Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi môn sử ( phần 2 )

Qua phong trao, quan chiing dupe giae mpt ve chinh trj, da tham gia Mat tran dan tpc thong nhat, tro thanh luc lupng chinh trj hung hau ciia each mang can bp duoc tap hop thanh dpi ngii

TUYỂN TẬP ĐỀ THI TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI MÔN LỊCH SỬ

each mang de pha hoai each mang, lua bjt quan chving, chia re hang ngu con,

nhan va Mat tran dan tpc thong nhat, pha hoai nhiing to ehuc va hogt dorij

cua Dang Cpng san Chiing dua ra khau l^nh khong phu hop, dan phong tra,,

den that bai Chung ho hao "lam each mang v6 san" de doi lap vol chu truorip

"chohg phat xit chong chien tranh", lap "Doan thanh nien cong san" thay cho

"Doan thanh nien dan chii", lap "Hgi cuu te" thay cho "Hoi Cuxi te'binh dan" v.v

Dang Cpng san Dong D u o n g da dau tranh kien quye't voi bpn toro'tkit Cupc

dau tranh do da giup quan chiing nhan ro bp mat that cua bpn tarotkit, kip thoj

ngan chan am m u u pha hoai cua chung

4 Ket qua va y nghia va bai hpc k i n h n g h i ^ m cua p h o n g trao

* Kei qua:

Cupc van dpng dan chu 1936 -1939 la mpt phong trao quan chung rpng Ion,

CO to chuc, d u a i su lanh dao cua Dang Cpng san Dong D u o n g

Bang sue manh doan ket cua quan chung, da bupc chinh quyen ciia thuc

dan phai nhuong bp mpt so'yeu sach cu the, truoc mat ve dan sinh, dan chii

Qua phong trao, quan chiing dupe giae mpt ve chinh trj, da tham gia MSt

tran dan tpc thong nhat, tro thanh luc lupng chinh trj hung hau cua each mang;

can bp dupe tap hop thanh dpi ngu dong dao va truong thanh

* Y nghia:

Cupc van dpng dan chu 1936 - 1939 la mpt phong trao quan chiing rpng Ion,

CO to chuc, d u a i su lanh dao ciia Dang Cpng san Dong Duong

Bang sue manh doan ket ciia quan chiing, da bupc chinh quyen ciia thuc

dan phai nhuong bp mpt so'yeu sach cu the, truoc mat ve dan sinh, dan chii

Qua phong trao, quan chiing dupe giae mpt ve chinh trj, da tham gia Mat

tran dan tpc thong nhat, tro thanh luc lupng chinh trj hung hau ciia each mang

can bp duoc tap hop thanh dpi ngii dong dao va truong thanh

* Bai hoc kinh nghiem:

Trong qua trinh dau tranh, Dang Cpng san Dong D u o n g tich liiy dupe

nhieu bai hpe kinh nghiem:

Bai hpe ve xay d u n g Mat tran thong nhat

Bai hpe ve to chuc, lanh dao quan chiing dau tranh cong khai, hpp phap

Bai hpe ve dau tranh t u tuong trong npi bp Dang va voi dang phai chinh trj

phan dpng

Dong thoi Dang thay dupe nhirng han che ciia minh trong cong tac mat

tran, van de dan tpc

Co the noi, phong trao dan chii 1936 - 1939 n h u cupc dien tap, chuan b| cho

cupc Tong khoi nghia thang Tam sau nay

iiong trao each mang 1936 - 1939 la cupc dien tap Ian thu hai chuan bj cho each mang thang Tam 1945

jsjeii n h u phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 da tao ra nhiing nhan to'ca ban

^am bao cho t h i n g Ipi Cach mang thang Tam thi phong trao 1936 - 1939 lai tiep boi bo va phat trien nhung nhan to do len mpt buoc moi cao hon Thong qua phong trao nay Dang da dupe truong thanh them ve t u tuong

to chuc Nen tang t u tuong ciia Dang la chii nghia Mae - Lenin cang ngay cang them tham nhuan trong t u tuong, hanh dpng ciia cac dang vien cpng san

Sn sau, toa rpng trong cac tang lop nhan dan Dang da xay d u n g va phat tri^'n dupe mpt dpi ngu can bp c6 nang luc va giau kinh nghiem, dong thoi phat trien them cae to chuc eo so, tang cuong mol day lien he voi quan chiing Qua phong trao, nghe thuat chi dao chien lupc each mang ciia Dang, trinh dp giae ngp ciia dang vien va uy tin ciia Dang nang len mpt buoc ro ret

Cung v o i su truong thanh ciia Dang, luc lupng each mang cung Ion manh khong ngung Qua thuc tien dau tranh Dang da xay d u n g mpt dpi quan chinh

trj hiing hau gom hang trieu nguoi a ca thanh thj va nong thon, tap hpp trong

mpt mat tran dan tpc thong nhat rpng rai Cung qua dau tranh ma quan chiing each mang dupe toi luy^n va t h u thach day dan

Phong trao each mang 1936 -1939 con de lai nhieu bai hpe kinh n g h i f m quy gia cho giai doan each mang sau Do la bai hpe ve to chuc, tap hop quan chiing dau tranh; Bai hpe ve su dung hinh thuc va phuong phap dau tranh phong phii

Phong trao each mang 1936 -1939 da chuan bj nhiiTig dieu kien can thie't de

dua Dang va quan chiing each mang buoc vao thoi ki dau tranh true tiep gianh

chinh quyen V i vay, day la cupc dien tap Ian t h u hai chuan bj cho Cach mang

Ve n h i ^ m v u chinh trj: Chong bpn phan dpng thupe dja va tay sai doi cac luyen ty do, dan chu, com ao, hoa binh

Ve hinh thuc to chuc quan chiing: Tap hpp quan chiing trong Mat tran, da loi

^ lye lupng chinh trj ciia quan chiing hang trieu nguoi dung ve phia each mang

I Ve cong tac Mat tran: Truoc tien thanh lap Mat tran nhan dan thong nhat

de'Dong D u o n g den 3 - 1938 doi thanh Mat tran dan chii Dong D u o n g

phu hpp voi mue tieu dau tranh

7 So sanh t h a i k i each mging nam 1930 - 1931 v a i thai k i nam 1936 - 1939

phong kien tay sal ciia Phap

Khong phai la thyc da^

Phap noi chung ma la bpj^

phan dpng thupc dja va tay

sai cua chiing

N h i ? m v y Chong de quoc Phap de

gianh dpc lap dan tpc, chong phong kien de gianh rupng dat cho dan cay

Chong phat xit, chong chie'ji tranh, chong bpn phan dprig

va tay sai ciia chiing de doj

t u do, dan chu, com ao, hoa binh

M a t tran Chi thanh lap H p i phan

de nhimg chua hoat dpng

M a t tran thong nhat nhan dan phan de Dong Duong, sau doi thanh Mat tr$n Dan chii Dong D u o n g

Ket qua dat dupe The hi$n vai tro lanh dao

ciia Dang Thuc hi?n lien

m i n h cong nong

La cupc dien tap dau tien cho Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945

Tap hpp dupe mpt luc lupng chinh trj ciia quan chiing dong dao Su dyng nhieu hinh thiic dau tranh phong phii

La cupc dien tap Ian t h u hai cho Cach mang thang Tarn

N h ^ n xet So voi thoi ki 1930 - 1931, chii truong sach lupc, chie'n

lupc va hinh thiic dau tranh trong thoi k i 1936 - 1939 c6 net khac nhau Dac bi?t la su thanh lap Mat t r ^ n nhan dan de doan ket cac lyc lupng dan chii, chong Phap doi cac quyen t y do, dan chii, com ao, hoa binh

8 Phong trao dan chu 1936 - 1939 thu hut dupe dupe dong dko cic tang W

nhan dan tham gia va su dyng hinh thue dau tranh phong phu

* Phong trao thu hut dugc dong dao cac tang lap nhan dan: i

Sau thang cuol nam 1936, c6 361 cupc dau tranh, trong do c6 236 cupc

tranh ciia cong nhan Tieu bieu la cupc bai cong ngay 2 3 - 1 1 ciia cong nh^

H o n Gai, Cam Pha, M o n g Duong doi tang luong 25%

62

N 3 m 1937, c6 400 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan Tieu bieu la cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan xe lua N a m Dong D u o n g ngay 9 - 7 - 1937 va mo than Vang Danh ngay 28 - 9 - 1937 15 cupc dau tranh ciia nong dan doi giam to, giam tuc Tieu thuong 6 Ha N p i , Hai Phong, cac thanh pho va thj xa khac bai thj, doi giam thue'chp, thue hang

N a m 1938, c6 131 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan Tuy so l u p n g cupc dau tranh giam so v o i nam truoc, nhung chat lupng cao hon bieu h i f n 6 trinh dp giac ngp ciia quan chiing, khau hi^u dau tranh, su lien ket dau tranh giiia cac dja phuong

Dgc bi?t la cupc dau tranh ngay 1 - 5 - 1938 Lan dau tien, trong ngay Quoc

te Lao dpng, nhieu cupc to chiic mit tinh dupe cong khai 6 Ha N p i , Sai Gon va

nhieu noi khac, da thu hiit dong dao quan chiing tham gia

N a m 1939, phong trao dau tranh trong 3 thang dau nam bi giam siit Tir thang 4 phong trao len dan va dat toi dinh cao vao thang 6 Phong trao tap trung 6 nhung trung tam cong nghi^p Ion n h u Ha N p i , H a i Phong, Sai Gon, Chp Lon

* Sit dung hinh thiec dau tranh phong phu:

L p i d y n g kha nMng dau tranh cong khai, hpp phap, ban cong khai, ban hpp

phap nen phong trao dan chii 1936 - 1939 sii d y n g nhieu hinh thiic dau tranh

phong phii:

Van dpng, to chiic quan chiing hpi hpp, thao ra ban "dan n g u y ^ n " gui den phai doan ciia Phap sang dieu tra tinh hinh Dong D u o n g

Bai cong, bai thj, bai khoa ciia cong nhan va cac tang lop lao dpng khac

M i t tinh, bieu tinh doi cac quyen dan sinh, dan chii

Dau tranh tren llnh v y c nghi truong, ITnh vuc bao chi

III P H O N G T R A O G I A I P H O N G D A N T Q C 1939 -1945

11 T i n h h i n h chinh trj, k i n h te - xa h p i nude ta trong n h u n g nam 1939 -1945

a Tinh hinh chinh trj:

Ngay 1 - 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the gioi t h i i hai bung no Ngay 3 - 9 -1939,

Phap va A n h tuyen chien v o i Diic Sau khi tham chien, Chinh phii Phap thyc hi^n chinh sach thii djch doi voi cac lyc lupng tien bp trong nuoc va phong

trao each mang 6 cac thupc dja

Thang 6 - 1940, Phap dau hang Due 6 Dong Duong, chinh quyen m o i ciia

Phap thyc hi?n mpt logt chinh sach v o vet sue nguoi, sue ciia eiia Vi^t N a m doc vao cupc chien tranh

Cuol thang 9 - 1940, quan Nhat v u p t bien gioi Vi?t - Trung vao mien B^c

Vi?t Nam Quan Phap nhanh chong dau hang Phat xit Nhat g i i i nguyen bp

63

may thong trj ciia thuc dan Phap, dung no deboc Ipt kinh tephuc vu cho nhu

cau chien tranh va dan ap phong trao each mang Viet N a m bj dat d u a i ach

thong trj ciia Nhat - Phap

6 Viet N a m liic nay khong chi c6 nhirng dang phai than Phap ma ca nhung

dang phai than Nhat, n h u Dai Viet, Phuc Quoc

Thang 6 - 1 9 4 1 , Due tan cong Lien X6 Cuoc chien dau ciia nhan dan Lien X6

trong cuoc chien tranh v$ quoc da c6 vu manh me phong trao each mang Vi?t Nam

b Tinh hinh chinh tri, kinh te- xa hoi:

* Kinh te:

Thyc dan Phap thi hanh chinh sach "Kinh te chi huy" Chiing tang muc thue

cia, dat them muc thue moi dong thoi lam sa thai bot cong nhan, vien chue,

giam tien luong, tang gio lam Chung kiem soat gat gao san xuat va phan

pho'i, an djnh gia ca

Khi Nhat va Dong Duong, Phap buoc phai de cho Nhat su d u n g phuong

ti^n giao thong kiem soat he thong duang sk va cac tau bien Nhat con bat

chinh quyen thuc dan Phap hMng nam nop cho chiing khoan tien Ion

Quan Nhat eon cuap rupng dat ciia nong dan, bMt nong dan nho lua, ngo de

trong day, thau dau phuc v u cho nhu cau chien tranh

Nhat yeu cau chinh quyen thuc dan Phap xua't cang cac nguyen lieu, chien

luge sang Nhat v o i gia re so voi gia ciia thi truong t h e g i d i n h u than, sat, cao

su, xi mang v.v

M o t so cong ti ciia Nhat dau t u vao n h i i n g nganh phuc v u cho nhu cau

quan su n h u khai thac manggan, sat 6 Thai Nguyen, phot phat 6 Lao Cai, crom

6 Thanh Hoa

*Xahgi:

Chinh sach vo vet boc lot ciia Phap - Nhat da day nhan dan ta toi cho ciing cue

Hau qua la cuoi nam 1944 den nam 1945 eo toi 2 tri^u dong bao ta ehet doi

Tat ca cac giai cap, tang lop xa hoi 6 nuoc ta, t r u bpn tay sai de quoc, dai dja

chu t u san mai ban, deu bi anh huong boi chinh sach boc lot ciia Phap - Nhat

Cong nhan bj boc Ipt nang nem phai lam viec t u 10 den 12 gio/ngay, tien

luang giam, gia ca sinh hoat dat do

N o n g dan phai chju suu cao, thue nang, phai d i linh, d i phu, bi euong buc

nho Ilia trong day, thau dau

Tieu t u san tri thuc, vien chue mat vi^e lam hoac bj giam luong; tieu thuong

ban e'hang, nhieu tieu chii phai ngung san xuat

T u san dan tpc vira bj chinh sach "Kinh techi huy" lam cho pha san, vita hi

thi?t hai ve sue mua eiia nhan dan giam siit

64

Oin chii vun va nho bj thiet hai va bj pha san v i chien tranh, do phai npp thoc ta, chju thuc cao

l^hfmg him chuyen do ciia tinh hinh thegidi va trong nude dat ra cho Dang ta phai

nam bat kjp thai tmh hinh c6 ddnh gia chinh xac, dera duang lot dau tranh phii hap

2 N h u n g chuyen bien cua tinh h i n h the g i o i trong n h i i t i g nam dau cuQC Chien tranh the g i o i t h u hai H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Dang thang 11 -1939

a Nhihtg chuyen bien cua tinh hinh the giai

Ngay 1 - 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai biing no Ngay 3 - 9 - 1939, phap tuyen chien v o i Due Sau khi tham chien, Chinh phii Phap thi^c h i f n chinh sach thu dich doi voi cac luc lupng tien bp trong nuoc va phong trao

each mang a cac thupe dja

Thang 6 - 1940, Phap dau hang Due 6 Dong Duong, chinh quyen m a i ciia Phap thyc hien mot loat chinh sach v a vet sue nguai, sue eiia ciia Vi^t N a m doc vao ciipe chien tranh

Thang 6 - 1941, Due tan cong Lien X6 Cuoc chien dau ciia nhan dan Lien X6 trong eupc chien tranh v? quoc da eo via manh me phong trao each mang Vi^t N a m

N h t i n g bien chuyen do ciia tinh hinh the gioi va trong nuoc dat ra cho Dang

ta phai nam b i t kip thai tinh hinh c6 danh gia chinh xac, de ra duong 161 dau

tranh phix hop

b Hoi nghi Trung uang Dang thang 11 -1939

Thnng 11 -1939, H p i nghi Ban Chap hanh Trung uang Dang trieu tap tai Ba Diem (Hoe M o n - Gia Djnh) do Tong bi t h u Nguyen Van C u chii t r i Sau khi phan tich tinh chat eiia eupc Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai, nhan dinh ve tinh hinh the giai va Dong Duong, H p i nghi xac dinh muc tieu chien lupc trudc mat ciia each mang Dong D u o n g la danh do de quoc va tay sai, giai phong cac

dm tpc Don g D u o n g , lam cho Don g D u o n g hoan toan dpe lap

L H p i nghj chii truong tarn gac khau hi^u each mang rupng dat va de ra khau hi^u tjeh thu rupng dat ciia dequoe va dja chii phan bpi quyen Ipi ciia dan tpc, chong to cao, lai nang Khau hi#u lap chinh quyen X6 viet cong, nong, binh

,i4upc thay the bSng khau hi?u lap chinh quyen dan chii epng hoa

li' Ve phuong phap each mang, chuyen t u dau tranh doi dan sinh, dan chii sang dau tranh danh do chinh quyen ciia de quoc va tay sai; t u hoat dpng hpp phap, nua hpp phap sang ho?t dpng bi mat, bat hpp phap , j, ;

Dang chii chuang thanh lap Mat tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong thay cho M a t tran dan chii Dong Duong

Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung uang Dang Ian thdng 11 — 1939 "ddnh dau buac

chuyen huang quan trgng vechi dqo chien luge", thehien su nhqy ben vechinh tri vd

nang luc sang tqo cua Dang

3 Van de nhi?m v\ va Ivrc lug^ng each mang duqrc giai quyet trong Cuong

Ilnh chinh tri dau tien ciia Dang, trong Luan cuoiig chinh tri thang 10 - 1930

va trong Hpi nghj Trung uo«g Dang thang 11 -1939

* Van denhi^m vu each mang:

- Trong Cuang Itnh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang:

Nguyen A i Quoc chii trucmg dat nhi^m vy giai phong dan toe len tren

nhi?m vy giai phong giai cap Cuong llnh neu ro: Nhi?m vu ciia each mang

Vi?t Nam la danh do de quoc Phap, bpn phong kien va phan each mang lam

cho nuoc Vi?t Nam dpc lap, tu do

- Trong Luan cuang chinh tri thdng 10 -1930:

Xac djnh nhi^m vy danh phong kien truoc danh de quoc sau Luan cucmg

neu ro: Nhi^m vy ciia each mang la danh do phong kien va danh do de quoc,

hai nhi?m vy nay c6 quan h$ voi nhau

- Trong Hoi nghi Trung ucmg Dang thdng 11- 1939:

Truoc nhirng bien doi ciia tinh hinh the' gioi va trong nuoc, nhat la khi

Chien tranh the giai Ian thii hai bung no, thuc dan Phap tang cuang dan ap,

boc Ipt nhan dan Dong Duong, roi sau do, Nhat nhay vao Dong Duong cau

ket voi Phap dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta Tmh hinh do Dang ta trif u tap Hpi

nghj thang 11 - 1939, chii truong giuong cao ngpn ca giai phong dan tpc, d|t

rthi^m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va cap thie't

Nhu v^y, so voi Cuong llnh chinh trj dau tien ciia Dang va chii tnrang ciia Hpi

nghj Trung uang Dang thang 11 - 1939, thi Luan cuong chinh trj thang 10 - 1030

con han che do la: chua neu dupe mau thuan chii yeu eiia xa hpi Dong Duong,

khong dua ngpn ca dan tpc len hang dau ma nang ve dau tranh giai cap va

each mang rupng dat

* Van de luc lugng each mang:

- Trong Cucmg llnh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang:

Xac djnh luc lupng each mang la cong nhan, nong dan, tieu tu san, tri thuc

Doi voi phii nong, trung tieu dja chii va tu ban thi Ipi dung hoae trung lap,

dong thai phai lien h? vai cac dan tpc bj ap biie va v6 san the gioi

- Trong Luan cucmg chinh tri thdng 10 -1930:

Xac djnh lye lupng each mang la giai cap v6 san va nong dan

66

- Trong Hpi nghi Trung uang Dang thdng 11 - 1939:

Xac dinh luc lupng each mang la toan the dan tpc Vi^t Nam Hpi nghj chii truong thanh lap M|it tran thong nhat dan tpc Phan de Dong Duong de tap hpp mpi lupng ciia dan tpc vao nhi^m vu chii yeu la chong chien tranh de quoc va ach thong tri phat xit thupe dia r Nhu vay, ve luc lupng each mang, so voi Cuang llnh chinh tri dau tien ciia

Dang va chii truong ciia Hpi nghj Trung uang thang 11 - 1939, thi Luan cuong cung mSc sai lam do la: danh gia khong diing kha nang each mang ciia tang

\cfp tieu tu san, kha nang chong dequoc va phong kien 6 miic dp nhat dinh ciia giai cap tu san dan tpc, kha nang loi keo mot bp phan trung, tieu dja chii tham gia mat tran dan tpc thong nhat chong dequoc va tay sai

4 Nguyen nhan, dien bien, nguyen nhan that bai, y nghia lich su ciia Khoi

nghia Bhc Son, Khoi nghia Nam K i va Binh bien Do Luong

* Cuoc khai nghia Bac San (27-9- 1940) -Nguyen nhan:

Ngay 22 - 9 - 1940, quan Nhat vupt qua bien gioi Vi^t - Trung, danh chiem Lang Son, nem bom Hai Phong, do bp len Do San

6 Lang Son, quan Phap bj ton that nang ne So Ion quan Phap dau hang, so con l^i riit chay ve Thai Nguyen qua duong Bae San

- Dien bien:

Dem ngay 27 - 9 - 1940, nhan dan Bae Son duoi sy lanh dao ciia Dang bp dja phuong da noi day danh quan Phap, chiem don Mo Nhai Ngyy quyen 6 Bac Son tan ra Nhan dan lam chii chau Ij va cac viing Ian can Dpi du kich BMc Son dupe thanh lap

Tuy Phap va Nhat mau thuan vai nhau, nhung deu hoang sp truoc lyc lupng each mang, da nhanh chong cau ket lai May hom sau Nhat tha tu binh Phap va cho quan Phap tro lai dong cac don bo't 6 Lang Son Thye dan Phap tien hanh khiing bo phong trao each mang Bac San Chiing dot pha lang ban, don lang, tap trung dan, bat giet nhung nguoi tham gia khoi nghia

- y nghia vd bai hoc kinh nghiem cua khai nghia Bdc San:

No ma dau cho phong trao dau tranh giai phong dan tpc sau khi c6 chii truong ehuyen huong dau tranh eiia Dang

Khai nghia BSc San giiip Dang ta nit ra nhirng bai hpc quy bau ve khoi nghia vii trang, chpn thai co, quyet tam gianh thSng Ipi

* CMOCkhai nghia Nam Ki(23-ll-1940)

- Nguyen nhan:

Thang 11 - 1940, xay ra cupc xung dpt giiia thye dan Phap va Xiem (Thai

Lan) Chinh quyen thye dan Phap bit thanh nien Vi?t Nam va Cao Mien di

67

lam bia do dan Nhan dan N a m K i va binh linh dau tranh khong dua linh ra

m|t tran

Trong boi canh do, X u uy N a m Ki chuan bj phat dong nhan dan khai nghia

va cu dai bieu ra Bac xin chi thj cua Trung uong

.-,Dien bien:

Cupc khoi nghia no ra vao dem rang sang 23 - 11 - 1940 K h o i nghia biing

no t u mien Dong den mien Tay N a m Bp; Bien Hoa, Gia D i n h , Chp Lan, Tan

A n , Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Can Tho, Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, \ Tho, Vinh

Long Chinh quyen each mang da thanh lap 6 nhieu noi T u trong khoi nghia,

lan dau tien xuat h i ^ n c6 do sao vang

Do ke hoach bj Ip, thuc dan Phap da kjp thoi doi pho Chung cho may bay

nem bom tan sat nhan dan nhirng vung noi day, bat nhieu ngudi

Luc lupng nghia quan con lai phai riit ve Dong Thap va U M i n h de cung co

lyc lupng

- y nghia:

Cupc khoi nghia N a m K i chung to tinh than yeu nuoc ciia cac tang lop

nhan dan V i ^ t N a m , san sang d u n g len chie'u dau chong quan thu

* Cmc binh bien Do Luffng (13-1- 941)

- Nguyen nhan:

Trong khi thyc dan Phap khiing bo du dpi nhCrng nguoi tham gia khoi

nghia N a m K i , tai mien Trung nhirng binh linh nguoi Viet trong quan dpi

Phap da lam binh bien, chong lai vi^c Phap dua binh linh nguoi V i ^ t sang Lao

danh nhau v o i quan Thai Lan

- Dien bien:

Ngay 13 - 1 -1941, binh linh don Chp Rang (Ngh^ A n ) d u o i su chi huy aia

D p i Cung (Nguyen Van Cung) da noi day Toi hom do, hp da danh chiem don

Do L u o n g roi len 6 to tien ve Vinh de phoi hpp vdi binh linh 6 day chiem

thanh N h u n g ke hogch khong thuc hi^n dupe Quan Phap da kjp thoi doi pho

Horn sau, loan bp binh linh tham gia noi day bi bat Ngay 11 - 2 - 1941, D p i

Cung bj sa vao tay giac

Ngay 24 - 4 - 1941, thyc dan Phap x u ban Dpi Cung cung 10 dong chi ciia

ong Nhieu nguoi khac bj ket an kho sai dua di day

- Y nghia: The hi^n tinh than yeu nuoc va y thuc dan tpc cua binh linh nguoi

Vi^t trong quan dpi Phap

- Nguyen nhan that bqi:

Cupc khoi nghia Bac Son, N a m K i va cupc binh bien Do L u a n g cuol cung bj

that bai, do thuc dan Phap luc do con m^nh, khoi nghia no ra chua chin muoi,

chua d u n g thoi co

68

Cty TNHH MTVP^'H Khang Vift

- Y nghia cua ba su kien tren:

N o i len long yeu nuoc nong nan, the hi§n tinh than dau tranh bat khuat v i (Jpc lap t v do ciia dan tpc ta

Giang mot don chi t u vao thuc Phap, canh cao nghiem khac phat xit Nhat vua m o i dat chan len dat nuoc ta "Do la nhCrng tien sung bao hi^u ciia cupc khoi nghia toan quoc"

De Igi cho each mang nhieu bai hpc kinh nghiem qui gia, nhat bai hpc ve

thoi CO khoi nghia Rieng khoi nghia Bac Son de lai cho each mang dpi du kich

Bac Son, khoi nghia N a m K i de lai cho each mang la co do sao vang nam canh, sau nay tro thanh Quoc ki - mpt bieu tupng thieng lieng ciia dat nuoc

N h u vay, trong thoi gian 3 thang, 3 cupc noi day noi tie'p no ra a 3 mien dat nuoc, do nhieu tang lop nhan dan va binh linh tham gia da neu cao tinh than bat khuat ciia dan tpc Cac cupc noi day da that bai v i dieu k i f n chua chin uoi, nhung "Do la nhiing tien siing bao hieu cho cupc khoi nghia toan quoc,

la buoc dau dau tranh bang vu luc ciia cac dan tpc Dong Duong"

T i n h h i n h the g i o i , trong nuoc n h u n g nam 1940 - 1941 H p i n g h i lan t h u 8

an Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g (5 - 1941) Tarn quan trpng ciia H p i n g h i T r u n g

t, van m?nh cac dan tpc Dong Duong nguy vong hon bao gio het

Nhan dan Dong D u o n g ngay cang each mang hoa, nhieu cupc dau tranh da

- ra, tieu bieu la cupc khoi nghia Bac Son (9 -1940) N a m K i (11 -1940) va cupc inh bien Do L u o n g (1 -1941)

Truoc tinh hinh the gioi va trong nuoc ngay cang khan truong, ngay 28 - 1 -1941 guyen A i Quoc ve nuoc va trieu tap H p i nghi Trung uong Dang lan t h u VIII, ipp tir ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1941 t^i PSc Bo (Cao Bang) chu truong d?t n h i ^ m

V giai phong dan tpc len tren het '

b Hgi nghi Idn thu 8 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong (5 - 1941)

Ngay 28 - 1 - 1941, Nguyen A i Quo'c ve nuoc true tiep lanh dao each mang

Sau mQt thai gian chuan bj, N g u o i trieu tap va chu tri H o i nghi T r u n g u o n g

Ian t h u 8 tai Pac Bo (Ha Quang - Cao Bang) t u ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1941 Nghj

quyet H p i nghi neu ro:

N h i e m v u chu yeu truoc mat ciia each mang la giai phong dan tpc

Tam gac khau hi^u each mang ruong da't, neu khau hieu giam to, giam tue,

chia lai rupng dat cong, tien toi thue hien nguoi cay c6 ruong

Chu t r u o n g thanh lap Chinh phu nhan dan Thay ten cac H p i Phan de

thanh H p i C u u quoc, thanh lap Vi?t N a m doc lap dong m i n h gpi tat la Viet

M i n h thay cho M a t tran thong nhat dan toe phan de'Dong D u o n g va giiip do

vi^c lap mat tran 6 cac nude Lao, Campuchia

Xae d j n h h i n h thai cupe khoi nghla o nuoc ta la d i t u k h o i nghTa t u n g phan

tien len tong khoi nghla va ket luan: chuan bj khoi nghla v u trang la nhi^m vu

trung tam cua toan Dang, toan dan trong giai doan hi^n tai

Chinh thuc dupe bau ra Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g m o i , bau T r u o n g

Chinh lam Tong Bi t h u

H p i nghj Ian t h u 8 cua Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g da hoan chinh

chu t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g dau tranh dupe de ra t u hpi nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian

t h u 6 (11 - 1939), nham giai quyet mue tieu so 1 cua each mang la doe lap dan

tpc va de ra nhieu ehti t r u o n g sang tao thue hi|n mue tieu ay

H p i nghj T r u n g Ian t h u 8 c6 y nghla Ijch su to Ion - da hoan chinh vi^c

chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien lupc each mang eiia Dang de ra t u H p i nghj Trung

u o n g Ian t h i i 6 (11 - 1939) Kien quyet giuong cao hon nixa ngpn c6 giai phong

dan tpc, dat nhi^m v u giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va cap thiet hon bao

gio het Giai quyet diing d i n moi quan h f gii>a hai nhi?m v y chien lupc chohg

de quo'c va phong kien De ra phuong phap each mang cu the: tich cue chuain

bj lyc l u p n g de khoi nghla v u trang gianh chinh quyen, d i t u khoi nghla t i m g

phan tien len Tong khoi nghla

c Tam quan trgng cua Hgi nghi Trung uong Idn thii 8

Dpng vien toan Dang, toan dan tich cue chuan bj tien toi Cach mang thang Tam

V o i chu t r u o n g eiia H p i nghj Mat tran Viet M i n h ra d o i , qua do Dang xay

d u n g dupe khoi doan ket toan dan viing chac Tiep do luc l u p n g v u trang Ian

lupt ra d o i , can c u dia each mang thanh lap, phong trao dau tranh phat trien

manh me chuan bi tien toi Tong khoi nghla trong toan quoc

Cty TNHH MTVP'/V' < Kh.ing

6, Chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien lupc cua Dang tvr Hpi nghi Trung ifong thang 11 - 1939 den Hpi nghi Trung uong 8 (5 - 1941) V a i tro cua Ho Chi M i n h trong vi^c hoan chinh chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien Iif^^c cua Dang va chuan bi tien toi khoi nghia vii trang gianh chinh quyen

a Chu truong chuyen huong chi dao chien luge:

Truoc nhijng bien chuyen eiia tinh hinh the gioi va trong nuoc, thang 11 -1939, Dang hpp H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 6, de ra ehii truong: t »v'tf

H p i nghj xae d i n h muc tieu chien lupc truoc mat ciia each mang Dong Duong la danh do de quo'c va tay sai, giai phong cac dan tpc D o n g Duong, lam cho Dong D u o n g hoan toan doe lap

H p i nghi chii t r u o n g tam gac khau hieu each mang ruong da't va de ra khau hi?u tjch thu rupng da't cua de'quoc va dja chu phan bpi quyen Ipi cua dan tpc, cho'ng to cao, lai nang Khau hieu lap chinh quyen X6 viet cong, nong, binh dupe thay the'bang khau hi^u lap chinh quyen dan chii cong hoa • '' ''

Ve p h u o n g phap each mang, chuyen t u dau tranh doi dan sinh, dan chii sang da'u tranh danh do chinh quyen ciia de'quoc va tay sai; t u boat dpng hpp phap, niia hpp phap sang hoat dpng bi mat, bat hpp phap

Dang ehii chuong thanh lap Mat tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong thay cho Mat tran dan chii Dong D u o n g

Nghi quyei Hoi nghi Trung uong Dang Ian thang 11- 1939 "danh dau buac chuyen hu&ng quan trgng vechi dao chien luge", the hien su nhqy ben ve chinh tri va nang luc sang tqo cua Dang

Ngay 2 8 - 1 - 1941, Nguyen A i Quoc ve nude tryc tiep lanh dao each m^ng

Sau mpt thdi gian chuan bj, N g u o i tri^u tap va ehii trj H p i nghi T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 tai Pie Bd (Ha Quang - Cao Bang) t u ngay 10 den 19 - 5 -1941 Nghj quyet H p i nghj neu ro:

N h i f m v u chii yeu trude mSt ciia each mang la giai phdng dan tpc

Tam gac khau hieu each mang rupng da't, neu khau hi^u giam to, giam tiic, chia lai rupng da't cong, tien tdi thuc hien nguoi cay cd rupng

Chii truong thanh lap Chinh phii nhan dan Thay ten cac H p i Phan de thanh H p i C i i u quo'c, thanh lap Viet N a m doe lap dong m i n h gpi tat la Vi^t

M i n h thay cho M a t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de'Dong D u o n g va giiip d o vi^c lap mat tran d cac nude Lao, Campuchia

Xae d j n h hinh thai cupe khdi nghTa d nude ta la d i t u khdi nghla t u n g phan

Hen len tong khdi nghTa va ket luan: chuan bj khdi nghTa v u trang la nhi?m vy

trung tam ciia toan Dang, toan dan trong giai dogn hi?n tai

Chinh thuc duoc bau ra Ban Chap hanh T r u n g irang m o i , bau T r u o n g

Chinh lam Tong Bi t h u

Hoi nghi Ian thu 8 cua Ban Chap hanh Trung uvng Dang da hocin chinh chu

truang chuyen hif&ng dau tranh dugc dim tit hoi nghi Trung imng Ian thie 6 - 11

1939, nhhm gidi quyei muc tieu sol cua each mqng la doc lap dan toe va dera nhieu

chu trucmg sang tqo thuc hien muc tieu ay

b Vai trd cua Ho Chi Minh:

Sau 30 nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai, den ngay 28 - 1 - 1941 N g u y e n Ai Quoc ve

nuoc true tiep lanh dao each mang N g u o i da to chuc va chii tri H p i nghi

T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 tai P5c P6 (Cao B^ng) t u ngay 10 den 1 9 - 5 - 1 9 4 1

Tai H o i nghj nay, N g u y e n A i Quoc da chu t r u o n g hoan chinh chuyen

h u o n g chi dao chien luge dugc de ra trong H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 6

(11-1939) H g i nghi dat van de giai phong dan tgc len hang dau va cap thiet hon

bao gio he't

Quyet d i n h thanh lap M a t tran Viet M i n h de chuan bj tien tdi Tong khoi

nghia gianh chinh quyen trong toan quoc

Quyet d j n h xiic tien cong tac chuan bi khoi nghia v u trang Coi do la n h i f m

v u trung tam ciia Dang trong giai doan hi^n tai

N h u vay, den H g i nghi T r u n g uong Dang Ian t h u 8 da chuan b j xong vc

d u o n g loi de tien toi Tong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen trong Cach mang

thang Tam 1945 N g u y e n A i Quoc - H o Chi M i n h la n g u o i true tiep chii t r i va

quyet d j n h nhOng van de co ban cua hgi nghj

Sau H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 (5 - 1941), N g u e n A i Quoc - H o Chi

M i n h tiep tuc chuan bj de tien tdi Tong khoi nghia thang Tam 1945

Ra chi thj thanh lap Dgi Vi^t N a m tuyen truyen giai phong quan (22 12

-1944) To chuc xay d u n g can c u dja each mang, ban dau la can c u Cao BSng,

den thang 6 - 1945, thanh lap Khu giai phong Vi?t B3c N a m 1942, N g u o i d i

T r u n g Quoc lien tiep tranh thii s u ung hg cua cac luc l u g n g d o n g m i n h

7, Cong cupc chuan b i k h o i nghia aia Dang t u sau H g i nghi Trung uong 8 (5 -1941)

* Xay dung luc lugng chinh tri:

M g t trong nhi>ng nhi^m v y cap bach cua Dang la van dgng quan chiing

tham gia Vi^t M i n h Cao Bang la noi thi diem cugc van dgng xay d u n g cac Hoi

ci'fu quoc trong mat tran Vi^t M i n h Den nam 1942, khap cac chau a Cao B5ng

deu CO hgi cuu quoc, trong do c6 ba chau "hoan toan" Tiep do, U y ban Vi?t

M i n h tinh Cao Bang va U y ban V i f t M i n h lam thoi lien tinh Cao - Bac - L?ng

dugc thanh lap

Cty TNHHMn-PVV'i Kh.in.^i ViSt_

O nhieu tinh mien Bac, mgt so tinh mien Trung, 6 Ha N g i , H a i Phong hau

he't cac Hoi phdn ^e'chuyen thanh Hoi Cuu quoc dong thoi nhieu hgi cuu quoc

oidi dugc thanh lap

Trong k h i chu trgng tdi cong nhan va nong dan Dang con tranh thu tap hgp rgng rai cac tang Idp khac n h u sinh vien, hgc sinh, t r i thuc, t u san dan tgc vao

mat tran cuu nude N a m 1943, Dang dua ra ban Decimng Van hod Viet Nam , v$n dgng thanh lap Hoi van hod citu quoc Viet Nam va Dang dan chu Viet Nam

d u n g trong M a t tran Viet M i n h Dang cung tang cudng cong tac van dgng binh linh n g u d i Viet trong quan dgi Phap, n h i i n g ngoai kieu d D o n g D u o n g chdng phat xit

* Xay dung luc lugng vu trang:

Cling v d i viec xay d u n g luc l u g n g chinh t r j , cong tac xay d u n g luc l u g n g v u trang each mang dugc Dang dac biet coi trgng

Sau cugc khoi nghia Bac Son that bai, mgt bg phan luc l u g n g khdi nghia v u trang chuyen sang xay d u n g thanh nhirng dgi d u kich hoat d g n g d n h i i n g c u dja BMc Son - V i i N h a i

Budc sang nam 1941, nhirng dgi d u kich Bac Son Idn manh len va thong

nhat lai thanh Trung dgi cuu quoc quan / (14 - 2 - 1941) C u u quoc quan phat

dgng chien tranh d u kich trong 8 thang (tir thang 7 - 1941 den thang 2 - 1942)

de doi p h d v d i s u vay quet ciia dich, sau do phan tan thanh nhieu b g phan de chan chinh luc l u g n g , gay d u n g co so chinh trj trong quan chiing tai cac tinh

Thai N g u y e n , Tuyen Quang, Lang Son Ngay 15 - 9 -1941, Trung doi citu quoc II

ra d o i

* Xay dieng can cu dja:

Cong tac xay d u n g can c u dja each mang cung dugc Dang quan tam V i i n g

B5c Son - V i i N h a i dugc xay d u n g thanh can cu dia each mang

N a m 1941, sau k h i ve nude, N g u y e n A i Quoc chgn Cao Bang de xay d y n g can c u dja dua tren co sd luc lugng chinh trj dugc to chuc va phat trien D o la hai trung tam can c u dja dua tren co sd luc l u g n g chinh t r i dugc to chuc va phat trien D o la hai trung tam can cu dia dau tien cua each mang nude ta .« ' T u dau n a m 1943, cugc chien tranh the gidi chuyen bien cd Igi cho each mang H o n g quan Lien X6 chuyen sang phan cong quan Due, s u that bai cua chii nghia phat xit da rd rang T i n h hinh do doi hoi Dang ta day manh h o n nira cong tac chuan b i cho cugc khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen

T u ngay 25 den 28 - 2 -1943, Ban T h u d n g v u T r u n g u o n g Dang hgp d Vong (Dong A n h - Phiic Yen) H g i nghj da vach ra mgt keho^ch cy the ve cong

i^c chuan b j toan d i ^ n cho cugc khdi nghia vu trang

T^i cac tinh v u n g niii phi'a Bac cong cupc chuan bi khoi nghia dien ra khan

truang O can c u Bac San - V u Nhai, C u u quoc quan hoat dpng manh, tuyen

truyen v u trang, gay d u n g co so chinh trj, m a rgng khu can cu Trong qua

trinh do, Trung doi cuu quae III ra d o i (25 - 2 -1944) O can c u Cao Bang, nhung

dpi t u ve v u trang, doi d u kich dugc thanh lap N a m 1943, Ban Vi?t M i n h lien

tinh Cao - Bac - Lang lap ra 19 ban "xung phong Nam tien" de lien lac v o i can cu

d|a Bac Son - V i i N h a i va phat trien luc luong xuong cac tinh mien xuoi

Ngay 7 - 5 - 1944, Tong bq> Viet M i n h ra chi thj cho cac cap "Siea soqn khai

nghia" va keu goi nhan dan "S^m vu khi duoi thii chung"

Ngay 22 - 12 - 1944, theo chu tich H o Chi M i n h , Doi Viet Nam tuyen truyen

giai phong quan dugc thanh lap. Sau k h i ra doi, dpi da danh thang lien tiep d hai

tran 6 Phay Khat va Na N g a n (Cao Bang) Can cu Cao - Bac - Lang du<?c cung

a Hoan canh lich sic:

* Tinh hinh thegi&i:

Dau nam 1945, H o n g quan Lien X6 tien danh Beclin, sao huy^t cuol ciing

cua phat xit Due M o t loat nuoc D o n g A u dupe giai phong

O mat tran chau A - Thai Binh Duong, quan Dong minh giang cho Nhat nhung

don nang ne

* Tinh hinh trong nuac:

L y c l u p n g Phap theo phai D o Gon rao rie't hoat dpng, cho thoi co phan cong

quan Nhat, mau thuan Nhat - Phap tro nen gay gat

Truoc tinh hinh do, quan Nhat ra tay truoc Vao luc 20 gio ngay 9 - 3 -1945,

Nhat dao chinh Phap Quan Phap chong cy yeu 6t m p t vai nai roi mau chong

dau hang

Dang liic Nhat dao chinh Phap, Ban T h u o n g v u T r u n g u o n g Dang hpp tgi

lang D i n h Bang (Tir Son - Bac Ninh), ngay 12 - 3 - 1945, Ban T h u o n g v y T r u n g

u o n g Dang ra chi thj "Nhat - Phap ban nhau va hanh dgng cua chung ta"

H p i nghj chii t r u o n g phat dpng "cao trao khdng Nhat cim nuac manh me lam

tien decho cuoc tong khai nghia"

b Dien bien khai nghia tieng phan:

O khu can c u dja Cao - Bac - Lang, Viet N a m tuyen truyen giai phong quan

va Cuu quoc quan phoi hpp voi luc l u p n g chinh tri cua quan chung giai phong hang loat, chau, huyen Tai nhCrng noi nay, chinh quyen nhan dan dupe thanh l^p, cac hpi cuu quoc dupe ciing co va phat trien

CJ Bac K i , truoc thuc te nan doi da dien ra tram trpng do chinh sach cuop

boc ciia Phap - Nhat, Dang de ra khau hi?u "Phd kho thoc giai quyet nan doi"

Khau hieu da dap u n g nguy^n vpng cap bach nhat cua nong dan, nen tao thanh phong trao dau tranh manh me chua tirng co

Dong thoi v o i phong trao nay, Ian song khoi nghTa tirng phan dang len manh me Vi^t M i n h lanh dao quan chiing noi day 6 Hiep Hoa (Bac Giang), Tien D u (BSc N i n h ) , Ban-Yen N h a n ( H u n g Yen)

Ci Quang Ngai, tu chinh trj 6 nha lao Ba To noi day, thanh lap chinh quyen each mang, to chuc dot kich Ba To

Hang nghin dang vien, can bp each mang bj giam trong cac nha t i i NghTa

Lp, Son La, Hoa L 6 (Ha N p i ) , Buon M a Thupt, H p i A n (Quang Nam) da dau tranh doi t u do hoac noi day pha nha giam, v u p t nguc ra ngoai hoat dpng

2 Hoan canh lich su, dien bien, y nghia lich su, nguyen nhan thang Igi va bai hpc kinh nghif m ciia Cach m^ng thang Tam nam 1945

Ngay 9 - 8 - 1945, H o n g quan Lien X6 tieu di^t dpi quan Quan D o n g ciia Nhat 6 D o n g Bac T r u n g Q u o c

Ngay 14 - 8 - 1945, H p i dong tol cao chien tranh va npi cac Nhat hpp thong qua quyet d j n h dau hang D o n g m i n h khong dieu kien Trua ngay 15 - 8 - 1945, Nhat hoang chinh thirc tuyen bo'dau hang tren dai phat thanh ciia Nhat

Quan Nhat d Dong D u o n g r^u ra Chinh phii Tran Trpng K i m d i n g tay sai cua Nhat hoang mang Dieu ki^n khach quan co Ipi cho Tong khoi nghia da den ^' • Ngay tir ngay 13 - 8 - 1945, khi nhan dupe nhii'ng thong tin ve Nhat dau

hang, T r u n g u o n g Dang va Tong bp Vi^t M i n h lap tuc thanh lap Uy ban khai nghia toan quoc 23 gio ciing ngay U y ban khoi nghia toan quoc ban bo "Quan ienh sol" chinh thiic phap lenh Tong khoi nghia trong ca nuac

Tir ngay 14 den ngay 15 - 8 - 1945, Hoi nghi toan quoc cua Dang hpp 6 Tan

Trao (Tuyen Quang), quyet d j n h phat dpng Tong khoi nghia trong ca nuoc, gianh chinh quyen truoc khi quan Dong m i n h vao D o n g D u o n g ; quyet d j n h nhirng van de quan trpng ve chinh sach doi npi, doi ngoai sau k h i gianh dupe chinh quyen

BSidirSng HSG Lich Sir 12 - Ths TrLrong N^oc Thai

Tie'p do, t u ngay 16 den ngay 17 - 8 - 1945, Dai hoi quoc dan dirge tri?u tap 6

Tan Trao Dai hoi tan thanh Tong khoi nghia ciia Dang thong qua 10 chinh

sach cua Viet M i n h , c u ra Ui/ ban dan toe gidi phong Viet Nam d o dong chi H o

Chi M i n h lam Chu tich Dai hoi quyet d m h lay la c6 do sao vang nam each lam

Quoc k i , bai hat tien quan ca lam Quoc ca/A J '' ''

b Dim bien: ; •|^:i'o:>••i^•>i.^;l''':^^:VT:')••'h:;>>;i;^;' M;);;!?:.,:;;,*;

Den giij-a thang 8 - 1945, khi the each mang sue soi trong ca nuoe Ttr ngay

14 - 8, mpt so cap bo Dang va to chuc Viet M i n h tuy ehua nhan dugc lenh tong

khoi nghia do thong tin lien lac kho khan, nhung da can c u vao tinh hinh cu

the cua dia phuong va van dung chi thj "Nhqt-Phdp ban nhau va hank dong cua

chiing ta" da phat dong nhan dan khoi nghia 6 nhieu xa, huyen thuoc cac tinh diau

tho song Hong, Thanh Hoa, Ngh§ An, Ha Tinh, Thua Thien - Hue^ Khanh Hoa

Chieu 16 - 8 - 1945 theo lenh cua Uy ban khoi nghia, mot d o n v j giai phong

quan d o V 6 Nguyen Giap chi huy, xuat phat t u Tan Trao tien ve thj xa Thai

Nguyen

Ngay 18 - 8 - 1945, nhan dan Bac Giang, H a i Duong, Ha Tinh, Quang N a m

gianh dugc chinh quyen o tinh Ij

*dHaN6i:

Chieu 1 7 - 8 quan chung noi, ngoai thanh to chuc m i t tinh 6 Nha hat Lon,

sau do xep thanh dpi ngCi, d i t u Nha hat Lon qua cac trung tarn, ho vang cac

khau h i ^ u : :"Ung ho Viet Minh", "Dd ddo bit nhin", "Viet Nam doc lap" U y ban

khoi nghia quyet d j n h khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen vao ngay 19 - 8 -1945

Ngay 18 - 8, ca do sao vang xuat hi?n tren cac thanh pho'chinh cua Ha N o i

Ngay 1 9 - 8 , hang chuc van nhan dan noi ngoai thanh xuo'ng d u d n g bieu

duong luc lugng Quan chung each mang c6 su ho trg ciia cac dpi t u v? chien

dau, Ian lugt chiem cac co quan dau nao ciia djch: Phu Kham sai Bac Bg, So

Canh sat Trung uong So Buu dien So Bao an binh Toi 19 - 8, cugc khoi nghia

gianh chinh quyen 6 Ha N o i thang Igi

*dHue:

Ngay 20 - 8, U y ban khoi nghia tinh dugc thanh lap U y ban quyet d j n h

gianh chinh quyen vao ngay 23 - 8 Hang chuc van nhan dan noi, ngoai thanh

keo ve thj uy chiem cac cong so, chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan Chieu 30 - 8,

truoc cugc m i t tinh lon co hang van quan chiing tham gia, vua Bao Dai tuyen

bo thoai v j

* Tqi Sai Gdn: ' ' '

X u uy N a m K i quyet djnh khoi nghia 6 Sai Gon va cac tinh vao ngay 25 - 8

Sang 25 - 8, cac d o n vj "Xung phong cong doan:", Thanh nien tien phong" cong

flhan, nong dan cac tinh Gia Dinh, Bien Hoa, Thii Dau Mgt, M I Tho keo ve thanh pho' Quan ehiing chiem So mat tham So Canh sat, N h a ga, Buu di^n, fjha may di?n va gianh chinh quyen

Khoi nghia thang Igi 6 ba thanh pho lon da tac dgng quyet dinh den cac dia jyhu'ong trong ca nuoe Nhieu noi t u r u n g niii, nong thon t u thanh thi noi tie'p 0hau khoi nghia Dong N a i Thugng va Ha Tien la n h i i n g dia p h u o n g gianh

i n h quyen m u g n nhat vao ngay 28 - 8

^ Nhu vqy, trit may thi xa do luc luang cua Trung Hoa Dan quoc Tieang Gidi Thqch tay sai chiem dong tie truac (Mong cdi, Hd Giang, Lao Cai, Lai Chdu, Vtnh Yen), tong khai nghia gianh dugc thang Igi trcn ca nuac trong vdng nua thdng, tie

14 den ngay 28 - 8-1945

}' c Y nghia lich su:

Cach mang thang Tam "ma ra mot biwc ngoqt Ian trong lich sit dan tgc ta" N o

pha tan xieng xich no le cua thuc dan Phap hon 80 nam, ach thong tri ciia

at xit Nhat gan 5 nam, lat nhao ngai vang phong kien n g u t n ngot chuc the

a nuoe ta, lap nen nude V i f t N a m Dan chu Cgng hoa - Nha nude do nhan

lao dgng lam chii

I, Thang Igi ciia Cach mang thang Tam danh dau buoc phat trien nhay vgt

"cua each mang Vi?t N a m , m o dau k i nguyen m o i cua dan tgc: k i nguyen doe l^p, t u do; k i nguyen nhan dan lao dgng nam quyen, lam ehii dat nuoe, lam ehii vgn m^nh dan tgc; k i nguyen giai phong dan tgc gan lien voi giai phong xa hgi

Thang Igi ciia Cach mang thang Tam da gop phan chien thang ehii nghia phat xit trong Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai, da chgc thiing khau ye'u nhat trong h? thong thugc dia eiia ehii nghia de'quoc, gop phan lam suy ye'u chiing, co v u mgnh me cac dan tgc thugc dja dau tranh t u giai phong, "co anh huong tryc tie'p va rat to lon den hai dan tgc ban la M i e n va Lao"

d Nguyen nhan thang Iqti:

- Nguyen nhan khdch quan:

, Chien thang Dong m i n h trong cugc chien tranh chong bgn phat xit, dac bi^t chien thang phat xit Due va bgn quan phi^n Nhat Ban ciia H o n g quan Lien

Xo da CO vCi tinh than, ciing co niem tin cho nhan dan ta trong s u nghi^p dau

tranh giai phong dan tgc, tao thoi co de nhan dan ta d u n g len Tong khoi nghia

- Nguyen nhan chu quan: ('("

Dan tgc ta von co truyen thong yeu nuoe nong nan, t u n g trai qua nhung

piQc da'u tranh kien cuong, bat khuat cho doe lap t u do V i vay, khi Dang

ing san Dong D u o n g va MSt tran Vi$t M i n h phat cao co eiiu nuoe thi toan dan nhat te d u n g len eiiu nuoe, cuu nha

.'C,'.^'':::^;'; 77

Cach mang thang Tam do Dang Cpng san Dong Duong va Ho C h i Minh

lanh dao, da de ra duong loi chien luoc, chu truong chi dao chien lug-c va sach

lu<7c diing din d y a tren co so li luan Mac - Lenin duoc van dyng sang t^io vao

hoan canh Viet Nam

De gianh thing Igi Cach mang thang Tarn, Dang ta co qua trinh chuain bj

trong suot 15 nam, qua cac phong trao each mang 1930 -1931, 1936 - 1939 thoai

trao each mang nam 1932 - 1935, da due riit nhiing bai hoc kinh nghi^m thanh

cong va that bai, dac bi^t la qua trinh xay dung luc lugng chinh tn, luc lugng

vu trang, can cu dja trong thoi ki van dong giai phong dan tgc 1939 -1945

Trong nhi>ng ngay khoi nghia, toan Dang, toan dan nhat tri, dong long,

khong so hi sinh, gian kho, quyet tam gianh dpc lap tu do Cac cap bp Dang va

chop thoi C O phat dong quan chiing noi day gianh chinh quyen

quan chiing noi day gianh chinh quyen

Trong cac nguyen nhan tren phai thay rang, nguyen nhan chii quan dong

vai tro quyet djnh, nguyen nhan khach quan chi co tac dung dua Cach mang

thang Tam nhanh chong gianh dupe thang Ipi va it do mau Trong cac nguyen

nhan chii quan do thi nguyen nhan ve vai tro lanh dao cua Dang va ciia Ho

C h i Minh la nguyen nhan quyet djnh nhat

Dang va Ho C h i Minh da de ra duong 161 each mang diing dSn, sang tao

phu hap vai dieu kien lich s u Viet Nam trong cupe da'u tranh giai phong dan

tpc va giai phong giai cap, ket hpp giira dpe lap dan tpc va chu nghia xa hpi

Voi duong 161 each mang do Dang ta va Ho C h i Minh lanh dao nhan dan ta

dau tranh trong 15 nam, qua cae Ian dien tap (1930 1931) (1936 1939) (1939

-1945) Dae bi?t, khi Nh^t dao chinh Phap (9 - 3 - 1945), Dang ta va Ho Chi

Minh phat dong cao trao khang Nhat euu nuac, lam tien de cho tong khoi

nghia Va khi thoi co xuat hifn Dang ta va Ho C h i Minh da nhanh chong chop

thoi co phat dong tong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen trong toan quoc, dua

Cach mang thang Tam den thang Ipi cu6i ciing

e Bai hgc kinh nghiem:

Bai hoc ve van dung sang tao chii nghia Mac - Lenin vao thyc tien Vi^t

Nam, nam bat dupe tinh hinh the giai va each mang trong nuoc de thay doi

chu truang chii dao chien lupe cho phu hpp

Bai hpc ve vi^c giai quyet diing dan giua nhi^m vy dan tpc va dan chii, de

cao van de dan tpc, dat nhi?m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau

Bai hpc ve tap hpp, to chiie doan ket lye lupng each mang trong Mat tran

dan tpc th6'ng nhat rpng rai, tren co so lien minh cong n6ng, tao nen sue manh

toan dan, phan hoa va e6 lap cao dp ke thii roi tien len danh bgi chiing

78

Bai hoc ve sy linh hoat ket hpp dau tranh chinh trj voi da'u tranh via trang, ket hpp voi chien tranh du kich, da'u tranh chinh tri va khoi nghia tung phan, Idioi nghia 6 nong thon va thanh thj tien toi Tong khoi nghia

Bai hpc ve vi?c ket hpp giiia da'u tranh va xay dyng de ngay eang v&ng manh ve to chiic, tu tuong chinh trj

3, Nuoc V i ? t Nam D a n chii Cpng hoa ra doi Npi dung co ban ciia Tuyen ngon

\f>QC lap ngay 2 - 9 -1945

Ngay 25 - 8 -1945, Chii tieh Ho C h i Minh eung vai Trung uong Dang va U y lan dan tpc giai phong Vi^t Nam tu Tan Trao ve den Ha Npi

Theo de nghj ciia Ho C h i Minh, Uy ban dan tpc giai phong Vi^t N a m cai to

thanh Chinh phu lam thai nuac Vict Nam Dan chu Cong hoa Trong nhimg ngay Ijch sii nay Ho C h i Minh soan thao ban Tuj/Sn ngon Doc lap, chuan bj cho mpi

mg vi^c Chinh phii lam thai ra mat quoc dan

Ngay 2 - 9 -1945, tai quang truang Ba Dinh (Ha Npi) truoc cupc mit tinh Ion ciia hang chuc van nhan dan thii d6 va cac viing lan can, C h u tjch Ho C h i

Minh thay mat Chinh phii lam thoi dpc ban Tui/en ngon Doc lap, trjnh trpng tuyen b6'vai quoc dan va the gioi: Nuac Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa thanh lap

Noi dung cua ban Tuyen ngon Dpc lap:

Khang djnh quyen thieng lieng bat kha xam pham ciia cac dan tpc: "Tat ca mpi nguoi deu sinh ra co quyen binh dSng, tao hoa cho hp co quyen dupe song, dupe ty do va muu eau hanh phiic"

KhSng djnh quyen ty do, dpc lap ciia dan tpc ta tren hai phuong di^n: phap

li va thyc tien: "Nuoc Vi^t Nam co quyen dupe huong ty do dpe lap, va s y th^t

da tro thanh mpt nuoc ty do dpc lap"

Khang djnh thanh qua ciia Cach mang thang Tam, ban Tuyen ng6n neu ro:

"Phap chay, Nhat hang, vua Bao Dai thoai vi Dan ta danh do cae xieng xich thyc dan gan 100 nam nay de xay dyng nen nuoc Vi^t Nam dpc lap Dan ta danh

do che dp quan chii may muoi the ki ma lap nen che dp dan chii cpng hoa"

Cuol ban tuyen ng6n Ho C h i Minh thay mat nhan dan Vi?t Nam khSng djnh y chi sat da ciia nhan dan Vi^t Nam quyet giii viJng nen ty do dpc lap vua gianh dupe: "Toan the dan tpc Vi^t Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va lye lupng, tinh mang va ciia cai de giir vihig quyen ty do dpc lap ay"

Ngay 2 - 9 -1945, mai mai di vao lich sir Vi^t Nam la mpt trong nhCing ngay hpi lan nha't, ve vang nhat ciia dan tpc

79

Bai hQc ve thyc hif n lien minh cong - nong: Trong qua trinh dien ra Cach

mgng thang Tam, lye luong each mang hang hai va dong dao nha't la cong

nhan va nong dan, nhung nguoi gop phan viet nen trang su vang cua Cach

m^ng thang Tam

Bai hpc ve su dung bao lyc de gianh chinh quyen: Cach mang thang Tam di

tir dau tranh chinh tri den khoi nghia vu trang de gianh chinh quyen trong

toan quo'c, trong do khoi nghia vu trang giCr vai tro quyet djnh

Bai hgc ve xay dung chinh quyen nha nude: khi Cach mang thang Tam

thanh cong, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh thay mat Dang va Chinh phu dpc Tuyen

ngon dpc lap, tuyen bo'khai sinh nuoc Vi^t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa

Bai hpc ve cong tac mat tran: De tien toi Cach mang thang Tam, Dang ta da

cho xay dung m|it tran nham doan ket cac luc luong yeu nuac chong ke thu

cua dan tpc va chuan bj cho thSng Ipi cua Cach mang thang Tam Do la Mat tran

dan tpc thong nhat phan de Dong Duong (1939) va Mat tran Vi?t Minh (1941)

- Van dung bai hgc kinh nghiem tif phong trao dan chu 1936 -1939:

Bai hpc ve tap hpp luc lupng chinh trj cua dong dao quan chung: Cach

m^ing thang Tam no ra va gianh thang Ipi, ben canh lyc lupng vu trang con c6

lyc lypng chinh trj ciia quan chiing da chuan bi san sang, khi c6 l^nh Tong

khoi nghia la hp nhat te vung day

Bai hpc ve su dung hinh thuc va phuong phap dau tranh phong phii: Cach

mgng thang Tam la cupc each m^ng bao lyc, 6 do ket hpp dypc nhieu hinh

thuc va phuong dau tranh phong phii nhu vu trang khoi nghia, mit tinh, bieu

tinh, tuan hanh, de danh chiehi cac try so aia dich, giai tan chinh quyen djch

6 Cac hinh thuc to chiic m|t tr|n dan tpc thong nhat tir nam 1930 den nam

1945 Vai tro ciia tung m|t tr^n

Ten m|t tr|n Hinh thuc to chuc Vai tro

ao hoa binh

Tgp hpp dong dao quan chiing hang tri^u nguoi dau tranh doi cac quyen dan sinh, dan chii Giao dye

va giac ngp quan chiing hieu dypc chii truong ciia Dang, san sang tham gia dau tranh each mang

82

Mat tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong

Mat tran Vi?t Minh

Van dpng, to chiic va loi keo cac giai cap, tang lop va ton giao vao mat tran de dau tranh chong chii nghia

de quo'c va phat xit Phap Nhat lam cho Dong Duong hoan toan dpc lap

-Lien hi^p he't thay cac gidi dong bao yeu nude, khong phan biet giau ngheo

Thanh lap cac doan the ciiu quo'c de van dpng quan chiing dau tranh each mang

Tap hpp quan chiing dau tranh cho'ng de quo'c Phap phat xit Nhat To chiic cac cupc khoi nghia vu trang chuan bj cho thdi ki dau tranh mdi

- Tap hpp dong dao quan chiing, hinh thanh nen lyc lupng chinh trj each mang dong dao dudi sy lanh d^o ciia Dang, dpng vien dupe sue manh eiia ca dan tpc,

thye hi^n chinh sach d^i

doan ket dan tpc, phan hoa

va CO l$p ke thii

- Tren co so phat trien cac doan the ciiu quoc trong Mat tran de hinh thanh va phat trien lyc lypng vu trang, chuan bj tien tdi Tong khdi nghia thang Tam nam 1945

7 Chii truomg xay dyng mat tran thong nhat do Hpi ngh; Ian thu 6 (11 -1939)

va Hpi nghj Ian thu 8 (5 -1941) ciia Dang Cpng san Dong Duong Ho?t dpng cua M|t tr|n Vi?t Minh doi voi thSng Ipi ciia Cach m^ng thang Tam 1945

a Chu truong xay dung mat tran:

De gianh dpc lap, phai tap hpp rpng rai lyc lupng dan tpc, xay dyng mat trgin dan tpc thong nhat Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian thii 6 (11 - 1939) da chii truong thanh lap M$t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de'Dong Duong

M5t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong doan ket rpng rai cac tang Idp, cac giai cap, cac dan tpc, ke ca ca nhan yeu nude d Dong Duong, chia mui nhpn vao ke thii chii yeu trude m3t la chii nghia de'quoc - phat xit Phap -i,Nh^t, gianh dpc lap dan tpc cho cac nude Dong Duong

Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian thii 8 (5 - 1941) dudi sy chii tri ciia Nguyen Ai ioc chii truong giai quyet van de dan tpc, tap hpp lyc lupng, xay dyng mat

| r | n thong nhat dan tpc cho timg nude d Dong Duong 6 Vi?t Nam Dang ta

lanh IgpVi^t Nam dpc lap dong minh (gpi tit la M|t trgn Vi?t Minh)

83

Mat t r a n Vi%t M i n h lien hi^p het thay cac giai dong bao yeu nuac, khong

phan bi^i giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai, khong phan bi^t ton giao va xu h u o n g

chinh tri/ dang cung nhau m u u C U Q C dan tpc giai phong va sinh ton

b Ho fit dqtig cua Mat tran Vi?t Minh:

Qua t r i n h chuan bj cua M a t tran Vi^t M i n h de tien tai gianh thang Igi trong

Cach m a n g thang Tarn

* Xay dimg luc luang chinh tri:

Tai B^c Son - V u Nhai: Luc lugng du kich thong nhat thanh C u u quoc quan va

phat d p n g chieh tranh d u ki'ch trong 8 thang (hj- thang 7 -1941 den thang 2 -1942)

sau do p h a n tan thanh nhieu bp phan de gay co so trong quan chiing

Tai C^o B5ng: Cao B3ng la noi thi diem xay d u n g cac hoi cuu quoc trong

Mat tran Vi?t M i n h Den nam 1942 khip 9 Chau deu c6 H g i cuu quoc, U y ban

Vi^t M i n h tinh Cao Bang va U y ban Viet M i n h lien tinh Cao - Bac - Lang lap ra

19 ban x u n g phong " N a m tien" de phat trien lyc l u g n g each mang xuong cac

tinh mieri xuoi

6 cac noi khac: Dang tranh thii tap hgp nhan dan vao M a t tran cuu quoc,

nam 1943 dxia ra "Ban de cuong van hoa Vi?t N a m " va van d p n g thanh lap

" H p i van hoa cuu quoc Viet N a m "

* Xay dvng can cit dia each mang:

Thang 8 - 1942, hai can cu Bac Son - V u N h a i va Cao Bang noi lien nhau

Lye l u g n g each mang phat trien trong k h u vyc rgng Ion Cao Bang, Bic Can,

Lang Son/ Ha Giang, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang

Den thang 6 - 1945, khu giai phong Vi?t Bac ra doi, la h i n h anh thu nho ciia

mgt nuoC Vi^t N a m m o i

* Xay dvng luc lugng vu trang va chuan bj khai nghia vu trang:

Ngay 7 - 5 - 1944, Tong bp Vi?t M i n h ra Chi thj "Sua soan k h o i nghia" va

keu ggi nhan dan "sam sua vCi k h i duoi thu ehung" Khong k h i chuan bj khoi

nghia sue soi trong can cu

Ngay 22 - 12 - 1944, theo Chi thj ciia H o Chi M i n h , dgi Vi^t N a m tuyen

truyen giai phong quan duge thanh lap va hai ngay sau da ha don Phay Khat

-Na Ngan,

Ngay 9 - 3 - 1945, Nhat dao chinh Phap, tiep theo Chi thj " N h a t Phap ban

nhau va hanh dpng ciia ehiing ta" cua Dang, Mat tran Vi^t M i n h ra l^nh keu

gpi dong bao toan quoc day manh Cao trao khang Nhat cuu nuoc

Thang 5 - 1945, sap nhap " V i ^ t N a m tuyen truyen giai phong q u a n " v o l

" C u u quo'c q u a n " thanh "Vi?t N a m giai phong quan"

a NhUng diem chung:

E)eu khMng dinh vai tro lanh dao ciia Dang trong thuc tien dau tranh each mang

E)eu tap hgp va toi luyen quan chung dau tranh, nhat la quan chiing cong - nong

Deu la n h i j n g cuge dien tap tren con d u o n g d i toi thang Igi cua Cach mang thang Tam 1945

Deu de lai n h u n g bai hoc kinh nghi^m quy gia cho thoi k i each mang sau

b Nhung diem rieng:

Thoi ki 1930 - 1931: N o i bat ve vai tro cua lien m i n h cong nong; h i n h thuc nha nuoc ciia dan, do dan, v i dan do la X6 vie't Ngh$ - Tinh theo kieu Nga

Thai ki 1932 - 1935: N o i bat ve sy v i i n g vang ciia Dang trude chinh sach khiing bo'da man ciia de quoc

Thoi k i 1936 - 1939: N o i bat v a i v i f c ket hgp cac p h u o n g phap dau tranh, t$p hgp va xay d u n g dgi quan chinh t r i hiing hau ciia quan ehiing

Thai k i 1939 -1945: N o i bat v o i vi#c giuong cao ngpn c6 giai phong dan tpc;

t?ip hgp lye l u g n g quan ehiing rgng rai trong mat tran dan tgc thong nhat dau tranh danh d u o i quan xam luge; to chuc lye l u g n g v u trang ket hgp vai lye lugng chinh trj noi day gianh chinh quyen

Trong n h u n g diem ehung va diem rieng do thi diem ehung la rat quan trpng v i d u trong thoi k i nao eCing deu chju sy lanh dao thong nhat cua Dang

So d l CO nhij-ng diem rieng la do hoan eanh Hch sir ciia moi thai k i khac nhau ^ 9) N h u n g d i e u k i ^ n dua Cach mang thang T a m thang I g i '

a) Vedieu kien chu quan

( • 1 ) ' ' " ; ' ; '

* Co su Idnh dao cua Dang Cgng sdn Vi?t Nam

Cach mang nuac ta do Dang Cong san Vi^t N a m lanh dao T u nam 1930, Dang ta da gianh quyen d u y nhat lanh dao each mang nuac ta Dang phai trai qua dau tranh ren luyen m o i ciing co duge quyen lanh d^o do va dua Cach mang thang Tam den thSng Igi

Thua ke k i n h nghi^m chong ngoai xam hang ngan nam ciia to tien ta de l?i

va kinh nghi?m ciia gan mgt tram nam chong Phap ciia cac bac tien boi, Cach mang thang Tam la ket qua ciia m u o i lam nam dau tranh ciia nhan dan ta d u o i

sy lanh dao ciia Dang, do la ket qua ciia ba cuge dien tap Ion:

CuQC dien tap Ian t h u nha't (1930 - 1931) ma dinh cao la X6 viet Ngh§ - TTnh:

trong phong trao nay Dang ta da giuong cao ngpn c6 dan tgc va dan chu, xay

d y n g dup'c khoi lien minh cong- nong v i m g chic, gianh h i n dupe quyen lanh

dao each mang V i ^ t N a m Trong cao trao X6 viet N g h ^ - Tinh, Dang ta da hpc

dupe ngh$ thuat dpng vien va to chuc quan chiing tir n h i i n g nhom nho tien len

mpt phong trao rpng Ion thu hut hang chuc van nguoi, ket hop chat che phong

trao cong nhan v o i phong trao nong dan, sir dung each mang bao luc gianh

ehinh quyen a mpt so viing nong thon thupc hai tinh N g h ^ A n va Ha Tinh, de

m u d i lam nam sau c6 the khoi nghia gianh chi'nh quyen trong ca nuoe

Cupc van dpng dan chii 1936 - 1939: day la cupc dien tap Ian t h u hai chuan

bj cho each mang thang Tam thang Ipi Cupc van dpng do do Dang ta to chuc

va lanh dao da tap d u p t cho hang trieu quan chiing dau tranh chong bpn phan

dpng thupc dja, doi t u do dan chii, doi cai thien dan sinh, chong chii nghla

phat xit, chong chien tranh, bao v^ hoa binh Dang ta chii truong thanh lap Mat

tran dan chu Dong D u o n g de tap hpp rpng rai luc l u p n g each mang Dang ta

eon chu truong sir d u n g nhieu hinh thirc va phuong phap dau tranh phong

phii N h o do, uy tin ciia Dang ngay cang nang cao

Trai qua hai cupc dien tap do, phong trao each mang do Dang ta lanh dao

da dupe chuan bj ve ehinh trj, t u tuong va to chuc 6 ca thanh thj va nong thon;

nhan dan ta da trai qua dau tranh khong hpp phap va hpp phap Dang ta da

riit ra dupe nhirng bai hpc kinh nghi^m tir hai cupc dien tap do de lanh dao

each mang thang Tam thang Ipi

Cupc van dpng giai phong dan tpc 1939 - 1945 la cupc dien tap t h i i ba tryc

tiep dan den thang Ipi Caeh mang thang Tam nam 1945 Trong thoi gian ay

Dang ta da de ra d u o n g 16'i each mang dan toe dan chii nhan dan, giai quyet

dung dan moi quan h$ giira hai nhi^m vu chong de quo'c va phong kie'n,

giuong cao ngpn co dan toe, tap hpp dupe toan dan doan ket d u o i la c6 cua

Mat tran Viet M i n h de dau tranh chong de quoe Phap va phat xit Nhat ciing

tay sai cua chung Thang 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the'gioi thir hai b i m g no, tinh

hinh CO kho khan cho each mang Dang ta binh tinh va kjp thoi chuyen trpng

tam cong tac ve nong thon, dua vao nong thon xay d u n g can cu dia each mang,

trong khi do van chii trpng phong trao 6 thanh thj, ket hpp chat ehe phong trao

thanh thj v o i nong thon; ket hpp vife xay d u n g luc lupng chinh trj voi xay

dvmg Ivc l u p n g v u trang; nam thoi co, thue hi^n khoi nghla tirng phan, gianh

ehinh quyen 6 dia phuong, tien len tong khoi nghla, gianh ehinh quyen trong

ca nuoc

* Thuc hien khoi lien minh cong - nong vitng chdc:

Giai cap cong nhan, nong dan Vi^t N a m chie'm so dong trong nhan dan, la nhirng nguoi bi ap buc, boc lot nang ne nha't, v i vay, hp la giai cap hang hai 'each mang nha't, cong - nong la chii luc ciia each mang

Ngay tir k h i m o i thanh lap Dang ta da xac dinh cong - nong la goe ciia each mang, la lue l u p n g tien phong va hang hai nha't ciia each mang

Trong phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931, cong - nong da v u n g ra mpt sue ingnh phi thuong, giang mpt don nang ne vao bpn thuc dan, phong kieh Trong cupc van dpng dan chii 1936 - 1939, Dang ta tap hpp dupe mpt lye lupng ehinh t r i quan ehiing hang tri^u nguoi, trong do dong dao va hang hai

^ha't van la cong nhan va nong dan

Trong Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, cong nhan, nong dan da lien minh chat che va hang hai tham gia each mang, cho nen da loi cuon dupe toan dan noi day tong khoi nghia gianh ehinh quyen trong ca nuoe, 6 nong thon va thanh thj

Thuc hi§n dupe khoi lien minh cong nong virng chae Dang ta da cimg co' dupe quyen lanh dao cua giai cap cong nhan, ciia Dang trong each mang Day

"a mpt dieu v6 cimg quan trpng, v i quyen lanh dao do dupe ciing eo' thi Caeh mang thang Tam m o i gianh dupe thang Ipi, chinh quyen m o i ve tay nhan dan

* Cong tdc xay dung Mat tran doan kit toan dan:

Khi Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai biing no, thuc dan Phap tang cuong dan

ap, boc Ipt nhan dan Dong Duong, van menh cae dan tpc Dong D u o n g bj de do? nghiem trpng De gianh doe lap, phai tap hpp rpng rai lue lupng dan tpc, xay dung mat tran dan tpc thong nha't Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian t h u 6 (11 -1939)

a chii truong thanh lap Mat tran thong nha't dan toe phan de'Dong Duong

Mat tran thong nha't dan tpc phan de Dong D u o n g doan ket rpng rai cae

*ng lop, cae giai cap, cae dan tpc, ke ca ca nhan yeu nude 6 Dong D u o n g , chla

i i i i nhpn vao ke thii ehii yeu truoe mat la ehu ngia de'quoe phat xit Phap Jh^t, gianh doe lap dan tpc cho cae nuoe Dong Duong

-Den H p i nghj Trung uong Ian t h u 8 (5 - 1941) d u o i sy chu t r i cua Nguyen

A i Quoe ehu truong giai quyet van de dan toe, tap hpp lue lupng, xay d y n g

^t tran thong nha't dan tpc cho tirng nuoc 6 Dong D u o n g 6 Viet N a m , Dang

b thanh lapVi^t N a m doc lap dong minh (gpi tat la Mat tran Vi?t Minh)

Mat tran Viet M i n h lien hiep he't thay cae gioi dong bao yeu nuoc, khong

^han bi?t giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai, khong phan bi?t ton giao va xu huong hinh trj, dang ciing nhau m u u eupe dan tpc giai phong va sinh ton Mat tran Vi^t M i n h co vai tro to Ion trong viee chuan bj va lanh dao Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 thang Ipi " '' "

* Co luc luang vu trang do Dang xdy dung va lanh dao

Cupc da'u tranh gianh chinh quyen a mpt nuac bi de quoc thong trj nhu

nuoc ta nhat dinh phai qua con duong bao luc each mang De lam tron sii

m^nh lanh dao each mang Vi^t Nam di den thang Igi, ma thang loi quye't djnh

la gianh dup-c chinh quyen Dang ta luon cham lo xay dung lue lugng chinh tri

cua quan chiing va tren co so phat trien luc lugng chinh tri ma xay dung luc

lugng vu tranh nhan dan duoi nhieu hinh thuc khac nhau

Trong euge van dgng giai phong dan tgc (1939 - 1945), Dang ta coi trgng

van de ehuan bi khoi nghia vu trang la nhiem vu trung tam ciia toan Dang,

toan quan va toan dan ta Co khoi nghia vu trang moi gianh dugc chinh quyen

Muon tien hanh khoi nghia vu trang phai co luc lugng M g i hoat dgng ciia

Dang trong thoi ki do deu nham muc dich chuan bi luc lugng chinh trj va ly^c

lugng vu trang de Hen toi khoi nghia vu trang gianh chinh quyen Dang ta

cung nhan thuc ro r3ng gianh chinh quyen moi chi la buoc dau ciia each m?ng;

sau khi gianh dugc chinh quyen phai bao ve eho duge chinh quyen each mang

Do do, phai cham lo xay dung va phat trien luc lugng vu trang nhan dan de

tien hanh khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen va de chien da'u bao v^ chinh quyen

each mang sau khi khoi nghia da thang Igi

Ngay sau khi euge khoi nghia Bae Son bj that bai Dang ta da quye't djnh

duy tri lue lugng vu trang nhan dan do euge khoi nghia do de lai, roi t u nhiS-ng

dgi du kich Bae Son, Dang ta da xay dung Viet Nam Cuu quoc quan, sau do lai

thanh lap Vi?t Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan, va tho'ng nhat Vi?t Nam

Ciiu quoc quan voi Vi?t Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan thanh Vi^t Nam

giai phong quan (thang 4 - 1945) Ben canh luc lugng vu trang noi tren la tien

than eua cua quan dgi chinh quy do Trung uong Dang to chuc va lanh dao

Dang ta da nhieu Ian chi thi eho cac cap tuy hoan canh ma to chuc luc lugng

vij trang nhan dan duoi nhieu hinh thuc trong ca nuoc nhu dgi du kich, dgi

bi?t dgng, t u v f euu quoc, t u v^ chien da'u, to xung phong vu trang

Truoe va trong Cach mang thang Tam, ta chua xay dung dugc quan dgi

chinh quy Ion manh, song da co nhieu don vj du kich va nhat la hang chuc van

lyc lugng t u v^ cuu quoc, t u v^ chien da'u Do la luc lugng vii trang ciia quan

chiing da dong vai tro v6 ciing quan trgng trong thoi ki chuan bj khoi nghia va

trong cugc Tong khoi nghia thang Tam nam 1945

N h u vay, nho co luc lugng vii trang nhan dan, cho nen moi co cugc khoi

nghia Bac Son va khoi nghia Nam Ki; moi co tam thang chien tranh du kich 6

Dinh Ca - Trang xa (Thai Nguyen); moi co cac cugc di?t Nhat, t r u gian, nhat la

cac cugc bieu tinh Ion pha kho thoc, giai quye't nan doi; moi co cac cugc danh

i

du kich khoi nghia tung phan, thanh lap cac can cu dja each mang va thie't lap chinh quyen each mang 6 nhieu dja phuong t u sau ngay 9 thang 3 nam 1945

Chinh nhi>ng t h i n g Igi do da lam tien de eho Cach mang thang Tam Sau nua,

nho CO lue lugng vu trang va nua via trang ke't hgp voi luc lugng chinh tri,

nhan dan ta da hang hai, quye't tam noi day trong ca nuoc, lat do chinh quyen cua Nhat va tay sai, thanh lap chinh quyen nhan dan

h Dim ki^ khdch quan:

Chien tranh the'gidi thu hai la euge chien tranh giCra luc lugng dan chii va lyc lugng phat xit Cugc chien tranh nay ke't thiic bang thang Igi eiia lue lugng dan chii va su that bai tham hai ciia chii nghia phat xit, tao dieu ki^n v6 cung thuan Igi cho phong trao giai phong dan toe the gioi Cach mang giai phong tgc ciia nhan dan Vi?t Nam la mot bg phan ciia lyc lugng dan chii chong hat xit tren the'gidi

Trong cugc Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai, bgn Nhat, Phap la ke thii cu the, itruoe mat ciia nhan dan ta, ty lam cho nhau suy nhuge bang euge dao chinh ciia Nhat ngay 9 thang 3 nam 1945 Duoi sy lanh dao ciia Dang, nhan dan ta triet de Igi dung mau thuan Nhat - Phap de noi day tung phan, tien toi tong khoi nghia Khi quan dong minh danh bai phat xit Nhat vao ngay 14 - 8 - 1945

da tao ra thoi co ngan nam eo mgt cho nhan dan ta noi day tong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen trong ea nuoc mgt each nhanh chong va it do mau

ThSng Igi ciia Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 la sy ke't hgp chat che nhCrng dieu ki?n chii quan va khaeh quan Trong nhiing dieu hifn do, dieu kif n ehii quan g i i i vai tro quye't dinh

10) T i n h chat ciia Cach mang thang Tam

Cach mang thang Tam no ra va gianh dugc thang Igi vao thoi dai ma ngi dung chii ye'u la sy qua do t u chii nghia t u ban len ehii nghia xa hoi tren pham

v i toan the gioi, mo dau bSng Cach mang xa hoi ehii nghia thang M u o i Nga

No no ra trong liic chien tranh the gioi thu hai sap ke't thiie, trong liie quan Dong minh dang Chien thSng phat xit Nhat, sau khi da thang phat xit Due va Italia Thoi dai va hoan canh lich su da de lai eho Cach mang thang Tam

nhi>ng da'u an sau sic Nhung dieu quan trgng la phai tim tinh chat ciia Cach

mang thang Tam ngay trong dieu ki^n cy the eua Vi#t Nam liic euge each mang do dugc tien hanh

Nuoc Viet Nam von la mgt nuoc thuge dja nira phong kien, eho nen each mang nuoc ta co hai nhi?m vy la chong de quoc va chong phong kien de gianh dgc lap dan tgc, thuc hi?n khau hi?u "nguoi cay co rugng" va nhung quyen

89