien djch Bien gioi thu - d6ng nam 1950, va tren co so npi dung ciia hai chien djch do phai so sanh de thay dupe buoc tien ciia ta trong cupc khang chien ehong Phap Cu the can l$p bang

so sanh nhu sau:

1) Chii dpng tan cong djch

Ta danh bai ciia tan c6ng len Vi^t BSc ciia djch

- Ta chii dpng tien cong dich

o

2) Quan djch bj loai khoi vung chien

6000 ten dich - 8.300 djch 6 bien giai

Vi?t - Trung^

Ta bao ve dugc V i f t Bac

3) Qiai phong da't

dai

4) Y nghia quan trpng

nha't ciia thing Igi

- Bao dupe Vi§t Bac, can

cu dau nao ciia khang chien

- Lam pha san am m u u

"danh nhanh, thSng nhanh"

t r u o n g chinh

N h u vay, so voi chien djch Viet Bac thu - dong nam 1947, chien dich Bien

gioi thu - dong nam 1950 the hien buoc tien ciia quan dan ta trong cuoc khang

chien chong Phap do la, tix cho djch chii dong tan cong ta, den cho ta chii dpng

tan cong djch T u cho lam pha san am m u u "danh nhanh, thang nhanh ciia

d j c h " den cho ta da gianh the'chii dpng tren chien t r u o n g chi'nh Bac Bp

Vi du, dethi theo cm true cau 6: Tren ca aa trinh bay nguyen nhan thang lai cm

cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap xam luac, hay phan tich mot nguxjen nhan c6

tinh chat quyet dinh nha't

Truvc het yen cau hoc sinh trinh bay ngan gon cdc ngiiyen nhan thang lai cua cuoc

khang chien chong Phap:

N h d lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang, d u n g dau la Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h , vol

d u o n g 161 khang chien d i i n g d^n, sang tao Toan dan, toan quan doan ket,

dGng cam trong chien dau, trong lao dpng san xua't

N h o h$ thong chinh quyen dan chii nhan dan trong ca nuoc, c6 mat tran

dan tpc thong nha't dupe ciing co va m o rong, c6 lye l u p n g v u trang som dupe

xay d u n g va khong n g u n g Ion manh, co hau phuong rong Idn, v u n g chSc ve

mpi mat

N h o tinh than doan ke't ciia nhan dan ba nude Dong Duong chong ke thu chung

N h o CO su dong tinh, ling hp va giiip do ciia Trung Quo'e, Lien Xo va eiia

cae nuoc dan chii nhan dan khae, ciia nhan dan Phap va loai n g u o i tie'n bp

Sau do yeu can hoc sinh phan tich mot nguyen nhan quyet dinh nhat:

Trong cae nguyen nhan neu tren thi nguyen nhan ve sy lanh dao ciia Dang,

d u n g dau la Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h la nguyen nhan quye't d j n h nha't

Trong cupe khang chien chong thye dan Phap tro lai xam lupc nuoc ta,

Dang ta va Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h da de ra d u o n g loi khang chien toan dan,

toan di^n, lau dai va t u lye canh sinh D u o n g loi do dupe ap d u n g trong suot

tie'n tranh each mang t u nam 1946 den nam 1954 N h o co d u o n g loi do Dang ta

da doan ke't dupe m p t lye lupng each mang ciia dong dao quan chiing de thye

hi^n cupe khang chien toan dan va da tie'n hanh khang chien tren cae mat tran

kinh te, chinh trj, van hoa, quan sy Cijng nho co d u o n g loi do ma Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan ta chien dau lau dai, ben bi, Ian lupt danh bai tung am m u u ciia dich de tie'n len danh bai hoan toan cuoc chien tranh xam lupc ciia thye dan Phap co sy giiip sue ciia MT

Sy lanh dao cua Dang, d u n g dau la Chii tich H o Chi M i n h voi d u o n g 161 each mang d u n g dan da giiip cho toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta doan ke't mpt long, chien dau v i myc tieu doe lap dan tpc va chii nghla xa hpi Toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta chien dau voi tinh than "Tha hi sinh tat ca chu

nha't djnh kh6ng chju mat nuoc, nha't djnh khong chiu lam n6 \q" Voi tinh

than ay, cupe chien dau d i i lau dai, dya vao siic m i n h la chinh n h u n g ehiing ta

da gianh dupe th^ng Ipi cuoi cung, bupc thye dan Phap phai e6ng nhan doc l^p chii quyen, thong nha't va toan v^n lanh tho ciia ba nuoc D 6 n g D u o n g

Vi du, dethi theo cau true cau 7: Phan tich chu triamg dieu chinh chien lirac each

mang the giai ciia Quae teCong san tqi Dai hoi Ian thu VU (7 - 1935J Nguyen nhan

dan tai chu truang do

Vai denay yeu cau hoc sinh phai trinh bay noi dung:

Mot la, Chu truang dieu chinh chick luoc cdch mtnig thegiai:

Xae dinh ke thu nguy hiem truoc mil ciia nhan dan the gioi khong phai la

chii nghla de'quoc noi chung, ma la ehii nghTa phat xit

De ra nhi^m v u each mang the gioi la dau tranh chong ehii nghTa phat xit va

nguy CO chien tranh the'gioi do ehii nghla phat xit gay ra

Chii t r u o n g thanh lap mat tran nhan dan o cae nuoc, nham tap hpp rpng rai lye l u p n g dan ehii

Hai la, N g u y e n nhan dan toi ehii truong do:

Do sy xua't hien ciia chii nghla phat xit va nguy co chien tranh the'gioi

De giai quye't nhi>ng hau qua ciia cuoc khiing hoang kinh te'1929 - 1933, khi ehii nghla phat xit tam thoi thang the o mpt so nuoc Phong trao chong ehii nghla phat xit phat trien nhieu noi tren the'gioi

PhAn 2: L j C H SO VIET N A M HIEN D A I

C/iuy^n de I: VIET NAM TU NAM 1919 DEN NAM 1930

I CONG CUOC K H A I THAC THUOC DIA LAN T H l / H A I CUA T H l / C D A N PHAP

1 Th\rc dan Phap tien hanh k h a i thac Vi?t N a m ngay sau Chien tranh the

g i o i t h u nhat

• Qua trinh khai thac Idn thu hai:

Sau Chien tranh the gioi t h u nhat (1914 - 1918), de quoc Phap tuy la nude

t h i n g tran, nhung lai bj chien tranh tan pha nang ne, kinh te sa sut nghiem

trpng Them vao do, cuoc khiing hoang kinh te trong the gioi t u ban chu nghla

cang gay kho khan cho nen kinh tePhap

N h a m han gan vet thuong chien tranh, bij dap nhung thiet hai do chien

tranh gay ra, khoi phuc va ciing co dja vj trong thegiod t u ban chii nghla de

quoc Phap mot mat tang cuong boc lot nhan dan trong nuoc, mat khac day

manh khai thac boc lot thuoc dia Cuoc khai thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai ma thyc

dan Phap tien hanh 6 Dong D u o n g la nam trong y do do

De tien hanh khai thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai 6 Vi^t N a m , Phap tang cuong

dau t u von vao Vi^t N a m voi quy mo va toe dp nhanh gap nhieu Ian so v o i

trudc chien tranh Chi trong vong 6 nam (1924 - 1929) tong so von dau t u vao

Vi^t N a m tang gap 6 Ian so voi 20 nam truac chien tranh (1898 - 1918)

V o i so von do, Phap tap trung khai thac cac ITnh vuc sau:

Ve nong nghiep: thuc dan Phap day manh vi?c cuop da't, lap don dien, chu

yeu la don dien cao su Tinh den nam 1930, di$n tich don dien do chu nguoi

Phap nam gii> toi 1,2 trieu hec ta da't dai, bang 1/4 tong d i f n tich da't canh tac 6

Vi^t N a m Nhieu Cong ti Ian phuc vu cho vi^c khai thac cung Ian lupt ra dai:

Cong ti Da't do, Cong ti M i so Lanh, Cong ti trong cay nhi^t doi

Ve cong nghiep: thuc dan Phap day manh khai thac mo (chii yeu la mo

than) Nhieu Cong ti than m a i ra doi: Cong ti than Ha Long, Dong Dang, Cong

ti than Dong Trieu

Ngoai ra, t u ban Phap con mo them mpt so ca so cong nghiep khong c6 kha

nang canh tranh voi cong nghiep Phap, chu yeu la cong nghiep che'bien

Ve thuong nghiep: de nam chat hon thj truong Vi^t N a m va Dong Duong,

Phap ban hanh dao luat dong thuenang hang ngoai nhap nhat la hang Trung

Quoc va Nhat Ban

Ve giao thong van tai: Phap tang cuong dau t u m o them nhieu tuyen d u o n g nham phuc vu dac luc cho vifc chuyen cho nguyen vat li#u cung n h u l u u thong hang hoa trong npi dja va voi nuoc ngoai ^

* Diem mm trong chucmg trinh khai thac thuoc dia Idn thii hai:

Tap trung von nhieu nhat vao nong n g h i f p (chii yeu la don dien cao su) va khai thac mo (chu yeu la mo than)

' 'ill

Phap con dau t u von vao cong nghiep nhe va thuong nghiep

Lap ngan hang Dong D u o n g de nam quyen chi huy kinh te

Dat ra cac t h u thue'moi nhu: thue'rupu, thue'muoi, thue thuoc phien

Tuy vay, kinh te V i f t N a m ve co ban van khong c6 gi thay doi, Phap he't sue han chephat trien cong nghiep, nhat la cong nghi?p nang, nham cpt chat kinh

te Dong D u o n g 1$ thupc vao kinh te Phap va bien Dong D u o n g thanh thj truong dpc chie'm ciia Phap

2 Tac d p n g ciia cupc k h a i thac thupc dia Ian t h u hai ciia t h y c dan Phap

d o i v o i nen k i n h te va xa h p i Vi?t N a m

* Vekinh te

Qua trinh khai thac thupc dja ciia Phap o Viet N a m lam cho nen kinh te'Vi^t

N a m C O su chuyen bien theo huong t u ban Chinh su tham nhap ciia phuang

thuc san xuat t u ban chu nghla dan toi su tan ra dan cua nen kinh te'ty nhien,

ty cap, t y tiic 6 nong thon Nen kinh te'hang hoa, do do co dieu ki^n de phat trien

Tuy nhien, do muc dich ciia thuc dan Phap bien Viet N a m thanh thj truong cung u n g nguyen vat li^u va tieu thu hang hoa, nen tac d y n g ciia phuang thuc san xuat t u ban chii nghla d u nhap vao cung chi han che

Mat khac, Phap van tie'p tuc duy tri quan h# san xuat phong kien 6 Vi^t Nam, tie'p tyc su d y n g giai cap dja chii phong kien V i vay, Vi^t N a m khong con la nuoc dpc lap va khong the co nen kinh te'dan tpc phat trien binh thuong len t u ban chii nghla, ma tro thanh mpt nuoc thupc dja niia phong kien Hay noi tom lai, nen kinh te Viet N a m Iiic bay gio la nen kinh te dan xen ton tai phuong thuc san xuat t u ban chii nghla va phuong thuc san xuat phong kien

Va suy cho cung, do la nen kinh te nong nghiep lac hau, que quat 1? thupc vao nen kinh te'Phap

* Vexa hgi

D u d i tac dpng ciia cupc khai thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai ciia thyc dan Phap lam cho xa hpi V i ^ t N a m bj phan hoa sau sSc Ben cgnh n h u n g giai cap cu van con, gio day da xuat hi§n cac giai cap moi

a Doi voi giai cap cu:

Giai cap liia chit phon^ kick: tiep tuc bj phan hoa va chia ra hai bo phan, moi

bo phan c6 thai do chinh tri l<hac nhau triroc ke thij va trong cuoc da'u tranh

dan toe

Bo phan nho la dai dia chu, giau co ien nho dua vao Phap, chong iai each

mang, chung tro thanh dcTi tugng cua each mang

Bo phan Idn la trung nong va tieu dja chu, bi Phap chen cp, dung eham toi

quyen Igi, ncn it nhiou c6 tinh than chong dequoc, tham gia phong trao yeu

nuoc khi co dicu kiOn

Giai cap iwn^ dan: nuoc ta von d l la mot nuoc nong nghicp, nen nong dan

chiem 90% dan MV H o la nan nhan cua chinh saeh chiom doat ruong dat, chinh

sach suu thue, dja to, phu phcn, tap dich ducVi che'do phong kieh H o tie'p tuc

bj ban cung hoa va bj pha san trcn quy mo rong Ion

Do bj ap buc, hoc lot nang no boi thue dan va phong kieh nen nong dan Viet

N a m giau long yeu nuoc, co tinh than chong d e q u o c va phong kieh, la luc

lugng hang hai va dong dao nhat cua each mang

b Doi vcSi eae giai cap va tang lop moi:

Giai Clip tir siiii: giai cap tu san Viet Nam ra doi vao nhung nam dau sau khi

Chien tranh the gioi tint nhat ket thiie Trong qua trinh phat frien, giai cap l u

san Viet N a m phan hoa thanh hai bg phan: Mot bg phan la tu san mai ban co

quyen Igi gdn voi dequoc, nen cau ket chat che ve chinh Irj voi chung Mot bg

phan khac la tu san dan toe co khuynh hucVng kinh doanh doc lap, phat trien

kinh te dan toe, nen it nhieu co tinh than dan toe, dan chu chong d e q u o c va

phong kieh, nhung lap truong cua hg khong kien dinh, de dang thoa hiep, eai

iuong khi dequoc manh

TrtJiy l&p tic'ii tie siiii: ra doi eimg Ihoi gian vcji giai cap t u san Tang lop tieu

tir san eiing bi d e q u o c bae dai, khinh re, doi song bap benh, gap nhieu kho

khan, de bj x6 day vao eon duong pha san va that nghiep Tang lop tieu tu san

nhay ben v()i tinh hinh chinh trj, co tinh than each mang, hang hai dau tranh va

la mgt luc lugng quan (rgng cua each mang dan toe, dan chu 6 nuoc ta

Giai cap coii;^ iiliait: ra doi trong euge khai thae thuge dia Ian t h u nha't va

ngay eang phat trien xe scYlugng va chat lugng trong euge khai thae thuge dja

Ian thiV hai cua thue dan Phap: tir 14 van (1914) Ien den 22 van (1929) Cong

nhan Vi^t N a m cung chiu nhieu tang ap buc, boe lot nen cugc song cua hg v6

CLing khon kho

Ngoai nhung dac diem cua giai cap cong nhan quoc te^ giai cap cong nhan

Viet N a m con eo nhung dac diem rieng:

n

Bi ap buc boe lot nang ne nhat, nen eo tinh than each mang cao nhat

Co quan he t u nhien gSn bo voi giai cap nong dan

Ke thua truyen thong yeu nuoc, anh himg bat khuat cua dan toe

Dac biet, vua Ion len, giai cap cong nhan Viet N a m da tie'p thu ngay chu nghla Mac - Lenin, anh huong Cach mang thang M u o i Nga va phong trao each mang thegioi sau chien tranh

Giai cap cong nhan Viet N a m voi hoan canh ra doi va phat trien, eiing v o i nhiing dac diem cua minh, la giai cap yeu nuoc, each mang, eiing voi giai cap nong dan tro thanh hai luc lugng chinh cua each mang, trong do giai cap cong nhan Viet N a m nSm lay nggn eo lanh dao each mang giai phong dan tgc va giai phong giai cap

3 Thai dp chinh tri va kha nang each mang cua cac giai cap trong xa hpi Vi^t Nam sau chien tranh

Moi giai cap va tang lop xa hgi co dja vj va quyen Igi khac nhau, nen co thai

do chinh t n khac nhau trong euge dau tranh dan tgc va dau tranh giai cap Giai cap dja chu phong kieh: mgt bg phan Ion cau ket voi thue dan Phap de huong dac quyen, dac Igi, tro thanh doi tugng eiia each mang Bg phan nho (dja chii vua va nho) co tinh than yeu nuoc se tham gia phong trao da'u tranh chong Phap khi co dieu kien

Giai cap t u san: t u san mai ban, quyen Igi gSn lien voi d e q u o c v i vay thai

dg chinh trj cua hg la phan dgng, la ke thii cua each mang; con t u san dan tgc it nhieu co tinh than dan tgc, dan chu chong de quoc va phong kien, nhung khong kien dinh, de thoa hiep, eai luong

Tang lop tieu t u san: eo tinh than yeu nuoc, tinh than chong de quoc, phong

kieh cao, hang hai tham gia each mang va la lyc lugng quan trgng trong each

mang dan tgc, dan chu 6 nuoc ta

Giai cap nong dan: la giai cap bj ap biic, boc lot n|ing ne nen hg giau long yeu nuoc, la luc lugng dong dao nhat cua each mang Vi?t N a m

Giai cap cong nhan: la giai cap yeu nuoc, each mang, la life l u g n g lanh dao

each mang Viet N a m

II P H O N G T R A O D A N T Q C D A N C H U 6 V I E T N A M T l / N A M 1919 D E N

N A M 1925

1 Tac dpng cua tinh hinh the giai va trong nuoc doi v6i each mang Vi?t Nam trong nhung nam 1919 -1925

a Tinh hinh the giai:

N a m 1917, each mang v6 san Nga thanh cong, Ian dau tien trong Ijch su nhan loai, nhan dan lao dgng Nga lat do hoan toan ach thong trj cua giai cap

BSidu&n^ H5G L/ch Su 12 - The Trirmi^ Nr^oc Thai

boc Ipt (phong kien va t u san) dua cong nhan va nong dan len 4ia vj nam

chi'nh quyen xay d u n g che'dg moi - che'dp xa hgi chii nghla D u o i anh huong

cua Cach mang thang M u o i Nga, phong trao giai phong dan tpc 6 cac nuoc

thupc dja va phong trao cong nhan o cac nuoc de'quo'c phat trien manh me va

gan bo mat thiet v o i nhau trong cupc dau tranh chong chii nghia de quoc

T u nam 1918 - 1923, do hau qua cua Chien tranh the gioi t h u nhat va tac

dpng ciia Cach mang thang M u o i , a cac nuoc t u ban cao trao each mang v6 san

biing len manh me Giai cap v6 san buoc len vu dai chinh tri, t u trong cao trao

each mang cac dang cpng san dupe thanh lap 6 nhieu nuoc n h u a Due, Ao,

Hunggari, Ba Lan, Phan Lan, Achentina Su ra dai ciia cac dang cpng san dat ra

yeu cau phai eo mot to ehuc quoc te de tap hpp luc l u p n g va chii dao theo mpt

duong 161 d u n g d i n Thang 3 - 1919, Quoc teCpng san dupe thanh lap ra sue

giiip do phong trao each mang v6 san va phong trao giai phong dan tpc tren

the gioi phat trien

Dae bi?t la su thanh lap Dang Cpng san Phap (1920) voi nhOng dong gop

ciia Nguyen A i Quoc tao ra nhirng thuan Ipi cho each mang Vi?t N a m

N a m 1921, Dang Cpng san Trung Quoc thanh lap va phong trao each mang

Trung Quoc phat trien trong thap nien 20 tao dieu k i ^ n thuan Ipi cho nhOng

nguoi Vi^t N a m d u n g chan va gay d u n g phong trao each mang trong nuoc

NhCrng chuyen bien m o i ciia tinh hinh the gioi c6 anh h u o n g Ion den sy

phat trien phong trao giai phong dan tpc Vi?t N a m

Cac trao l u u t u tuong tien bp ben ngoai dupe truyen ba vao V i f t N a m Cy

the, chu nghla Mae - Lenin dupe truyen ba vao Vi?t N a m thong qua tai l i f u ciia

Dang Cpng san Phap, Dang Cpng san Trung Quoc, dae bi?t la hoat dpng cua

Nguyen Ai Quoc 6 nude ngoai T u tuong dan chii t u san dupe truyen ba vao

nuoc ta, nhat la t u tuong Tam dan ciia Ton Trung Son

h Tinh hinh trong nuac:

Do chuong trinh khai thac thupc dja lan t h u hai ciia thuc dan Phap, xa hpi

Viet N a m c6 su phan hoa sau sac Ben canh nhung giai cap cu van eon ton tai,

eae giai cap m o i ra doi, phan hoa Nhirng giai cap m o i do la co so vat chat de

tiep thu t u tuong m o i vao nude ta (tu tuong t u san va t u tuong v6 san) cpng

vdi su tac dpng ciia each mang the gioi da lam cho phong trao yeu nude Vi?t N a m

mang mau sac mdi ma nhiing phong trao yeu nude trude kia khong he cd dupe

2 M p t so hoat d p n g yeu nuoc trong n h u n g nam 1919 - 1925

a Hoat dong cua Phan Boi Chau

Phan Bpi Chau chii truong bao dpng vu trang danh duoi Phap, xay dung mpt

che dp chinh trj m d i d Vi§t Nam Nam 1904, Phan Bpi Chau thanh lap hpi Duy tan

La ngudi to chiic phong trao Dong du, dua thanh thieu nien sang Nhat hpc tap de

chuan bi luc luong chong Phap Thang 3 - 1909, Phan Boi Chau bj tryc xuat khdi nude Nhat Thang 6 -1912, ong thanh lap Vi^t N a m Quang phyc hpi

Phan Bpi Chau la ngudi v u o n len lien tuc de dat muc tieu giai phdng dan tpc nhung tat ca deu bj that bai Sau thdi gian hoat dpng d Nhat Ban va Trung Quoc khong thanh, Phan Bpi Chau bj bpn quan phi^t Trung Quoc bat giam t u nam 1913, den nam 1917 m d i dupe tha t u do

D u d i anh h u d n g ciia Cach mang thang M u d i va su ra d d i ciia nude Nga

Xo viet da bat dau den v d i ong n h u mpt anh sang m d i Cam tinh v d i nude Nga

Xo viet, cudi nam 1920, Phan Bpi Chau djch ra chii Han cudn Dieu tra chan tuong Nga La Tu ciia mpt tac gia Nhat Ban, viet Truyen Pham Hong Thdi, ngpi ca

tinh than yeu nude, hi sinh anh dung ciia ngudi thanh nien hp Pham

Thang 6 - 1925, trong khi chua the thay ddi dupe to chuc, thay d d i phuong lupc dau tranh thich hpp v d i bien chuyen m d i ciia dat nude va thdi dai thi

Phan Bpi Chau bj thuc dan Phap hit tai Thupng H a i (Trung Quoc) dua ve

nude, bj ket an tu roi dua ve an t r i d Hue T u dd t r d d i , Phan Bpi Chau khong the tien theo nhjp song dau tranh mdi ciia dan tpc

b Su chuyen bien trong tu tuong cm nuoc cua Phan Bgi Chau

Dau the k i XX, phong trao giai phong dan tpc Viet N a m phat trien len mpt bude m d i theo k h u y n h h u d n g dan chii t u san, giai phdng dan tpc gan lien v d i giai phdng xa hpi Dai bieu cho khuynh hudng eiiu nude m d i la Phan Bpi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh

Phan Bpi Chau (1867 -1940), sinh ra trong gia dinh cd truyen thong nho hpc

d N a m Dan - Nghe A n , dupe dao tao theo khudn mau "Trung quan di quoc",

yeu nude thuong dan sau sac, sdm tham gia chong Phap

T u nam 1883 den 1901 ong hudng theo ngpn cd Can vuang chong Phap: viet Hich binh Tdy (1883), lap dpi Si tie Can vuang (1885), nam 1900, ong do giai nguyen, cd "danh" de thuc hi^n chi nguy^n ciiu nude, nam 1901 m u u bao dpng

cudp thanh N g h ^ A n nhung bj Ip

N a m 1902, ong hk dau cupc hanh trinh t i m ngudi ciing chi hudng: ra Bae, vao N a m t i m dong chi , tiep can t u tudng dan chii t u san qua tan van, tan thu , t u tudng cuu nude ciia ong bat dau chuyen bien theo h u d n g m d i

N a m 1904, ong lap Duy tan hpi vdi muc tieu: "Danh Phap, khdi phyc Vi?t Nam, lap chinh phii dpe lap, ngoai ra chua cd ehii nghla gi khae", dua Cudng

De, con chau hoang tpc lam m i n h chii N a m 1905 - 1909 ong thuc hi?n phong trao Dong d u ' - I'

3Si di/Chi^ HSG Ljch SCr 12 - The TrL/an^ Ngpc Thai

Nhirng boat dpng do danh dau su chuyen bien trong tu tuong ciia Phan Bpi

Chau tu qnCm chii clini/cn chO'sang quan chii lap hien: muan danh nghla hoang

toe de tap hop luc lupng

Nam 1911, each mang Tan Hoi Trung Quoc thang ipi, ong hudng ve Trung

Quoc ,1912 lap Vict Nam Qiiang phiic hoi voi myc dich "Danh Phap, khoi phuc

Viet Nam, lap cong hba dan quoc" T u do ong doan tuy^t voi tu tuong quan chii,

chuyen tu quan clu'i lap hien sang cong hoa lit adn , day la buoc tie'n quan trpng

trong qua trinh hoat dpng cuu nude cua Phan Bpi Chau

Nam 1917, Cach mang thang Mudi Nga thSng Ipi den voi ong nhu luong

anh sang mdi Tuy chua trd thanh ngudi cong san nhung ong c6 cam tinh voi

nude Nga X6 viet, dat niem tin vao su thang Ipi ciia chii nghla cong san, niem

tin vao lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qud'c

Nam 1925, khi chua the thay ddi dupe to chuc, phuong phap dau tranh

thich hpp vdi su chuyen bien mdi ciia dat nude va thdi dai, ong bj Phap bat

giam long tai Hue

c Hoat dong cua Phan Chau Trinh

Phan Chau Trinh la lanh tu ciia phong trao cai each dan chii Ong chii

truong phe phan che'dp thupe dia, vua quan, ho hao cai each xa hpi; nang cao

dan tri, dan quyen, tie'n tdi cuu nude Phan Chau Trinh da di kh^p tinh Quang

Nam va den cac tinh Trung Ki de van dpng cai each Cupc van dpng duy tan

ciia Phan Chau Trinh dien ra dudi nhieii hinh thuc phong phii

Phong trao Duy tan dang phat trien ngay cang sau rpng thi bj thuc dan

Phap dan ap di> dpi nam 1908, Phan Chau Trinh bj an tu ba nam d Con Dao

Nam 1911, thuc dan Phap dua ong sang Phap Suot 14 nam song d trung tam

chau A u , Phan Chau Trinh van giu dudng Id'i cai each, keu gpi dan quyen, dan

sinh, dan khi

Vao dau nam 1922, Phan Chau Trinh den Mae-xay Nhan djp vua Khai

Djnh sang du cupc trien lam thupe dja khuye'eh truong cai gpi la "cong lao

khai hoa" ciia Phap, Phan Chau Trinh viet Thai die'u thw vaeh ra 7 tpi dang

chem ciia Khai Djnh Phan Chau Trinh con to chuc dien thuyet len an che'dp

quan chii va quan truong d Viet Nam, tie'p tuc ho hao "Khai dan tri, chan dan

khi, hqu dan khi"

Thang 6 - 1925, Phan Chau Trinh ve nirdc Mac du sue khde da yeu ong van

tie'p tuc hoat dpng, da pha che'dp quan chii, de cao dan quyen Nhieu tang Idp

nhan dan, nha't la thanh nien rat men mo va hudng ling hoat dpng ciia Phan

Chau Trinh

d Hoat dong cua tu san va tie'u tu san

Ngay tu khi mdi ra ddi, tu san Vi^t Nam da to chuc cupc tay chay tu san Hoa Kieu (1919) d mot so tinh va thanh phd'nhu Sai Gdn, H a Npi, Hai Phong, Nam D i n h d Ha Npi ed cupc van dpng ngudi Vi?t Nam chi mua hang cua ngudi Vict Nam

Nam 1923, dai chii va tu san Vi?t Nam dau tranh chong tu ban Phap dpc quyen cang Sai Gdn, dpc quyen xua't cang liia gao Nam Ki

Ngoai ra, giai cap tu san da diing bao chi de benh vuc quyen Ipi cho minh trong phong trao chdng dpc quyen

Mpt so tu san va dia chii Idn d Nam K i (Bui Quang Chieu, Nguyen Phan

Long.) da tap hpp nhau lai thanh mpt to chuc cd ten la Dang Lap hien (1923)

C o quan ngon luan ciia Dang lap hien la to Dien dan Dong Duong va Tieng doi

An Nam Khi dupe thuc dan Phap nhupng bp cho it quyen Ipi (chu cho tham

gia Hpi dong Quan hat Nam Ki), hp da thda hiep vdi chiing

Sau chie'n tranh, cac tang Idp tie'u tu san tri thuc (gom sinh vien truong Cao dSng Ha Npi, hpe sinh va cac giao vien cac trudng, vien chuc, nha van, nha bao v v ) sdi ndi dau tranh ddi quyen tu do dan chii

Giiia nhCrng nam 20, cd nhieu thanh nien yeu nude sang Quang Chau (Trung

Quoc) tim dudng cuu nude Nam 1923, hp thanh lap to chuc Tam tam xa

Mpt so to chuc chinh trj nhu Viet Nam nghia doan Hoi Phuc Vict, Dang Thanh

nien ra ddi vdi nhieu hoat dpng phong phii sdi dpng (mit tinh, bieu tinh, bai

khoa V V ) Nhieu to bao tie'n bp Ian lupt ra ddi Bao tieng Phap ed cac to

Chuong re An Nam Ire, Ngudi nha que; bao tieng Viet cd td Huu thanh, Tieng dan, Dong Phap then bao, thuc nghiep dan bao Hp lap ra nhijng nha xua't ban tien bp nhu Nam dong thuxa (Ha Npi), Cuang hoc thuxa (Sai Gdn), Quan tai lung thu (Hue)

Trong phong trao yeu nude dan chii cong khai hoi do ed mpt so su kifn ndi bat la cupc dau tranh ddi nha cam quyen Phap tha Phan Bpi Chau (1925), cac cupc truy dieu, de tang Phan Chau Trinh (1926) Rieng d Sai Gdn, dam tang Phan Chau Trinh da thu hiit khoang 14 van ngudi tham du

e Cac cuoc dau tranh ciia cong nhan

Nhirng nam dau sau chien tranh, cac cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan tuy con

le te va tu phat nhung da ndi len y thuc giai cap dang phat trien nhanh chdng lam CO sd cho eac td chuc va phong trao chinh trj cao hon ve sau Ngay tu n5m

1920, cong nhan Sai Gon - C h p Ldn da thanh lap cong hpi (bi mat) do Ton Due Thang diing dau

Cac cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan va thiiy thii Phap tren eac tau Phap ghe

; nhu-jcacrupe^aii^tranh ciia

17

vao cang Hai Phong (1919) va S ^ ' f ^ f y ( | 9 ^ ^ j ^ ^ ? p * | f ^ ^

cong nhan va thuy thvi Trung Quoc tai cac cang Ion Huang Cang, Ao Mon,

Thirgng Hai (1921) da gop phan c6 vu, dgng vien cong nhan Vi?t Nam hang

hai da'u tranh

Nam 1922, cong nhan va vien chuc cac so cong thuong cua t u nhan a Bac Ki

doi chu t u ban nguoi Phap phai cho hp nghi ngay chu nhat c6 tra luong Cung

nSm do con c6 cupc bai cong cua cong nhan cac nha may d^t, rugu, xay xat gao

d Nam Djnh, Ha Npi, Hai Duong v.v

Thang 8 - 1925, thg may xuong Ba Son tai cang Sai Gon khong chju sua

chiia chien ham Mi-so-le cua Phap truoc khi chien ham nay cha linh sang tham

gia dan ap phong trao da'u tranh each mang cua nhan dan va thuy thii Trung

Quoc Cupc bai cong no ra voi yeu sach doi tang luong 20% va phai de cho

thang Igi danh da'u buoc tien moi ciia phong trao cong nhan Vi^t Nam

4 Nhan dinh ve phong trao dau tranh trong nhimg nam 1919 -1925

a Phong trao giai cua cap tu sdn dan toe

Doi mpt so' quyen Igi ve kinh te: giai cap tu san dan tgc nhan da lam Sn

thuan muon vuon len gianh lay vj tri kha hon trong kinh te Vi?t Nam sau

chien tranh

Doi cac quyen tu do dan chu: cung voi hoat dpng kinh te^ giai cap tu san

dan tpc da dung bao chi de benh vuc quyen Igi ciia minh Mpt so' tu san va dja

chii Ion Nam Ki dai bieu la Bui Quang Chieu, Nguyen Phan Long dung ra to

chuc Dang Lap hieh de tap hgp luc lugng, roi dua ra mpt so khau hi^u: Doi t\ do,

dan chu de tranh thii su ung hp ciia quan chiing, lam ap luc doi voi Phap

Cac phong trao cua giai cap tu san dan tpc the hi^n rinh chat: da'u tranh theo

khuynh huong dan chii t u san, cac hoat dpng cua hp mang tinh chat cai luong,

thoa hi^p

b Phong trao cua cac tang lap tie'u tu sdn 1

Cho'ng cuong quyen, ap buc, doi cac quyen ty do, dan chii

Cac tang lop tie'u t u san da the hif n long yeu nuoc cua minh bang nhieu

each Ngoai vi^c tham gia vao cac phong trao yeu nuoc, dan chu cong khai liic

bay gio, hp da tap hpp nhau lai trong nhirng to chuc yeu nuoc moi, tien hanh

da'u tranh c6 to chuc

Nhieu to chuc chi'nh trj yeu nuoc ciia tri thuc Nha van, Nha bao, Nha giao,

hpc sinh, sinh vien da ra doi nhu; Tan Vi?t Thanh nien Doan (1923) Vift Nam

Nghia Doan (1925) Hpi Phuc Vi^t (1925) Dang Thanh nien (1926)

Cac to chuc da cho ra doi nhCrng to bao tien bp, nhu Chuong re An Nam tre,

i»

(Sai Gon), Nam Dong thie xa (Ha Npi) Hp dung sach bao lam phuong ti?n truyen

ba tu tuong yeu nuoc, tien bp, neu quan diem lap truong chinh trj ciia minh

Trong cao trao yeu nuoc luc bay gio c6 ba su kien tieu bieu nhat: vu Pham Hong Thai muu sat toan quyen Mec-lanh, vu doi tha Phan Bpi Chau va vy de tang Phan Chu Trinh

Thang 6 - 1924, toan quyen Dong Duong la Mec-lanh sang Nhat va Trung

Hoa, am muu ca'u ke't voi chinh quyen phan dpng hai nuoc nay de pha hogi

each mang Viet Nam Tarn Tam xa giao cho Pham Hong Thai nhi^m vu tru khu ten thyc dan dau so Cupc muu sat khong thanh, nhung hanh dpng ciia Pham Hong Thai da gay tie'ng vang Ion 6 trong va ngoai nuoc, gio'ng nhu

"canh chim bao hieu mua xuan" vua c6 tac dung c6 vu, vua thiic day phong

trao yeu nuoc

Phan Bpi Chau la nha yeu nuoc, hoat dpng each mang tu dau the'ki XX Sau

Chien tranh the'gioi thii nhat, Phan Bpi Chau tie'p tuc hoat dpng 6 Trung Quoc

Giua nam 1925, ong bj thuc dan Phap bat o Thupng Hai va bi mat dua ve nuoc giam 6 Hoa L6 (Ha Npi) voi am muu sat hai eu Nhan dan ea nuoc da'u tranh

bupc thyc dan Phap dua ey ra xet xii cong khai, tha bong va giam long 6 Hue

cho den khi mat (1940)

Cung hoat dpng voi Phan Bpi Chau, dau the'ki XX c6 Phan Chau Trinh Khi

v v chong thue'o Nam Ki xay ra (1908) Phan Chau Trinh bj bat va bj day di Con

Dao ba nam Den ngay 24 - 3 - 1926, eu Phan Chau Trinh qua doi sau mpt thoi gian 6'm nang tai Sai Gon 14 van nguoi da xuong dua cy ve noi an nghi cuo'i

cung Sau dam tang, khap Bac Trung, Nam deu to ehiie le truy di^u

Nhin chung, Phong trao da'u tranh ciia giai cap tu san dan tpc tuy the hi^n long yeu nuoc nhung mang tinh chat thoa hifp, cai luong va ngay xa roi di den cho doi lap voi quan chiing Tie'ng noi va hoat dpng ciia tieu tu san manh

me hon nhieu, ehiia dyng nhieu yeu to tien bp, dupe quan chiing ling hp, song

diingdan

c Nhung mat tich cue va han checua phong trao

- Phong trao cua giai cap tie sdn dan tpc:

Ti'eh cue: giai cap t u san dan tpc Vi^t Nam da c6 co gang trong vi^e da'u

tranh chong su canh tranh, ehen ep ciia t u san nuoc ngoai

Han che: cac hoat dpng ciia hp chi mang tinh chat cai luong, gioi han trong

khuon kho ciia che dp thye dan, phuc vu quyen Ipi ciia cac tang lop tren va nhanh chong bj phong trao quan chiing vupt qua

19

- Phong trao cua tang lap tieu tu sdn:

Tich cue: c6 t a c d u n g thuc tinh long yeu nuoc, truyen ba t u tuong t u do dan

chu trong nhan dan, truyen ba nhung t u tuong each mang m o i

Han che: ho ehua to chuc thanh chinh dang nen dau tranh mang tinh chat

xoc noi, a'u t n

5, Giai quyet van de dan tQC, dan chu trong nhung nam 20 ciia the ki XX

a Hoan canh lich s u

* Trong nucfc:

N a m 1858, thuc dan Phap xam luge nuoc ta, van de giai phong dan tgc

dugc dat ra cho toan the dan toe Nhieu cuoc dau tranh chong thuc dan Phap

cuoi ciing bj that bai

Den nam 1858, thuc dan Phap chinh thuc dat ach thong trj do ho nuoc ta,

van de dan toe lai tro nen cap thie't Luc nay cac phong trao dau tranh giai

phong dan toe do giai cap phong kien lanh dao ma tieu bieu la phong trao Can

v u o n g cung bj that bai N h i e m vu gii>a nuoc va giai phong dan toe chua dugc

giai quyet Cho nen, m u o n cuu nuoc, muon giai phong dan toe, khong the lam

n h u cij, phai c6 con d u o n g ciiu nuoc moi

* The giai:

Su thanh cong cua cuoc cai each M i n h Trj 6 Nhat Ban nam 1868 da c6 tac

dpng manh me vao cac bac sT phu yeu nuoc 6 Viet N a m

Cuoc van dong D u y tan 6 Trung Quoc dau the ki XX da true tiep Ian truyen

vao cac the he yeu nuoc Viet N a m

h Phuong huanggidi quyet van dedan toe trong nhung nutn 20 cuu the hi XX.*

Dai di?n la hai bac sT phu yeu nuoc Phan Boi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh

Phan Boi Chau chii truong giuong cao ngon c6 dan toe, truoc het phai tap

trung cho van de giai phong dan toe, sau do se lam nhiem v u dan chii Bien

phap giai quyet van de dan toe cua Phan Boi Chau la dua vao Nhat de danh

Phap, dong thoi thuc h i f n cai each duy tan theo guong Nhat

Phan Chau Trinh thi neu cao nhiem vu danh phong kien, thuc hien dan

sinh, dan chu, sau do moi danh Phap, giai phong dan toe

Phan Boi Chau xem van de dan toe la dieu kien de xay d u n g nen dan chii,

con Phan Chau Trinh thi xem dan chii la tien de de thuc hien nhiem vu dan tgc

Con d u o n g giai phong dan toe ciia Phan Boi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh cuoi

ciang cijng bj that bai, lam cho each mang Viet N a m " d u o n g n h u nam trong

dem toi, khong c6 d u o n g ra"

6 Dac diem cua p h o n g trao yeu nuoc dau the k i XX

Phong trao chju su tac dgng ciia cuoc khai thac thuoc dja Ian t h u nhat cua

thuc dan Phap Cupc khai thac nay lam cho co cau kinh te^ xa hoi Vi^t N a m eo

20

Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vi^t

nhieu bien chuyen Xa hoi Viet N a m hinh thanh n h u n g giai cap va tang lop

m o i n h u t u san dan toe, tieu t u san, cong nhan Nhieu sT phu yeu nuoc 6 Vi?t

N a m cung c6 n h u n g chuyen bien ve t u tuong

Su tac dong ciia cac trao luu t u tuong ben ngoai, tieu bieu la Nhat Ban va Trung Quoc, lam cho each mang Viet N a m c6 n h u n g net moi, khac truoc, do la phong trao chuyen t u k h u y n h huong phong kien sang k h u y n h h u o n g dan chii

t u san

D o n g luc cua phong trao: khong chi c6 nong dan ma con eo cac luc lugng moi tham gia n h u t u san, tieu t u san, cong nhan, sT phu yeu nuoc, binh linh nguoi Viet trong quan doi Phap

H i n h thuc dau tranh: ben canh cac cuoc dau tranh via trang, con xua't hien cac hinh thuc dau tranh chinh trj, ngoai giao, cai each xa hoi

Quy mo phong trao rong Ion, thu hut dugc nhieu tang lop nhan dan tham gia

M u c tieu dau tranh nh^m danh duoi thuc dan Phap de gianh doc lap dan tgc va thuc hien dan sinh, dan chu

bj tha't bai Tat ca da h u n due trong long Nguyen A i Quoc long yeu nuoc non nang va quyet tarn ra d i t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc, cuu dan

Qua nhieu nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai de tim d u o n g cuu nuoc, cuu dan Dau tien N g u o i den nuoc Phap roi di cac nuoc A, Phi, M i Latinh Den nam 1917, khi Cach mang thang M u o i Nga thang Igi, N g u o i t u Luan Don (Anh) ve Pari (Phap) de nghien cuu, hgc tap Cach mang thang M u o i Nga

Ngay 18 - 6 - 1919, thay mat nhung nguoi Viet N a m yeu nuoc tai Phap,

N g u o i giri den H o i nghj Vecxai Ban i/cn sdch cua nhan dan An Nam Ban yeu

sach doi Chinh phii Phap va cac nuoc dong m i n h thua nhan cac quyen t u do, dan chu va quyen binh dang ciia nhan dan A n N a m

Thang 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc dgc ban Sa thdo Ian Ihu nhat luan citang ve

van dedan toe thuoc dia cua V I Lenin dang tren bao Nhan dao ciia Dang Xa hgi

Phap Luan cuong ciia Lenin da giiip Nguyen Ai Quoc kh^ng d j n h muon cuu nuoc va giai phong dan tgc la phai di theo con d u o n g each mang vd san

I Thang 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc tham d u Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc ciia

b a n g xa hoi Phap tai thanh pho Tua N g u o i da d u n g ve phia da so dgi bieu bo

3St duOn^ HSG L/ch Si} 12 - Tha Truofig Ngpc Thai

phieu tan thanh gia nhap Quoc teCpng san va thanh lap Dang Cong san Phap

Den day Nguyen Quoc Quoc da the hi^n hanh dpng cua minh la quye't tarn di

theo con duang each mang v6 san Sau do, Nguyen Ai Quoc cang ti'ch cue ho^t

dpng va tie'p tuc hoc tap, nghien cuu If luan ve con duong each mang thuoe dja

de truyen ba vao Vi?t Nam

* Nhan dinh ve con duong tim chan l i ciia Nguyen A i Quoc

Cac bac tien boi ma tieu bieu la Phan Boi Chau da chon con duong cihi

nuac do la di sang phuong Dong chii yeu la Nhat, vi a do da tung dien ra cupc

cai each Minh Trj 1868 lam cho Nhat thoat khoi so phan mot nuoc thuoe dja; vi

Nhat da danh bai de quoc Nga trong cupe chien tranh Nga - Nhat (1904 -1905)

va Nhat eon la nuoc "dong van dong chiing" vai Vift Nam Doi tupng ciia

Phan Bpi Chau gap go la nhung chinh khach Nhat de xin hp giiip Viet Nam

danh Phap Phuong phap ciia cu la van dong, to chue giai cap, cung cac tang

lop tren de huy dpng luc lupng da'u tranh bao dong

Con Nguyen Ai Quoc lua chpn huong di sang phuong Tay, noi dupe m?nh

danh eo tu tuong tu do, binh dang bac ai, c6 khoa hoc ki thuat, eo nen van

minh phat trien Cach di ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc la di vao tat ca cac giai cap, tang

lop, di vao phong trao quan chiing giac ngp, doan ket hp dung len dau tranh

gianh doe lap that su, bang sue manh ciia minh la chinh Nguoi luon de cao

hpc tap, nghien ciiu li luan va kinh nghi^m each mang moi nhat ciia thoi dai de

tren eo so do bat gap chan li Cach mang thang Muoi Nga Day la con duong

cuu nuoc duy nhat diing dan doi voi dan toe ta, cCing nhu doi vol cac dan tpc

thupc dja va phu thupc khac, vi no phu hop voi su phat trien cua Ijeh su

2 Hoat dpng ciia Nguyen A i Quoc ve vi^c chuan bi ve chinh tri, tu tuong va

to chuc cho s\ ra doi chinh dang v6 san o Vi?t Nam

Sau khi tie'p nhan chii nghla Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong ciru nuoc diing

dan, Nguyen Ai Quoc tich cue hoat dpng nhSm truyen ba chii nghla Mac

-Lenin vao trong nuoc Qua trinh nay trai qua cac thai ki sau :

* Thai ki a Phap (1920 - 1923)

Nguyen Ai Quoc tich cue hoat dpng trong phong trao cong nhan Phap,

tranh thii su ling hp ciia giai cap cong nhan Phap doi voi Vif t Nam

Nguoi tham gia Hpi "Nhirng nguoi yeu nuoc tai Phap" van dpng kieu bao

ling hp da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc

Nguoi cung mpt so nha yeu nuoc d cac thupc dja Phap, sang lap hpi "Lien

hi?p cac dan tpc thupc dja" (1921) de gay tinh doan ket giua each m^ng Vi?t

Nam voi each mang the gioi

CtyTNHHMTVC>)r/H Khang Vi^

Nguoi tham gia xay dung bao "Le Pa-ria" "Nguoi ciing kho" vao nam 1922 Nguoi con vie't nhieu bai dang tren bdo "Nhan dao", "Doi song cong nhan"

Tieu bieu nhat la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phap

Nhirng sach bao do Nguoi viet, mpt mat to cao tpi ac ciia bpn de quoc, nhat

la de quoc Phap 6 Dong Duong; mat khae khich 1^ long yeu nuoc cho dong bao, tuyen truyen chii nghla Mae - Lenin van dpng quan chiing da'u tranh

* Thai ki a Lien Xo (1923 - 1924)

Giua 1923, Nguyen A i Quoc bi m|t roi Phap sang Lien X6 du hpi nghj Quoc

te nong dan (10-1923) Sau do, Nguoi o Lien X6 mpt thoi gian ngan de hoat dpng trong Quoc te Cpng san, hpc tap them ve ly luan ciia chii nghla Mac - Lenin va thuc tien ve Cach mang thang Muoi Nga

Trong thoi gian nay, Nguoi vie't nhieu bai dang tren bao " Su that" Co quan

ngon luan ciia Dang Cpng san Lien X6, "Thu tin quoc te*' ca quan ngon luan

ciia Quoc te Cpng san

Thang 7 -1924, Nguoi du Dai hpi V ciia Quoc teCpng san va dpe tham luan tai Dai hpi, trinh bay quan diem ciia minh ve vi tri chien lupc eiia each mang thupc dja, moi quan h$ giiia phong trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de quoc voi phong trao each mang d cac nuoc thupc dja, ve vai tro va sue mgnh to Ion ciia giai cap nong dan o cac nuoc thupc dja

NhCrng hoat dpng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc trong thai gian nay chii yeu tren m|t

t r ^ tu tuong - chinh trj nham truyen ba chii nghla Mae - Lenin vao nuoc ta ' •

* Thai ki d Trung Quoc (1924 - 1927)

Thang 11 - 1924, Nguyen Ai Quoc tu Lien X6 ve Quang Chau (Trung Quoc)

de tap hop nhCrng nguoi yeu nuoc o Vi^t Nam, truyen ba, giao due cho hp chii nghla Mac - Lenin

Dau tien Nguoi tim hieu va cai to Tam Tarn xa thanh Hpi Vi#t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien (6-1925) Nguoi sang lap bao "Thanh nien" (1925) Cung voi nhieu nha each mang cac nuoc, Nguoi tham gia sang lap "Hpi lien hi?p cac dan tpc bi ap biic 6 A Dong" de gay tinh doan ket giua each mang cac nuoc trong khu vuc

Tai Quang Chau (Trung Quoc), Nguoi da mo nhieu lop huan luy^n va da dao tao dupe 75 can bp cho each mang Vi?t Nam Nhung bai giang ciia Nguoi

sau nay tap hop lai trong cuon Dif&ng kdch menh dupe xuat ban 6 Trung Quoc

vao nam 1927

Nhung hoat dpng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc da eo tac dung quye't djnh trong viee chuan bj ve chinh trj, tu tuong va to chue cho vi?c thanh l^p chinh dang :^.„.cua giai cap v6 san a Vi^t Nam

BSidLfdn^ H5G Lich eCr 12 - The TrLrong Ngpc Thai

3 Qua trinh chuyen bien ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc tir mpt chien si yeu nuoc tro

thanh mpt chien si cpng san

- TiV mot chiC'it s7 I/I'H nuvc:

Nguyen A i Quoc sinh ra va Ion len trong mot gia dinh nha nho ngheo, yeu

nuoc, tren que Huong giau truyen thong each mang Lon len trong hoan canh

nuoc mat nha tan, lai dugc chung kien cac cupc da'u tranh cua cac bac tien boi

bj that bai Tat ca da hun due trong long Nguyen A i Quoc long yeu nuoc nong

nan va quye't tam ra di tim d u o n g cuu nuoc, cuu dan

Qua nhieu nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai de tim duong cuu nuoc, cuu dan Dau

tien N g u o i den nuoc Phap roi di cac nuoc A, Phi, MT Latinh Den nam 1917,

khi Cach mang thang M u o i Nga thang Igi, N g u o i tir Luan Don (Anh) ve Pari

(Phap) de nghien cuu, hoc tap Cach mang thang M u o i Nga

Roi den ngay 18 - 6 - 1919, thay mat nhung nguoi Viet N a m yeu nuoc tai

Phap, N g u o i g u i den H o i nghi Vecxai Biiu yen sack cm nhan dan An Nam Ban

yeu sach doi Chinh phu Phap va cac nuoc dong minh thira nhan cac quyen t u

do, dan chu va quyen binh dang ciia nhan dan A n N a m

N h u vay, t u nam 1911 den dau 1920, la thoi ki Nguyen A i Quoc tro thanh

chien sT yeu nuoc

- Tra thanh mot chien si con^ san: qua trinh chuyen t u chien sT yeu nuoc tro

thanh chien sT cong dugc danh da'u b^ng thoi ki Nguyen A i Quoc den voi chii

nghia Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong ciiu nuoc dung d i n , do la con duong

each mang v6 san Nguyen A i Quoc quye't tam dua each mang Viet N a m d i

theo con d u o n g nay Dieu do dugc the hien:

Thang 7 nam 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc doc ban So thdo Ian thu nhat luan citang

vevan dc dan toe thuoc dia ciia V I Lenin dang tren bao Nhan dqo ciia Dang Xa

hgi Phap Luan cuong cua Lenin da giup Nguyen A i Quoc khSng djnh muon

ciiu nuoc va giai phong dan toe la phai di theo eon d u o n g each mang v6 san

Thang 12 - 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc tham dir Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc ciia

Dang Xa hgi Phap tai thanh phoTua N g u o i da d u n g ve phia da so dai bieu bo

phieu tan thanh gia nhap Quoc te'Cgng san va thanh lap Dang Cong san Phap

Den day Nguyen A i Quoc da the hien hanh dong ciia m i n h la quye't tam di

theo eon d u o n g each mang v6 san Sau do, Nguyen A i Quoc eang tich cue hoat

dgng va tiep tuc hgc tap, nghien ciiu li luan ve con d u o n g each mang thuoc dja

de truyen ba vao Viet N a m

Tir nam 1921 den nam 1923, Nguyen A i Quoc tiep tuc hoat dgng 6 Phap

N g u o i cung voi mot so nguoi yeu nuoc ciia Angieri, Maroe, T u y n i d i lap ra Hp;

Hen /ij'tT cac dan tgc thuoc dja 6 Pari de doan ket cac li,rc lugng each mane

Cty TNHH MTV PWI Khang Vift

chong chii nghla thuc dan Co quan ngon luan ciia H g i la bao N^itai cun^ kho

do N g u o i lam chu nhiem kiem chii biit Nguoi con vie't nhieu bai cho cac bao

Nhan dao (ciia Dang Cong san I'hap), dai son^ con^ nhan va dac biet la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phap Cac sach bao ncSi tren dugc bi mat chuyen ve Viet Nam

da gop phan thiic day phong trao dan tgc trong nuoc phat trien manh me hon

Tir nam 1923 den 1924, Nguyen A i Quoc hoat dgng 6 Lien X6 Tai day,

Ngutri d u Hoi n<^hi Quoc te'Non^ dan (thang 10 - 1923) va duge bau vao Ban

Chap hanh H g i N g u o i 6 lai Lien X6, viia nghien ciiu, hgc tap, vie't bai cho bao

Sif that ciia Dang Cong san Lien X6, tap chi Thw tin Quoc tecita Quoc te'Cgng

san Tai Dai hgi Quoc te'Cgng san Ian thir V (1924), Nguyen A i Quoc trinh bay

lap truong quan diem cua minh ve vj tri chien luge ciia each mang cac nuoc thuge dja, ve moi quan he giua phong trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de'quoe voi phong trao each mang 6 cac nuoc thuge dja

Tir nam 1924 den 1925, Nguyen A i Quoc hoat dgng 6 Quang Chau (Trung

Quoc) de true tiep dao tao can bg, xay d u n g to chiic each mang, truyen ba l i luan each mang giai phong dan tgc vao Viet N a m Thang 6 - 1925, tai Quang

Chau (Trung Quoc) Nguyen A i Quoc nhom hgp nhung thanh nien yeu nuoc

Vi^t N a m trong to ehiic Tam tam xa roi di den thanh lap H g i Vi^t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien de truyen ba chii nghla Mac - Lenin ve trong nuoc

N h u vay, Nguyen A i Quoc tim ra con duong ciiu nuoc dung dan, den cho

huong dan nhan dan ta thuc hien con duong each mang v6 san theo quan diem ciia ehii nghia Mae - Lenin Do chinh la thc7i ki Nguyen A i Quoc tro thanh chien sT cong san

4 N h i r n g cong hien cua Nguyen A i Quoc doi v o i each mang Vi?t Nam trong thai gian tii 1911 den 1930

Den voi chu nghla Mac - Lenin, tim ra con d u o n g ciiu nuoc dung din (ket

hgp dgc lap dan tgc voi chii nghia xa hgi, gan each mang Viet N a m voi each mang thc'gioi)

Chuan bi ve chinh trj t u tuong va to chue cho si^ thanh lap Dang Cgng san Vi^t N a m ngay 3 -2 - 1930

Chii tri H g i nghj hgp nhat ba to chiie cgng san de thanh lap Dang Cgng san Viet N a m

Viet va thong qua Cuong linh trj dau tien ciia Dang Xac djnh d u o n g 161 dung cho euge da'u tranh giai phong dan tgc, duoi su lanh dao ciia Dang

* Con^ hien to Ian nhat tron^; qua trinh hoat dou;^ cm N^^uyen Ai Quoc dcS la deh

voi chii nghia Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong eiru nuoc diing dan - con duong , each mang v6 san

BSi dLf&ng HSG Ljch Su 12 - The Tnrong Ngpc Thai

Sau m p t thoi gian bon ba 6 hai ngoai, N g u a i vua khao sat thuc tien each

mang cac nuoc vua d i t i m con d u o n g c u u nuoc cho dan t Q C V i ? t N a m Den

thang 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc doc so thao L u a n cuang ciia Lenin ve van de

dan toe va thuoc dia Den day N g u o i da t i m ra con d u o n g c u u nuoc d u n g dan

cho dan toe V i ^ t N a m , do la eon d u o n g each mang v 6 san N g u o i quye't tarn

d u a each m a n g Viet N a m d i theo con d u o n g nay N g u o i khang djnh: " M u o n

cuu nude, m u o n giai phong dan tpc, khong c6 con d u o n g nao khae eon d u o n g

each mang v 6 san" i

T u viec t i m ra con d u o n g c u u nuoc d u n g dan va xac d j n h each m a n g Viet

N a m phai d i theo con d u o n g each mang v 6 san de roi N g u y e n A i Quoc tiep

tyc hoat d o n g truyen ba eon d u o n g nay vao Vi?t N a m , tren co so do chuan bi

ve t u t u o n g chinh t n va to chuc cho su thanh lap Dang, roi tien den thanh lap

Dang Cong san Viet N a m de lanh dao each mang Viet N a m d i d u n g quy d^o

ciia eupc each mang v 6 san

N h u vay, vi^c t i m ra eon d u o n g each mang d u n g dan no eo tac d u n g quye't

d j n h doi v o i thang \q'i eiia each mang V i ^ t N a m C h i n h v i the^ day la eong hien

Ion nhat ciia N g u y e n A i Quoc doi v o i dan toe V i ? t N a m trong qua t r i n h hoat

d p n g cuu nuoc ciia m i n h ,

6 Nhung npi dung co ban cua tac pham Dudttg kdch menh ciia Nguyen A i Quoc

Cach mang la su nghiep cua quan chiing gom sT, nong, cong, t h u a n g trong

do eong - nong la goe each mang con hpc tro, nha buon nho, dien chii nho la

bau ban cua eong - nong

Cach m a n g phai co dang theo chii nghla Mae - Lenin lanh dao Dang co

vung m o i thanh eong, cQng n h u n g u o i cam lai co v i m g thuyen m o i chay

Cach mang cua m o i nuoc la mot bp phan cua each m a n g quoc te Can phai

doan ket va tranh thii su g i i i p do ciia giai cap v 6 san va cac dan toe bj ap bue

tren the gioi, song truoe he't phai dua vao sue manh cua chinh m i n h

Cach m a n g giai phong dan toe la m p t bp phan ciia each m a n g thai dgi

-each mang v 6 san Cach mang dan tpc phai gan lien v o i giai phong nhan dan

lao dpng, giai phong giai cap eong nhan D o la su nghiep to Ion, lau dai Chi co

giai p h o n g giai cap v 6 san m o i giai phong dupe dan tpc Ca hai eupc each

mang nay la sy nghiep ciia chii nghla epng san va each m a n g the gioi

Sach neu ro m p i n g u o i phai dong tam, hif p luc, phai co to ehiic va p h u o n g

phap da'u tranh d i i n g de d a n h d o giai cap thong t r i c h i i k h o n g phai la am sat

ca nhan

Tac pham Ducmg kdch mcnh da v u trang l i luan each mang cho can bp ciia

H p i ^ i ( f t N a m Cach m^rig Thanh nien tuyen truyen vao giai cap cong nhan va

Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khan^ Vi^

cac tang l o p nhan dan Vi^t N a m , chuan bj kT ve t u t u o n g va to chiic cho vi#c

thanh lap Dang Cong san Viet N a m

IV SV" C H U Y E N H O A C U A P H O N G T R A O YEU N l / O C 6 V I E T N A M

T R O N G N H i ^ N G N A M C U O I T H E K Y X I X D A U T H E K i XX

N a m 1858, thuc dan Phap tan eong Da N3ng, m o dau eupc xam lupc nuoc

ta, trieu d i n h nha N g u y e n to ra bat luc truoc su xam lupc ciia thuc dan Phap, nhung nhan dan ta van kien tri da'u tranh anh dung, cho'ng xam lupc Nhieu sT phu yeu nuoc da nhan thiic ro, muon bao v^ To quoc phai danh ca "Trieu Ian Tay" Cupe da'u tranh ciia nhan dan ta 6 niia cuoi the k i XIX, tieu bieu la phong trao Can v u o n g c h i i n g to rang: y thiie doe lap dan tpc trong nhan dan la bat di?t n h u n g cuoi cung bj that bai do che'dp phong kien tro nen loi thoi V i f e ling hp mot ong vua, d u la ong vua yeu nuoc cung k h o n g the tap hpp dupe dong dao quan ehiing nhan dan chong Phap

Vao dau the k i XX, sau k h i binh d j n h xong ve quan su, thuc dan Phap tien hanh khai thae thupe dja nuoc ta, cupe khai thae nay da lam cho xa h p i Vi^t

N a m C O n h i i n g bie'n doi sau sac: ben canh cac giai cap cii n h u dja ehii phong

kien va nong dan van eon, gio day da xua't hi^n cac giai cap va tang lop m o i nhu t u san dan tpc, tieu t u san va eong nhan Su ehuyen bien sau sac ve k i n h te^ xa hpi da tao nen mpt tinh the m o i trong eupc da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc

Vi vay, each mang Viet N a m dau the'ki XX phai bao ham hai npi d u n g dan tpc

va dan chii, tiie la phai danh de'quoe, phong kien tay sai de giai p h o n g dan tpc, giai phong giai cap Yeu eau ciia ljch su Viet N a m dau the k i XX bao ham npi dung sau sac hon, bao t r u m hon cuoi the'ki XIX

H o n nii'a, vao dau the'ki XX, cupe each mang t u san 6 cac nuoc p h u o n g Tay phat trien manh me dan den su h i n h thanh chii nghla t u ban, roi chii nghla de quoc C u n g v o i s u phat trien do, phong trao da'u tranh ciia giai cap cong nhan

va nhan dan cac nuoc thupe dja phat trien manh me

NhCrng dieu kien trong nuoc va su tac dpng ciia the gioi lam xua't h i ^ n trao liru m o i trong vi^e xac d j n h con d u o n g ciiu nuoc khae con d u o n g phong kien truoc do N h i e u sT p h u yeu nuoc khong eon g i u o n g cao ngpn co quan chii ma

h u o n g ve cai each dan chii T u y nhien, tren con d u o n g c u u nuoc nay cung xua't hi?n nhieu m a u sMc, k h u y n h h u o n g khae nhau Con d u o n g eiiu nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau chii yeu lay p h u o n g thiic bao dpng vu trang de gianh dpc lap

Vi^c xac d j n h con d u o n g eiiu nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau co nhieu diem m o i , Hen bp h o n con d u o n g ciiu nuoc phong kien truoe do Phan nao phu hpp voi yeu cau m o i ciia t h o i d ^ i Song, con d u o n g eiiu nuoc eiia Phan Bpi Chau cung