Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi môn sử ( phần 3 )

Chien dich Dien Bien Phu Id thang Iqi quan su Ian nhat cua ta trong ]chdng chien chang Phdp Trong eugc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap t u nam 1945 den nam 1954, quan dan ta da gianh d

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TUYỂN TẬP ĐỀ THI TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI MÔN LỊCH SỬ

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Thang lai trong Dong - Kuan 1953 - 1954 da lam cho Nava khong the tap trung

luc litgng a Dong bang Bac Bo ma phdi phan tan luc luang dot pho vai ta a nhung

diem xung yen Den day kchoach Nava bu&cdau hipha sdn

3 Chien dich lich six Di?n Bien Phu 1954

a Am muu cua Phdp - Ml trong viec chiem dong, xay dung tap dodn ai diem

Dien Bien Phu

Ngay 20 - n -1953, thuc dan Phap cho quan nhay d i i xuong Dien Bien Phu,

khi den Dien Bien Phu, cac tuong ta Phap - M I thay rang, Dien Bien Phii la mot

dja ban rat quan trong nam giiia canh dong Muong Thanh, xung quanh c6 nui

bao b Q C

Voi vj tri dja l i cua Dien Bien Phu, ve lau dai chung muon bien noi day

thanh mot can cu luc quan va khong quan c6 tac dung Igi hai trong am mun

xam luge Dong Nam A

De thuc hi#n y do do, Phap cho xay dung Di^n Bien Phii thanh tap doan cu

diem manh gom 49 cum cu diem dugc chia thanh 3 phan khu: Phan khu phia Bac,

phan khu trung tarn Muong Thanh va phan khu Hong Ciim voi phia Nam

Voi each bo phong nhu vay, cac tuong ta cua Phap - M i deu chii quan cho

rang Di^n Bien Phii la mot "phao dai khong the cong pha", mot "vecdoong" cua

the ki XX, mpt "con nhim khong 16" eiia niii rung Tay Bac va t u do chung ngao

man tuyen bo rang: Neu bo doi ta danh len Di?n Bien Phii se khong tranh khoi

bj nghien nat

b Chu truong ma chien dich Bi^n Bien Phu cua ta

Truac su pha san buoc dau trong ke hoach quan su Nava, dich quyet dinh

xay dung tap doan cu diem manh 6 Di^n Bien Phii, bien Dien Bien Phii thanh

mpt "phao dai khong the cong pha", "mot vecdoong" ciia the' ki XX "mot con

nhim khong 16" 6 rung niii Tay Bac Va bien Dien Bien Phii thanh trung tam

diem cua ke hoach Nava V i vay, muon ket thiic chien tranh phai tieu di^t tap

doan cu diem Dien Bien Phu

Vao ngay 6 - 12 - 1953, Trung uong Dang da hop va nhan dinh: Dien Bien

Phii la tap doan eii diem manh nhung the yeu ciia djch 6 D i f n Bien Phii de bi

CO lap, chi tiep te'dugc bang duong khong, neu ta eat dut duong hang khong,

dich se roi vao the " t u 16"

Quan doi ta da truong thanh va c6 kinh nghi^m c6 the danh djch 6 tap

doan cu diem

Hau phuong ciia ta da viing manh, c6 the kh5c phuc nhving kho khan dam

bao chi vi^n cho chien truong

Tren ca so phan tich tinh hinh, Trung uong Dang da quyet dinh mo chien

dich Di?n Bien Phii, bien Dien Bien Phii thanh diem "quyet chien chien luge giiia ta va dich"

c Chien dich Dien Bien Phu Id thang Iqi quan su Ian nhat cua ta trong ]chdng chien chang Phdp

Trong eugc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap t u nam 1945 den nam 1954,

quan dan ta da gianh dugc nhieu t h i n g Igi tren cac mat tran kinh te, chinh tri, quan su va ngoai giao Trong do mat tran quan su g i i i vai tro quye't dinh nhat

Tren mat tran quan su, quan dan ta tung buoc danh bai cac am m u u ciia thvrc dan dan Phap de tien len mo chien dich Dien Bien Phii, danh bai hoan toan thuc dan Phap, buoc chiing phai ki ket Hiep dinh Gionevo cong nhan doc lap chii quyen, thong nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ciia nude ta cung nhu Lao va

Campuchia 5'

M o dau eugc khang chien, quan dan ta gianh thang Igi trong eugc chien dau

a cac do thi t u vT tuyen 16 tro ra Bac Qua eugc chien dau nay, quan dan ta da

danh bai am m u u "danh l i p " ciia djch, dam bao cho co quan dau nao khang chien ciia Dang va Chinh phii riit ve chien khu Viet B^e an toan, ehuan bj cho eugc khang chien lau dai

Tiep do la thang Igi trong chien dich Viet Bac thu - dong nam 1947 Chien thang Vi?t Bac thu dong nam 1947, quan dan ta da danh bai am m u u "danh

nhanh, thang nhanh" ciia Phap, huge chiing phai chuyen sang danh lau dai voi

ta Voi chien thang Viet Bac, ta da lam xoay chuyen cue dien tren chien truong Dong Duong, lam thay doi tuong quan luc lugng giOa ta va dich: Djch t u cho danh ta do sang the ta danh djch do Hay noi each khac, ta t u cho phong ngy chuyen sang the tan cong djch

Den chien djch Bien gioi thu - dong nam 1950, ta chii dong mo chien djch danh dich tren duong so 4 Voi thang Igi ciia chien djch Bien gioi da dua eugc

khang chien ch6'ng thuc dan Phap ciia quan dan ta chuyen sang mot buoc phat Wen nhay vgt, mo ra mot buoc ngoat lich su trong qua trinh khang chien chong Phap ciia nhan dan ta Thang Igi ciia chien djch Bien gioi thu - dong

nSm 1950, ta da gianh the chii dgng tren chien truong chinh Bac Bg, day djch

the'bj dgng d6i pho voi ta

Trong nhiing nam 1951 - 1953, ta lien tiep mo cac chien dich 6 trung du,

<long b i n g va mien niii, tieu bieu la cac chien djch Hoa Binh, Tay BMc, Thugng Lao va tiep tuc gianh dugc thang Igi, tiep tuc gianh, giua va phat trien the chii

<lQng, giai phong nhieu viing dat dai rgng Ion va phat trien luc lugng vu trang Voi ba t h u quan

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Den nam 1953, trai qua tarn nam khang chien va kien quo'c, lyc l u o n g khang

chien cua nhan dan ta Ian manh dang ke Trong khi do, phia Phap bi thiet hai

ngay cang Ion, den nam 1953 bj loai khoi vong chien dau hon 39 van quan va

tieu ton h o n 2000 ti phrang V i i n g chie'm dong bi thu h^p Quan Phap treii

chien t r u o n g ngay cang d i vao the phong ngu, bj dpng V i vay, ngay 7 5

-1953, voi su thoa thuan cua MT, Chinh phii Phap cu t u o n g Nava lam Tong chi

huy quan doi vien chinh cua Phap 6 Dong D u o n g Nava de ra kehoach chien

\ugc v o i h i v o n g trong 18 thang gianh lay mot thang loi quye't dinh de "Kei

thuc chien tranh trong danh dit". N h u n g Nava da bj that bai ngay tir buoc dau

trong ke hoach ciia m i n h V o i vi^c phan tan luc i u p n g djch 6 D i ^ n Bien Phu,

Xeno, Playku, Luongpha bang, ta da pha san buoc dau ke hoach Nava Bupc

Nava phai tap trung lyc l u p n g 6 Di^n Bien Phu, bien D i f n Bien Phu thanh

diem quye't chien chien lupc v o i ta

N a m dupe y do cua djch 6 Di^n Bien Phii, dau thang 12 - 1953, Bp Chinh tri

T r u n g u o n g Dang hpp thong qua ke hoach tac chien cua Bp Tong t u lenh va

quye't d j n h m o chien dich Dien Bien Phu M u c tieu cua chien djch la tieu diel

dich 6 day, giai phong v u n g Tay Bac, tao dieu kien cho Lao giai phong Bac

Lao Dau thang 3 1954, cong tac chuan bj m p i mat da hoan tat Ngay 13 3

-1954, quan ta no sung tan cong tap doan cu diem Di^n Bien Phii

Chien djch D i ^ n Bien Phii dupe chia lam ba dot:

Dot 1, tie ngay 13 den ngay 17 - 3 - 1954; quan ta tie'n cong tieu diet cac cii

diem H i m L a m va toan bp phan khu Bac Ke't qua, ta loai khoi vong chien dau

gan 2000 djch

Dat 2, tie ngay 30-3 den ngay 26 - 4 - 1954: quan ta dong loat tie'n cong cac eit

diem phia dong k h u T r u n g tam M u o n g Thanh n h u Ei, D i , Ci, Ai Ta chie'm

phan Ion cac c u d i e m cua dich tao them dieu kien de bao vay, chia cat, khong

che djch Sau dot nay, MT khan cap vien trp cho Phap va de dpa nem bom

nguyen t u Dien Bien Phii; ta kjp thoi khac phue kho khan ve tiep te^ nang cao

quye't tam gianh thang Ipi

Dot 3, tif ngay 1 - 5 den ngay 7 - 5 - 1945: quan ta dong loat tien cong phan

k h u T r u n g tam M u o n g Thanh va phan k h u N a m , Ian lupt tieu diet cac diem de

khang con lai ciia djch Chieu 7 - 5, quan ta danh vao so chi h u y djch 17 gia 30

ngay 7 - 5 -1954, t u o n g D o Caxtori (De castrie) cung toan bp Ban tham m u u bj

b^t La CO "Quyel chien qmje\ ciia quan d p i pha't p h o i t u n g bay tren noc

h a m t u o n g D a Caxtori Tap doan c u d i e m 6 Dien Bien Phii bj tieu d i f t

V o i thang loi ciia chien djch Hch sir Di|n Bien Phii da dap tan hoan toan ke

hoach Nava, giang don quye't d j n h vao y chi xam lupc cua thye dan Phap, lam

Ijtoay chuyen cue dien chien tranh, tao dieu ki?n thuan loi cho cupe dau tranh ngoai giao cua ta gianh thang lai

Nhu vay, qua cac thdng lai cua quan dan ta tif nam 1946 den chien cupc dong xuan 193 - 1954, ta da danh bai cac am mini ciia dich, gianh dugc nhieu thang Igi to Icfn va den chien dich Dien Bien Phii la dinh cao cugc khang chien, ta da danh bai hoan toan thuc dan Phap xam luge Day la thang Igi quan su Ian nhd't va la th&ng Igi quyel clinh buoc thuc dan Phap phai chd'm diet chien tranh xam luge Dong Dieang

-d Ynghia vd dnh huong cua chien thdng Dien Bien Phii

* Y nghia l i c h su:

Chien thang D i f n Bien Phi; la thang Ipi Ian nha't, vT dai nha't cua cupc khang chien cho'ng thyc dan Phap, n h u mot " C h i Lang, m o t Bach Dang, mpt D o n g E)a" ciia the'ki XX

Chien thang Dien Bien Phii la nhan to quye't d j n h bupc thuc dan Phap phai

ki Hi?p d i n h Gionevo thira nhan nen dpc lap, chii quyen, thong nha't va toan v?n lanh tho cua ba nuoc D o n g D u o n g

Chien thang Dien Bien Phii da bao ve va phat trien n h i j n g thanh qua ciia Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, giai phong hoan toan mien Bac, cha'm d u t ach thong trj ciia thyc dan Phap trong gan mpt the'ki

Chien thang D i ^ n Bien Phii giang mpt don manh me vao h^ thong thyc dan,

mo dau sy sup do cua chii nghla thuc dan cu

* A n h hudmg:

Co v u manh me phong trao giai phong dan toe tren the giai, truac he't la a

chau A, chau Phi, gop phan thu hep tran dja ciia chii nghia de'quoc

Neu tam g u o n g ve chong chii nghia thuc dan, do la, mpt dan tpc dat khong rpng, nguoi khong dong neu quye't tam chien dau v i dpc lap t u do, c6 d u a n g loi quan sy chinh t r i diing dan, dupe sy iing hp quoc te'thi hoan toan c6 kha nSng danh bai mpt de'quoc manh

Thang Ipi D i ^ n Bien Phii c6 tac d u n g thiic day phong trao giai phong dan tpc ngay cang dang cao, nha't la phong trao giai phong dan tpc d onau Phi

e Chien thang Dien Bien Phu Id "cdy CQt moc bang vdng"

Chien thang D i ^ n Bien Phii l.i dinh cao ciia cupc khang chien chong thyc dan Phap xam lupc ciia nhan dan ta, da ghi dau sen phat trien vupt bac ciia

"^en ngh^ thuat quan su Vi^t N a m , ma tam voc ciia no n h u mpt Bach Dang, Chi Lang, mpt D o n g Da ciia the'ki XX

Chien thang D i ^ n Bien Phii > u n g dang dupe xem la "cay cpt moc bang

^^ng" trong Ijch sir chong ngcai xam ciia dan tpc ta Lan dau tien hang nghin

^ quan, ke ca vien t u o n g chi huy, binh linh ciia quan d p i m p t cuang quoc

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p h u o n g Tay bj quan dpi rriQt nuac, von dupe coi la nhupc tieu, la thupc dia bat

lam tu b i n h Day la mpt that bai nang ne nha't, mpt don chi t u danh sup hoan

toan y do tiep tuc cupc chie'n tranh xam lupc cua thyc dan Phap That bai 6

Di?n Bien Phu bupc Phap phai k i H i ^ p dinh Gionevo thang 7 - 1954 ve lap \g,[

hoa binh 6 D o n g D u o n g

/ DifM Bien Phu lam "chan dong dia cau"

Thang Ipi trong chien djch Di?n Bien Phu da m o ra mpt k i nguyen moi, ki

nguyen cac dan tpc thupc dia viing len danh do chii nghia de quoc, chii nghin

thyc dan de gianh lay quyen song, quyen lam n g u o i cua m i n h Di?n Bien Phu

da d i vao y thuc ve doc lap dan tpc doi v o i cac dan tpc thupc dia, nua thutx

dja N h u A l e n Henghe (Camorun) da phat bieu "ThSng Ipi cua Vi?t N a m o

Di?n Bien Phu c6 tinh chat quyet dinh lam thuc tinh y thiic dan tpc va long you

nuoc ciia nhan dan cac nuoc thupc dja cua Phap 6 chau P h i "

Thang Ipi cua chie'n djch D i ^ n Bien Phii c6 tac d u n g dpng vien, co v u cac

dan tpc bi ap buc, tao ra niem t i n v6 bien ve thang Ipi trong cupc dau tranh

chong chu nghla thuc dan Tap chi A - Phi - M i Latinh viet: "Chien thang Hch

su Di?n Bien Phu la tia lira gay ra mpt loat v u no khac gop phan chain d u t chu

nghla thyc dan Phap 6 chau Phi Su c6 v u mang lai khap n o i cho cac dan toe

b} ap buc la khong the l u o n g het dupe va do la m p t trong n h i m g nhan to

khong the thieu dem lai niem tin t u o n g "

Chie'n thang D i ^ n Bien Phu dupe coi n h u la moc m o dau qua trinh pha san

cua chii nghla thuc dan tren pham v i toan the gioi Lacbi Bahali, Bi t h u thu

nha't Dang Cpng san Angieri v i e t : " D i ^ n Bien Phii tieng chuong bao gio chet

a i a chii nghla thuc dan Phap khong n h u n g 6 Vi|t N a m ma ca bp phan con lai

ciia khoi thupc dia ciia no"

Di?n Bien Phii da dem lai cho phong trao giai phong dan tpc nua sau the'ki

XX n h i i n g bai hpc k i n h nghiem quy gia trong su nghi^p dau tranh giai phong

khoi ach thong trj ciia chii nghla de quoc Thii tuong Ben Benlla cho rang:

" T i n chien thSng Dien Bien Phii den v o i chiing toi cho thay ro con duong

dan den thang Ipi, nen chiing toi quyet d j n h tien hanh dau tranh via trang

Ngay 7-5- 1954 chien thSng 6 Di?n Bien Phii thi ngay 7 - 7 - 1954, U y ban

each mang Angieri hpp phat dpng dau tranh v i i trang Cupc dau tranh truong

k i gian kho n h u n g v6 ciing anh d u n g da dua nhan dan Angieri den t h i n g l(?i

n h u ngay nay"

Di?n Bien Phii chiing m i n h mpt each hung hon cho chan l i ciia thoi dai ngay

nay rang m p t dan tpc d i i nho, k h i da doan ket d u n g len theo m p t d u o n g 16'

d u n g d5n cho dpe lap t u do thi d i i kha nang chie'n thang d p i quan xam lupc

ciia chii nghla de'quoc, chii nghla thuc dan hung han nha't

Cty TNHHMTypWH Khan0 Vlfit

Di?n Bien Phii c6 dau ah sau sSc ve nhieu mat doi v o i phong trao giai phong dan tpc nua sau the ki XX, va n h u la mpt tat ye'u, D i f n Bien Phii tro thanh mpt bau vat, m p t niem t u hao Ion lao doi voi cac dan tpc dang chie'n dau

v i su nghi^p giai phong dan tpc khoi chii nghla thuc dan Bao Su that each mang thang Tu ciia Apganixtan ra ngay 7 - 5 - 1984, viet : "Chie'n thang Di^n Bien Phii khong nhCrng la niem t u hao ciia nhan dan Viet N a m anh hung, ma eon la

di san quy bau cua phong trao each mang the gioi, nha't la phong trao giai phong dan tpc, 30 nam qua nhirng bai hpc va n h u n g k i n h nghiem q u y bau ciia Di?n Bien Phii van con mang tinh thoi dai nong h o i "

4 H p i n g h i G i o n e v o 1954 ve D o n g D u o n g ,

a Hoan cdnh Ijch su

Buoe vao dong - xuan 1953-1954, dong thoi v o i cupc tien cong quan su, ta

day manh cupc dau tranh ngoai giao, m o ra kha nang giai quyet bSng con

d u o n g hoa binh cupc chien tranh 6 D o n g D u o n g ,,,, Thang 1-1954, hpi nghj ngoai t r u o n g bon nuoc Lien X6, M i , A n h , Phap hpc

tgi Beclin da thoa thuan ve vi^c trieu tap mpt hpi nghi quoc te 6 Gionevo de giai quyet van de Trieu tien va lap lai hoa binh 6 Dong D u o n g

Giiia liic quan ta chuan bj m o dpt tien cong t h i i ba 6 Dien Bien Phii thi ngay 26-4-1954, hpi nghj Gionevo chinh thiic dupe khai mac, ban ve van de Trieu Tien Den ngay 8-5-1954, mpt ngay sau k h i chien djch Di?n Bien Phii ket tiiuc, H p i nghj Gionevo bat dau thao luan ve van de lap lai hoa binh 6 Dong

D u o n g Phai doan chinh phii ta do Pho thii tuong Pham Van D o n g lam Truong doan chinh thuc dupe m o i hp

Can cu vao dieu kien cu the ciia cupc khang chien eung n h u so sanh luc lupng giua ta voi Phap va xu the chung ciia the gioi la giai quyet cac van de tranh chap

|)«uig thuong lupng Vi^t N a m da k i Hiep djnh Gionevo ngay 21 - 7 -1954

I b Ngi dung co ban vd y nghia Ifch sic cm Hi^p dinh Gioneva nam 1954 ve pong Ducmg

- Noi dung Hiep dinh:

Cac nuoc tham d u hpi nghi cam ket ton trpng eae quyen dan tpc co ban la

pc lap, chii quyen va toan ven lanh tho eiia ba nuoc Viet N a m , Lao,

!ampuchia; cam ket khong can thiep vao cong vi^c npi bp eiia ba nuoc

Cac ben tham chie'n thuc hi^n ngung ban, lap lai hoa binh tren toan Dong

t ) u o n g Cac ben tham chien thuc hi^n eupe d i chuyen, tap ket dpi quan 6 hai viing:

H i ^ p d j n h cam vi^e dua quan dpi, nhan vien quan su, via k h i nuoc ngoai

ao cac nuoc D o n g D u o n g khong dupe tham gia bat k i khoi Hem m i n h quan

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3Sl duOn^ HSG L/ch Si> 12 - The Trucme Ngpc Thai

sv nao va khong de cho nuac khac d u n g lanh tho ciia m i n h vao vi#c gay chien

tranh hoac phuc v u muc dich xam luQ-c

Vi?t N a m tie'n toi thong nhat bSng cupc tong tuyen c u t u do trong ca niroc,

se du(?c to chuc vao thang 7 -1956 d u o i sy kiem soat va giam sat va kiem soat

ciia mpt U y ban quoc te (trong do A n D p lam chii tjch, cung hai nuoc Ba Lan

va Canada)

Trach nhi^m thi hanh Hiep d j n h thupc ve n h i j n g n g u o i k i hi?p dinh

Gionevo va nhirng n g u o i ke tuc ho

- Y n^/iffl Ixch su:

H i ^ p d j n h Gionevo 1954 ve D o n g D u o n g la van ban phap l i quoc te ghi

nhan cac quyen dan toe ca ban ciia nhan dan cac nuoc D o n g D u o n g va dupe

cac cuang quoc cung cac nuoc tham d y H p i nghi cam ket ton trpng

N o danh da'u thang Ipi cupc khang chien chong Phap, song chua trpn ven v i

m a i giai phong dupe mien Bac Cupc da'u tranh each mang van phai tiep tuc

nham giai phong mien N a m , thong nhat dat nuoc

V o i H i ^ p d j n h Gionevo, Phap bupc phai chain d i i t chien tranh xam lupc,

n i t het quan d p i ve nuoc; de'quoc MT that bai trong am m u u keo dai, m o rpng,

quoc te'hoa chien tranh xam lupc Dong D u o n g

c Biem khac nhau giiia Hiep Ainh So bo voi Hiep dinh Gionevo

H i f p d j n h So bp (6 - 3 - 1946), Chinh phii Phap cong nh^n nuoc ta la mot

quoc gia t u do, nam trong li^n hiep Phap va trong lien bang D o n g D u o n g Con

trong Hi?p d j n h Gionevo (21 - 7 - 1954 ), Phap va cac nuoc tham d u hpi nghi

cam ket ton trpng dpc lap chii quyen, thong nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ba nuoc

D o n g D u o n g

Trong liic k i Hi?p d j n h So bp do ta con yeu hon dich nen ta phai chap nhan

dieu khoan do Day la sach lupc m e m deo de phan hoa ke t h u Con trong k h i

ki Hi?p d j n h Gionevo ta da gianh dupe thang Ipi quyet d j n h 6 Di?n Bien Phii,

quyet d j n h su that bai ciia thuc dan Phap 6 Dong D u o n g

So v o i Hi?p d j n h So bp, Hiep d j n h Gionevo la mot buoc tie'n v u p t bac trong

da'u tranh ngoai giao ciia ta

5 Y nghia l i c h su va nguyen nhan t h i n g I g i ciia cupc k h a n g chien chong

Phap (1945 -1954)

- Y ttghia:

ThSng Ipi ciia cupc khang chien chong Phap da cha'm d i i t cupc chien tranh

xam lupc, dong thai cha'm d i i t ach thong trj ciia thyc dan Phap trong gan mpt

the k i tren dat nuoc ta; mien Bac nuoc ta dupe giai phong, chuyen sang giai

doan each mang xa hpi chii nghia, tao co so de nhan dan ta giai phong mien

N a m , thong nhat To quoc

Thang Ipi ciia cupc khang chien da giang don nang ne vao tham vong xam lupc, am m u u no djch ciia chii nghia de'quoc sau Chien tranh the gioi t h i i hai, gop phan lam tan ra he thong thupc dia ciia ehiing, co v u manh me tinh than giai phong dan toe tren the gioi, truoc het la cac nuac chau A, chau Phi, MT Latinh

- Nguyen nhan thSng hi:

N h o lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang, d u n g dau la Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h , v o i

d u o n g loi khang chien diing d i n , sang tao Toan dan, toan quan doan ket, diing cam trong chien da'u, trong lao dpng san xua't

N h o h | thong chinh quyen dan chii nhan dan trong ca nuoc, co mat tran dan tpc thong nhat dupe ciing co va m o rpng, co lue lupng v i i trang som dupe xay d u n g va khong n g i m g Ion manh, co hau p h u a n g rpng lan, virng chae ve mpi mat

N h o tinh than doan ket ciia nhan dan ba nuoc Dong Duong chong ke thu ehung

N h o CO su dong tinh, ling hp va giiip do ciia Trung Quoc, Lien X6 va eiia

cac nude dan chii nhan dan khac, ciia nhan dan Phap va loai n g u o i tie'n bp

- Nguyen nhan qm/ei dinh nhat:

Trong cac nguyen nhan neu tren thi nguyen nhan ve su lanh dao ciia Dang, diing dau la Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h la nguyen nhan quyet d j n h nhat

Trong cupc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap tro lai xam lupc nuoc ta Dang ta va Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h da de ra d u o n g 16! khang chien toan dan, toan dien, lau dai va t u lue canh sinh D u o n g loi do dupe ap d u n g trong suot tie'n trinh each mang t u nam 1946 den nam 1954 N h o co d u o n g loi do Dang ta

da doan ket dupe m p t luc l u p n g each mang ciia dong dao quan ehiing de thuc hi?n cupc khang chien toan dan va da tie'n hanh khang chien tren cac mat tran kinh te, chinh t r i , van hoa, quan su Cung nho eo d u o n g loi do ma Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan ta chien da'u lau dai, ben bi, lan lupt danh bai tirng am m u u ciia djch de tie'n len danh bai hoan toan cupc chien tranh xam lupc ciia thuc dan Phap co su giiip siic ciia M i

Su lanh dao ciia Dang, d i i n g dau la Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h voi d u o n g 161 each mang d i i n g dan da giiip cho toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta doan ket mpt long, chien da'u v i muc tieu dpc lap dan tpc va chii nghia xa hpi Toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta chien da'u voi tinh than "Tha hi sinh tat ca chii nhat d j n h khong chju mat nuoc, nhat d j n h khong chju lam no ie" V o i tinh than a'y, cupc chien da'u d i i lau dai, dua vao siic minh la chinh n h u n g ehiing ta

da gianh dupe thang Ipi cuoi cung, bupc thuc dan Phap phai cong nhan dpc Jap chii quyen, thong nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ciia ba nuoc D o n g D u o n g

Trang 6

3SidLf&n0HSO 1 irhSCr 12 - Ths Trtrang Ngpc men

cAu Hbi O N T(=IP

kho khan gi? Neu kho khan Ion nha't dua nuoc ta dung truoc tinh the nhu

"ngan can treo sgi toe"

vi?c giai quyet nhung kho khan ve do'i npi sau Cach mang thang Tarn

Cdu 3 Phan tich tinh diing dSn va sang tao ve duong loi doi ngoai cua Dang

ta sau Cach m^ng thang Tarn nam 1945

nhu the nao doi voi Phap trong hai thoi ki: truoc ngay 6 - 3 - 1946 va t u ngay

6 - 3 -1946?

Cdu 5 Y nghia thang Igi va bai hpc kinh nghi?m cua CUQC dau tranh bao v^

chinh quyen thoi ki tu thang 9 -1945 den thang 12 nam 1946?

19 - 12 - 1946 trong hoan canh nhu the nao? Phan tich npi dung co ban ciia

duong 161 khang chien chong Phap ciia Dang ta

Duong 161 khang chien toan dan va toan di^n duoc the hien nhu the nao trong

qua trinh khang chien Cdu 8. Lap bang thong ke ve duong 161 khang chien chong Phap cua Dang ta

theo yeu cau duoi day:

1) Nghj quyet Hpi nghj Ban

Thuong vy Trung uong Dang

ngay 18 va 19 - 12 - 1946)

2) Loi keu gQi toan quoc

khang chien ciia Chii tjch Ho

Chi Minh dem 19 -12 -1946

3) Thu cua Ho Chi Minh ngay

21 -12 -1946

3) Thu cua Ho Chi Minh ngay

21 -12 -1946

4) Tac pham Khang chien nhat

Chinh vao 3-1947

Npi dung va phuong cham

cua cupc khang chien

Cdu 9. Tu sau khi riit khoi do thi den truoc chien dich Viet Bac thu - dong nam 1947, ta da lam gi dechuan bi cho cuoc khang chien lau dai? | i , ,

Cdu 10. So sanh chien thang Viet Bac thu - dong 1947 va chien djch Bien gidi thu - dong 1950, theo cac tieu chi sau:

Tieu chi so sanh Chien dich Vi^t Bic Chien dich bien gioi 1) Chii dong tan

c6ng dich

1) Chii dong tan c6ng dich

2) Quan djch bi loai khoi vung chien

2) Quan djch bi loai khoi vung chien 3) Qiai phong da't dai

4) Y nghla quan trong nhat ciia thang loi

khang chien ciia ta budc sang giai doan phat trien

-xuan 1953 - 1954, hau phuong khang chien da phat trien nhu the nao tren cac m^t chinh tri, kinh te^ van hoa, giao due, y te?

cua quan ta van dupe giir vung sau chien thang Bien gidi thu - dong nam 1950 den trudc dong - xuan 1953 - 1954

Cdu 14. Lap nien bieu nhung thang Ipi tieu bieu aia nhan ta tren cac mat tran quan su, chinh tri - ngoai giao, kinh te - tai chinh trong khang chien chong thye dan Phap tir sau thu - dong n3m 1950 den trudc ddng - xuan 1953 - 1954 theo bang thdng ke

Thai gian Quan syt Chinh tri

-ngoai giao

Kinh te - tai chinh

Trang 7

Cau 15 Tinh bay dien bie'n cupc tien cong chien \\xqic D o n g Xuan 1953

-1954 ciia quan dan ta

Cdu 16. Chien djch lich sir Dien Bien Phii dugc chuan bj va gianh thang Igi

n h u the'nao? Y nghla cua chien thang Dien Bien Phii

Cau 17. Hay chung minh: D i f n Bien Phii la thang Igi quan sy Ion nha't cua ta

trong khang chien chong Phap va la thang Igi quyet dinh bugc thuc dan Phap

phai cha'm d u t chien tranh xam luge Dong D u o n g

Cau 18. Neu d i e m khac nhau co ban gii>a Hiep d j n h So bg (6 - 3 - 1946) v o i

Hiep d j n h Gionevo (21 -7 -1954 ) de thay buoc tien ciia ta trong da'u tranh

ngoai giao?

Cau 19. Phan tich boi canh Ijch su cac giai doan phat trien cua cugc khang

chien chong Phap ciia nhan dan ta tir nam 1946 den nam 1954

Cdu 20. Cugc da'u tranh tren ITnh vuc ngoai giao dugc the hi^n n h u the'nao

trong cugc khang chien chong Phap t u nam 1946 den nam 1954?

Cdu 21. Neu nhirng th^ng igi ve quan su ciia quan dan ta trong cugc khang

chien chong Phap (1946 - 1954) Phan tich mot th^ng Igi quyet d j n h nha't

Cdu 22. Van de rugng dat cho dan cay dugc Dang ta de ra va thuc hi^n n h u

the'nao trong cugc khang chien chong Phap (1946 - 1954)? Tac d u n g cua vi^c

thuc hi^n van de rugng dat dan cay doi voi cugc khang chien

I C A C H M A N G M I E N B A G T l / N A M 1954 D E N N A M 1 9 7 5

1 T h a i k i 1954 - 1957: Hoan thanh cai each r u p n g dat, k h o i phue k i n h te, han

g i n vet t h u o n g chien tranh

* Hoan thanh cai each ruong dat

Can cu vao hoan canh thuc te'mien Bac va nham dap u n g yeu cau ve quyen Igi kinh te, chinh tri ciia nong dan, cung co khoi lien minh cong nong, m o rgng mat tran dan tgc thong nha't Dang va Chinh phu quyet d j n h "Day manh phat dgng quan chiing thuc hien cai each rugng dat"

Thuc hi^n chu truong cua Trung uong, trong hai nam (1954 - 1956), mien Bac tien hanh cai each rugng dat 6 3314 xa thugc 22 tinh dong b5ng va trung du

Qua 5 dgt cai each rugng dat, da tjch thu trung inua khoang 81 van hecta rugng dat, 10 van nghin trau bo, 1,8 trieu nong cu t u tay giai cap dja ehii dem cho tren 2 trieu hg nong dan lao dgng

Ke't qua: Giai cap dja ehii can ban bj xoa bo Nong dan da lam chu nong thon,

nguyen vgng lau doi ciia nong dan la "ngifffi cay co riion;^" da dugc thuc hien

Sai lam: Da'u to ea nhOng nguoi co cong voi each mang, quy nham mot so' nong dan, can bg, dang vien thanh dja chii j •

* Khoi phuc kinh te, han gan vet thuong chien tranh

Cong cugc khoi phuc kinh te dugc toan dan tich cue h u o n g ling va trien khai trong ta't ca cac nganh

Trong nong nghiep, nong dan hang hai khai khan rugng dat bo hoang, bao dam cay cay he't rugng dat vang chu, tang them dan trau bo, sam them cong

cu He thong de dieu da dugc tu bo N h i e u cong trinh thuy nong m o i dugc xay

d y n g , CO tac d y n g m o rgng dien tich t u o i va tieu nuoc i ,

Trong cong nghiep, giai cap cong nhan da nhanh chong khoi phuc va m o hau he't cac co so cong nghiep Den cuoi nam 1957, mien B^c co ta't ca 97 nha may, xi nghiep Ion nho Nha nuoc quan l i

Cac nganh thu cong nghiep mien Bac cung dugc khoi phuc nhanh chong Den nam 1957, nganh thii cong nghiep da cung cap gan 59% so hang hoa cong nghiep trong ca nuoc, giai quyet phan nao vi^c lam cho nguoi lao dgng

Trong t h u o n g nghiep, he thong m a u djch quoc doanh va hgp tac xa mua ban dugc m o rgng, da cung cap ngay cang nhieu mat hang cho nhan dan; giao luu hang hoa giira cac dia p h u o n g ngay cang phat trien; hoat dgng ngoai thuong dan dan tap trung vao tay Nha nuoc Den cuoi nam 1957, mien Bac dat quan he buon ban voi 27 nuoc

Trang 8

Giao thong van tai duoc chii trong, khoi phuc gan 700km d u o n g sat, sua

chua va lam m o i hang nghin kilomet duang 6 to, xay d u n g va m a rpng them

mpt so cang n h u H a i Phong, Cam Pha, Ben Thuy; d u o n g hang khong dan

d y n g quoc teduQC khai thong

Van hoa giao due dugc day manh Nen giao due dugc phat trien theo

h u o n g xa hoi chii nghla He thong giao due pho thong theo chuong trinh 10

nam da dugc khang dinh, giao due dai hoc dugc ehii y phat trien

He thong y te eham soc sue koe cho nhan dan dugc Nha nuoe quan tam xay

d y n g Nep song lanh manh, giii gin v^ sinh dugc van dgng thue hien 6 khap

mgi noi

Trong giai doan nay, chinh quyen va quan dgi dugc eiing co, tang cuong

kha nang phong thu dat nuac, mo rgng quan he ngoai giao Mat tran To quoc thanh

lap thang 9 -1955 da tang cuong khoi dai doan ket dan tgc xay dung dat nuoe

2 Thai ki 1958 1960: Cai tao quan hf san xuat, buoc dau phat trien kinh te

-van hoa

Trong 3 nam tiep theo (1958 - 1960), mien Bae lay cai tao xa hgi chii nghla

lam trgng tam: cai tao doi vai eong nhiep, thii eong nghiep, thuang nghiep

nho, eong thuong nghiep t u ban t u doanh, trong do khau chinh la hgp tac hoa

nong nghiep

Thue hien chii truong tren, khap noi soi noi phong trao thi dua xay d u n g

hgp tac xa Cugc van dgng hgp tac xa nong nghiep dugc tien hanh theo

nguyen tac t u nguyen, eung co Igi va quan li dan chii; t u n g buoc dua nguoi

nong dan vao lam an tap the d i tir to doi eong len hgp tac xa bac thap, den bac

cao, t u quy mo nho den quy mo Ion

Do'i v o l t u san dan toe, cai tao hang phuang phap hoa binh, su dung mat

tieh eye eiia t u san dan toe, dua hg vao lam an tap the d u o i hinh thue eong t u

hgp doanh

Doi voi luc l u g n g tieu thuong, tieu chii, thg thii eong, dua vao eon duong

lam an tap the trong cac hgp tac xa thii eong nghiep, hgp tac xa mua ban

Ket qua cai tao la da xoa bo co ban che'dg nguoi boc lot nguoi, co tac dung

thiie day san xuat phat trien, nhat la trong dieu kien ehie'n tranh, hgp tac xa da

bao dam doi song vat chat, tinh than cho nhtrng nguoi ra d i chien da'u, phyc

v u chien dau

Dong thoi v a i nhiem vu cai tao xa hgi chii nghTa, eong nghiep quoc doanh

dugc u u tien dau t u xay dung Den nam 1960, mien Bac co 172 xf nghiep Ian

do trung uong quan l i , tren 500 xi nghiep do dja phuong quan l i

134

3 Thoi k i 1961 - 1965: Xay dung buoc dau co so vat chat, k l thuat ciia chu nghia xa hpi •

* Dai hpi dai bieu toan quoc Ian thu III ciia Dang (thang 9 - 1960)

- Hoan earth: Gi&a liic each mang 6 hai mien N a m - Bac co nhirng buoc tien

quan trgng Dang Lao dgng Vi#t N a m to chiic Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc Ian thu I I I Dai hgi hgp t u ngay 5 den 10 - 9 -1960 6 Ha N o i

- Noi dung Dai hpi

Dai hgi de ra nhiem v u chien luge ciia each mang ca nuoe va nhiem v y ciia each mang t u n g mien; chi ro vj tri, vai tro ciia each mang t u n g mien, moi quan

h? givea each mang hai mien Cach mang xa hgi chii nghla 6 mien Bac co vai tro

quye't djnh nhat doi vai su phat trien ciia each mang ca nuoe Cach mang dan tgc dan chii nhan dan 6 mien N a m co vai tro quye't dinh true tiep doi voi su nghiep giai phong mien N a m

Cach mang hai mien co quan h ^ mat thie't, gan bo va tac dgng Ian nhau nham hoan thanh cugc each mang dan tgc dan chii nhan dan trong ca nuoe, thue hi^n hoa binh thong nhat dat nuoe

Dai hgi thong qua Bao cao chinh tri, bao cao sua chira doi Dieu 1^ Dang

va thong qua ke'hoaeh Nha nuoe 5 nam thii nhat (1961 -1965) nham xay d u n g

buoc dau CO so vat chat - k l thuat eiia chii nghla xa hgi, thue h i ^ n mgt buoc

eong nghiep hoa xa hgi chii nghla am * n

Dai hgi bau Ban Chap hanh Trung uong m o i eiia Dang H o Chi M i n h

dugc bau lam Chii tjch Dang, Le Dan giu chiic Bi t h u t h i i nhat ciia Dang

- Y nghla: Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h i i I I I eiia Dang "nguon anh sang

moi, luc l u g n g m o i cho toan Dang va toan dan ta xay d u n g thang Igi chii nghla

xa hgi a mien Bac va da'u tranh thue hien hoa binh tho'ng nhat nuoe nha"

* Mien Oic thue hi?n ke hoach Nha nuoe 5 nam (1961 -1965)

N h i ^ m v u co ban ciia ke'hoaeh 5 nam la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va nong nghiep, tiep tuc eong cugc cai tao xa hgi chu nghla, ciing co va tang cuong thanh phan kinh te'quoc doanh, cai thien mot buoc d o i song vat chat va van hoa ciia nhan dan lao dgng, eiing coquoc phong, tang cuong trat t u va an ninh xa hgi.Trong kinh te^ nganh eong nghiep dugc u u tien dau t u xay dung

Trong nong nghiep, sau khi dua dai bg phan nong dan vao cac hgp tac xa nong nghiep, t u nam 1961, cac dja phuang thue hien chii truong xay d u n g hgp

tac xa san xuat nong nghiep bac cao '' '

Thuong nghiep quoc doanh dugc Nha nuoe u u tien phat trien nen da chiehi

* iTnh thi truong, gop phan phat trien kinh te Cling co quan h? san xuat m o i , on

djnh va cai thi^n doi song nhan dan

135

Trang 9

thong giao thong ctuang bq>, duong sat, duong lien tinh, lien huy?n,

duong song, duong hang khong dug-c cung co Vi^c di lai trong nuoc va giao

thong quoc tethuan Igi hon

thong giao due tu pho thong den dai hoc phat trien manh

thong y te, cham lo sue khoe dugc dau tu phat trien Nhiing loai dich

b^nh a mien Bac co ban dugc xoa bo

Quan doi nhan dan Viet Nam dugc xay dung tung buoc thanh quan dgi

chinh quy va buoc dau dugc trang bj hien dai, du sue bao ve vung chic mien

Bac va dap ung nhu cau ngay cang tang cua each mang mien Nam

Nhi>ng thanh tuu dat dugc trong viec thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam (1961

-1965) va noi chung trong 10 nam (1954 - 1964) da thay doi bg mat xa hgi mien

Bic Tai Hoi n;^hi Chinh tri dqc biet thcin^ 3 - 3964, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh noi:

"Trong 10 nam qua, mien BMc nuoc ta da tien hanh buoc dai chua tung thay

trong Ijch su dan tgc Dat nuoc, xa hgi va con nguoi deu doi moi"

4 Thai ki 1965 - 1968: Mien BIC vira san xuat vira chien dau chong chien

tranh pha hoai Ian thu nhat cua M i

* M l tien hanh chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac

Cuoi nam 1964 dau nam 1965, dong thoi voi day manh chien tranh xam

luge mien Nam MT mo rgng chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai

mien BSc Ngay 5 - 8 - 1964 sau khi dung len "sic kicn Vinh BSc Bo", MT cho may

bay nem bom bSn pha mot so noi 6 mien Bac, nhu cua song Gianh (Quang

Binh), Vinh - Ben Thuy (Nghf An), Lach Truong (Thanh Hoa), thj xa Hon Gai

(Quang Ninh)

Ngay 7-2 - 1965, lay co "tra dua" viec quan giai phong mien Nam tien cong

doanh trai quan M i 6 Playku, MT cho may bay nem bom b i n pha thj xa Dong

Hoi, dao Con Co (Quang Binh) , chinh thi>c gay ra cugc chien tranh bSng

khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac (Ian thu nhat)

Tien hanh chien tranh pha hoai, M I am muu pha tiem luc kinh te, quoc

phong, pha cong cugc xay dung chu nghai xa hgi 6 mien Bac; ngan chan nguon

chi vi^n tu ben ngoai vao mien BSc va tu mien Bac vao mien Nam; uy hiep tinh

than, lam lung lay y chi chong M I cua nhan dan ta 6 hai mien dat nuoc

May bay, tau chien MT nem bom, bin pha lien tuc, khip mgi noi, mgi liic,

trong mgi thoi tiet, voi cuong do ngay cang tang Trung binh moi ngay co 300

Ian chie'c may bay di gay tgi ac voi 1600 tan bom dan trut xuong cac lang mac,

pho xa, Bom dgn cau chiing ta da cuop di biet bao sinh mang va gay thuong

tich cho bao nhieu nguoi khac Bom dan cua chiing da tan pha biet bao cua cai

CO

trong hon 10 nam truoc

* Mien BSc vvra san xuat, vira chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai Mien Bac chuyen mgi hoat dgng sang thoi chien, thuc hien quan sii hoa toan dan Mien Bic vua san sang chong lai hanh dgng danh pha ciia MT vua

lao dgng san xuat i

Trong chien dau, mien Bac da ban roi va pha huy 3 243 may bay MT; ban chay va chim 143 tau chien MT Ngay 1 - 11 - 1968, MT tuyen bo ngung hln chien tranh pha hoai mien Bac

Trong san xuat, mien Bic lap dugc nhi>ng thanh tich quan trgng: Trong nong nghifp, dien tich canh tac mo rgng, nang sua't lao dgng khong ngung tang len Trong cong nghi^p, nang luc san xuat 6 mot so nganh dugc giO vOng

cac CO so cong nghiep Ion kjp thoi so tan Cong nghiep dja phuong va cong

nghiep quoc phong deu phat trien

* Mien Bac thuc hi^n nghia vu hau phuong Ion

La hau phuong Ion cua khang chien chong mT cuu nuoc, mien Bic luon

huong ve mien Nam Vi mien Nam rugt thjt, mien Bic phah dau "Moi n^u&i

lam vice bang hai" Vi tien tuyen keu ggi, hau phuong san sang danh dap lai

"Thoc khong thieu mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngitvi"

Tuyen duong van chuyen chien luge Bic - Nam mang ten Ho Chi Minh tren

bp (dgc day nui Truong Son) va tren bien (dgc theo bo bien) bit dau khai thong h>

thang 5 -1959, dai hang nghin cay so, da noi lien hau phuong voi tien tuyen

Qua hai tuyen duong van chuyen chien luge do, trong 4 nam (1965 - 1968) mien Bac da dua hon 300.000 can bg, bg dgi vao mien Nam tham gia chien dau, phuc vu chien dau, xay dung kinh te^ van hoa tai cac vung giai phong, va cijng da gui vao Nam hang chuc van tan vu khi, dan dugc, quan trang, quan dyng, xang dau, luong thuc, thuc pham, thuoc men va nhieu vat dung khac

Tinh chung site nguoi, sue cua tu mien Bac chuyen vao Nam trong 4 nam da tSng gap 10 Ian so voi thoi ki truoc

5 Thoi k i 1969 - 1973: Mien Bic khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hpi,

chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai Ian thu hai ciia M i

* Mien Bic khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi Tren khap mien Bac day len phong trao thi dua hgc tap, cong tac, lao dgng

in xuat, nhim truoc het khoi phyc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi

Trong nong nghiep, ta co mgt so chu truong khuyen khich san xua't Chan

fiioi dugc dua len thanh nganh chinh Cac hop tac xa tich cue ap dung tieh bg

«^oa hgc kT thuat, nhieu bifn phap tham canh tang vu Nho do, nhieu hgp tac

Trang 10

xa dat duQc muc tieu 5 tan, mot so hop tac xa dat tir 6 den 7 tan San luQng

luong thuc nam 1970 tang Hon 60 van tan so voi nam 1968

Trong Cong nghiep, nhieu ca so cong nghiep trung uong va dja phuong tar,

pha dugc khoi phyc nhanh chong Nhieu cong trinh dang lam dang do duoc

UTJ tien dau t u xay d u n g tiep, dua vac heat dong

He thong giao thong van tdi, nha't la cac tuyen giao thong chien lup-c, h\a

hoai nang ne d u g c k h a n t r u a n g k h o i phuc

Van hod, giao due, y te, cung nhanh chong dugc khoi phuc va phat trien D6i

song nhan dan on djnh M o t so kho khan do sai lam khuyet diem cua ta trong

chi dao, quan li kinh te - xa hoi buoc dau dugc khac phuc

* Mien Bac vvra chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai vira san xuat

Ngay 6 - 4 - 1972, MT cho may bay nem bom ban pha mgt so' noi thugc khu

IV cu Ngay 16 - 4 - 1972, Nich-xon tuyen bo'chinh thuc gay ra cugc chien tranh

khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac (Ian t h u hai); den ngay 9 - 5 - 1972,

tuyen bo phong toa cang Hai Phong ciing cac cua song, luong lach, viing bien

mien Bac

N h o dugc chuan bj truoc va vai t u the luon luon san sang chien dau, mien

Bac da c6 the chu dong, kjp thoi chong tra djch ngay t u tran dau

Ngay 14 - 12 - 1972, gan 2 thang sau khi tuyen bo'ngung nem bom ban pha

mien Bac t u v i tuyen 20 tro ra, de ho trg cho m u u do chinh trj - ngoai giao moi,

Nich-xon phe chuan ke'hoach m o cugc tap kich khong quan bang may bay B52

vac Ha N g i va Hai Phong bat dau t u chieu toi 18 den het ngay 29 -12 -1972

Quan dan ta 6 mien B3c da danh tra djch nhiing don dich dang t u tran dau

va da danh bai hoan toan cugc tap kich khong quan cua M I , lam nen tran Dicii

Bien Phu tren khong Ta da ban roi 81 may bay (trong do 34 may bay B52, 5 may

bay F i l l ) , bat song 43 phi cong M I Tinh chung, trong ca cugc chien tranh pha

hoai Ian t h u hai (tu 6 - 4 - 1972 den 15 - 1 - 1973), mien Bac ban roi 735 may bay

M l (trong do c6 61 may bay B52, 10 may bay F i l l ) , ban chim 125 tau chien loai

khoi vong chien dau hang tram phi cong M i

Dien Bien Phu tren khong la tran thang quye't djnh cua ta, da bugc M i phai

tuyen bo'ngirng han cac hoat dong chong pha mien Bac (15 - 1 - 1973) va Hi#p

djnh Pari ve cham dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh o Vi^t N a m (27 - 1 -1973)

* Mien Bac thyc hi^n nghia vu hau phuong Ion

Trong dieu k i ^ n tuong doi hoa binh, ca trong chien tranh pha hoai, mien

Bac da tap trung Ian kha nang ve luc lugng va phuong ti^n de khac phuc kjp

thoi hau qua cua n h i i n g tran danh pha ac li^t, vugt qua nhung cugc bao vay

phong toa gat gao ciia djch, bao dam tiep nhan tot hang vien trg t u ben ngoai

va chi v i ^ n theo yeu cau cua tien tuyen mien Nam, c6 ca chien truang Lao va

Campuchia

* So sanh hai cupc chien tranh pha hoai cua MT 6 mien BSc

Tieu chi so sanh Chien tranh pha hoai Ian

t h u nhat

Chien tranh pha hoai Ian

t h u hai

1 Thai gian danh pha

T u 5 - 8 - 1964 den 1 - 1 1 -1968

T u 6 4 1972 den 15 1

-1973

2 Quy mo danh pha

Danh pha mgt so' noi 6 mien B^c, n h u cua song Gianh (Quang Binh), Vinh

- Ben Thuy (Ngh^ An), Lach Truong (Thanh Hoa), thi xa H o n Gai (Quang Ninh) Ngay 7 - 2

- 1965, danh pha thj xa Dong H a i , dao Con Co (Quang Binh)

Ngay 6 - 4 - 1972, M I cho may bay nem bom ban pha mgt so' noi thugc khu IV cu Den ngay 9 - 5 - 1972, tuyen

bo phong toa cang Hai Phong cung cac cua song, luong lach, viing bien mien Bac Ngay 14 - 12 - 1972, Nichxon phe chuan ke hoach m a cugc tap kich khong quan bang may bay B52 vao Ha N g i va Hai Phong

3 A m m u u

1

Pha tiem luc kinh te^

quoc phong, pha cong cugc xay d u n g chii nghai

xa hgi 6 mien Bac

Ngan chan nguon chi

v i f n t u ben ngoai vao mien Bac va t u mien Bac vao mien N a m

U y hie'p tinh than, lam lung lay y chi chong M I cua nhan dan ta a hai mien dat nuac

N h u cugc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nha't

Cuu nguy cho chien luge

"Vi^t N a m hoa chien tranh" Gianh thang Igi quye't djnh

ve quan su, bugc ta phai chap nhan dam phan 6 hgi nghi Pari theo nhirng dieu khoan c6 Igi cho M I

4 Ket qua chien dau cua quan dan mien Bac

Trong 4 nam (tu 5 8

-1964 den 1 - 11 - 1968), mien Bac ban roi va pha huy 3243 may bay, loai khoi vong chien dau hang nghin phi cong M i , ban

Da ban roi 81 may bay (trong do 34 may bay B52, 5 may bay F i l l ) , bat song 43 phi cong M I Tinh chung, trong ca cugc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai (tu 6-4-

I-JO

Trang 11

chay, ban chim 143 tau chie'n

Ngay 1 - n - 1968, MI tuyen bo ngung han chie'n tranh pha hoai mien Bac

1972 den 15 -1 -1973), mien Bac ban roi 735 may bay

MT (trong do c6 61 may bay B52, 10 may bay F i l l ) , ban ch\ 125 tau chie'n loai khoi vong chie'n dau hang tram phi cong Ml

Buoc MT phai tuyen bo ngung han cac hoat dong chong pha mien Bac va ki Hiep djnh Pari ve cham dut chie'n tranh, lap lai hoa binh

6 Viet Nam

6 Thoi k i tu nam 1973 den nam 1975: Mien Bac khoi phuc va phat trien

kinh te, ra sue chi vif n cho mien Nam

Hiep djnh Pari nam 1973 ve Viet Nam, quan MI buoc phai rut khoi nuoc ta,

lam thay doi so sanh lire lupng d mien Nam c6 Igi cho each mang Mien Bac tro

lai hoa binh, tie'n hanh khac phuc hau qua chie'n tranh, khoi phuc va phat trien

kinh te - xa hpi, ra siic chi vien cho tien tuyen mien Nam

Sau hai nam (1973 - 1974), ve co ban mien B^c khoi phuc xong cac co so

kinh te^ cac he thong thuy nong, mang luoi giao thong, cac cong trinh van hoa,

giao due, y \&, kinh te'co buoc phat trien

Den cuoi nam 1974, san xua't cong nghiep, nong nghiep tren mot so mat tran

quan trong da dat vupt muc nam 1964 va nam 1971 la hai nam dat muc cao

nhat trong 20 nam xay dung chu nghia xa hoi 6 mien Bac

Thirc hien nghia vu hau phuong, trong hai nam 1973 - 1974, mien Bac dua

vao chie'n truong mien Nam, Campuchia, Lao gan 20 van bo dpi, hang van

thanh nien xung phong, can bo chuyen mon, nhan kl thuat dot xua't trong hai

thang dau nam 1975 Mien Bac gap rut dua vao mien Nam 57.000 bo dpi (trong

tong so 108.000 bp dpi ciia ke'hoach dpng vien 1975)

Ve vat chat - k! thuat, mien B3c da co nhirng no luc phi thuang, dap ung

day du va kip thoi nhu cau to Ion va cap bach cua cupc tong tie'n cong chien

lupc 6 mien Nam

* y n^hia: Kjp thoi phuc vu cho cupc Tong tie'n cong va noi day giai phong

hoan toan mien Nam trong nam 1975 Chuan bj mpi dieu ki^n thuan Ipi cho

vi^c tie'p quan viing giai phong sau khi chien tranh ke't thiic Tie'p tuc the hi#n

vai tro ciia hau phuang Ion doi voi tien tuyen Ion

Lty INRHM7VUVVH Khang Vm

Mo dau la "phong trao hoa binh" cua tri thuc va cua tang lop nhan dan Sai Gon - Cho Lon thang 8-1954 fJwi,

|||; Thang 11 - 1954, MT - Diem tie'n hanh khiing bo, dan ap, lung bat cac nha lanh dao phong trao Nhung phong trao dau tranh vi muc tieu hoa binh cua cac tang lop nhan dan tie'p tuc dang cao, Ian rpng, loi cuon hang trieu nguoi tham gia, gom tat ca cac tang lop nhan dan, cac dang phai, cac dan tpc it nguoi hinh thanh nen mat tran chong MT - Diem

* Muc tieu phong trao: '"

Dau tranh vua doi MT - Diem thi hanh Hiep dinh Gionevo, doi hiep thuong tong tuyen cir do thong nhat dat nuoc ^

Chong cai gpi la "tnmg can dan i/" cua Diem, cho'ng MT - Diem khung bo',

dan ap, chong chie'n djch "to cong," diet cong" ciia chiing, doi cac quyen tu do, dan sinh, dan chii

* H'lnh thi'fc: Dau tranh giii gin chinh trj, hoa binh chuyen sang dau tranh vu

trang tu ve, roi dung bao luc each mang

b Phong trao "Dong kh&i" (1959 - 1960) ii!;

* Nguyen nhan bung no

Trong nhirng nam 1957 - 1959, each mang mien Nam gap muon van kho khan Ngo Dinh Diem ban hanh dao luat dat cong san ngoai vong phap luat

Luat 10/59 (thang 5 - 1959) cho phep tay sai Diem th^ng tay gie't hai bat cu nguoi yeu nuoc nao hoac bat cii ai co bieu hien chong lai chiing, lam cho hang Van can bp, dang vien bj gie't hai, hang chuc van dong bao yeu nuoc bj tu day

^Cupc dau tranh ciia nhan dan ta o mien Nam doi hoi co mpt bi^n phap quyet iiet de dua each mang vupt qua kho khan thir thach • -' ' ''''''

!<le nhan dan mien Nam sir dyng bao luc each mang danh do chinh quyen Mi

-Ah 1/11

Trang 12

D i f m , va nhan manh; ngoai con duong diing bao luc each mang, nhan dan

mien N a m khong c6 con duang nao khac

Dugc Nghj quye't 15 cua Trung uong soi sang, phong trao noi day t u cho U

te 6 tung dia phuong Ian rong khap mien N a m thanh cao trao each mang, tieu

bieu voi cugc " D o n g k h o i " a Ben Tre

* Dien bien

Cupc noi day a VTnh Thanh (Binh Djnh), Bac A i (Ninh Thuan) thang 2-1959

6 Tra Bong (Quang Ngai) thang 8 - 1959, roi Ian ra k h l p mien N a m thanh cao

trao each mang, tieu bieu voi cuoe "Dong khai" 6 Ben Tre

Tai Ben Tre, ngay 17 - 1 -1960, cuoe "Dong khoi" no ra 6 ba xa diem la Djnh

Thuy, Binh Khanh va Phuac Hiep thupc huyen M o Cay roi nhanh chong Ian ra

cac huyen Ian can

Hoa nhip voi cuoe "Dong khoi" 6 Ben Tre, nhan dan cac tinh Tay N i n h , M l

Tho, Tan A n , Tra Vinh, Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, ca M a u , Chau Doc, Long Xuyen,

Soc Trang, Can Tho, Kien Phong, Kien Tuong dong loat noi day, lam chii 2/3

xa ap Tir giira nam 1960 tro di, phong trao "Dong khoi" Ian ra khap cac tinh tu

Ca M a u cac tinh ven bien mien Trung va Tay Nguyen

* m qua

T h i n g Igi cua p h o n g trao "Dong k h o i " m o ra v u n g giai p h o n g rpng Ion,

lien hoan

Thang Ipi ciia phong trao "Dong khoi" dan den sir ra d o i ciia Mat tran dan

tQC giai phong mien N a m Vi^t N a m ngay 20 -12 -1960

*Ynghia

Phong trao "Dong khoi" thang Igi danh dau buoc ngo3t cua each mang

mien N a m , chuyen each mang tir the g i u gin lire lupng sang the tien cong

Cham d u t thoi ki on djnh tam thoi che dp thyc dan m o i eiia M I 6 mien

N a m , m o ra thoi ki khiing hoang cua che dp Sai Gon

c, Phong trao "Dong khai" (1959 - 1960) da chuym each mang mien Nam tit

the gia gin luc luqng sang the tien cong

M l xam lupc mien N a m V i f t Nam, d u n g len chinh quyen N g o D i n h Di?m,

am m i m chia eat lau dai dat nude ta, bien mien N a m thanh thupc dia kieu m o i

va cSn cii quan sy ciia M I Thyc hi^n chinh sach "to epng", " d i ^ t cpng", "luat

10-59", "cai each dien dja", lap " k h u dinh dien", " k h u trii mat" M i D i ^ m da

k i m k?p, boe Ipt va dan ap kho'c li^t, phong trao each mang mien N a m bj ton

that n^ng ne

Cach mang mien N a m chuyen tir cupc dau tranh via trang chong Phap sang

dau tranh chinh tri chong Mi Diem decung cohoa binh, giif gin luc luang each mang

phong trao dau tranh ciia quan chiing chong "to cpng", "di#t cpng", doi thi lianh Hi?p djnh Gionevo, doi hoa binh, dan chii , da di tir dau tranh chinh trj (Jen ket hop v o i dau tranh v u trang t u v#

H p i nghj Ian t h u 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang xac djnh eon dirong

phat trien co ban cua each mang mien N a m la khai nghia gianh chinh quyen bang luc luang chinh tri ciia quan chung la chu yeu, ket hap vai luc luang vu trang

Phong trao "Dong k h o i " rpng Ion, tieu bieu la khoi nghia Tra Bong va noi day 6 Ben Tre Den nam 1960 6 hang tram xa thon chinh quyen dich tan ra, chinh quyen each mang dupe hinh thanh

Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " da dua toi sir ra doi ciia Mat tran Dan tgc giai phong mien Nam Viet Nam (20 - 1 - 1960), thanh lap Trung uong cue mien N a m , Quan

giai phong mien Nam "Dong k h o i " da lam lung lay chinh quyen Ngo D i n h Di?ni va giang mot don nang ne vao chinh sach thuc dan kieu m o i cua M i

N h u vay, each mang mien N a m da tir dau tranh chinh tri giie gin life luang lien dan len dau tranh chinh tri hap vai dau tranh vu trang, khai nghia gianh quyen lam chu, phat trien thanh chien tranh each mang

d Qua phong trao Dong khai a mien Nam (1959 - 1960) "y Dang, long dan gap nhau"

Tir khi M i thay chan Phap xam lupc mien N a m Vi^t Nam, dudi su lanh dao

dia Dang, nhan dan ta dung len thuc hi^n cupc khang chien chong M i cihi nuoe

Tir nam 1954 den nam 1958, nhan dan mien N a m vira dau tranh, vira t i m

kiem con d u o n g dau tranh cho phii hop M o dau la "phong trao hoa binh" cua

tri thuc va cua tang Idp nhan dan Sai Gon - Chp Lon thang 8 - 1954 Den thang

11 - 1954, M l - Diem tien hanh khiing bo, dan ap, liing bat cac nha lanh dao phong trao N h u n g phong trao dau tranh vi mue tieu hoa binh ciia cac tang lop nhan dan tiep tuc dang cao, Ian rpng, loi cuo'n hang tri|u nguoi tham gia, gom ta't ca cae tang lop nhan dan, cac dang phai, cac dan tpc it nguoi hinh thanh nen mat tran chong M I - Diem

Truoc Ian song dau tranh manh me cua dong bao mien N a m , MT - D i ^ m

cang ra sue dan ap, lam cho nhieu co so each mang bj v 6 16 nhung chung khong the dap tit dupe phong trao Gang dan ap, phong trao dau tranh each

•n^ng cang dang cao

V o i k h i the dau tranh cua dong bao mien N a m n h u vay, ngay 15 - 1 -1959, I>ang ta t r i f u tap H p i nghj Ian t h u 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong quye't djnh

<*e nhan dan mien N a m sir d y n g bao luc each mang danh do chinh quyen NC

-^ i ? m , va nhan manh; ngoai eon duong diing bao luc each mang, nhan dan

**»ien N a m khong co con duong nao khac Phuong huong co ban cua each

Trang 13

3Si dtrdn^ HSG Ljch Si> 12 - The TnKmg N0< v rh,r,

mang mien N a m la "dua vao luc luang chinh tri cua quan chiing la chii ye'u

ket hop voi luc luong vu trang de danh do ach thong trj ciia dequoc va phong

kien, thiet lap chinh quyen each mang cua nhan dan"

D u o i anh sang Nghj quyet 15 cua Dang, phong trao dau tranh cua dong bao

mien N a m no ra n h u nuoc vo bo M o dau la cac cupc khoi nghla tung phan

nhu: cuoc noi day 6 VTnh Thanh (Binh Dinh), Bac Ai (Ninh Thuan) thang 2

-1959 6 Tra Bong (Quang Ngai) thang 8 - 1959, roi Ian ra khap mien Nam

thanh cao trao each mang, tieu bieu v o i cuoc "Dong k h o i " 6 Ben Tre ngay

17 _ 1 _ I960 Hoa nhjp voi cuoc "Dong khoi" o Ben Tre, nhan dan cac tinh Tay

N i n h , M i Tho, Tan A n , Tra Vinh, Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, Ca Mau, Chau Doc, Lonj;

Xuyen, Soc Trang, Can Tho, Kien Phong, Kien Tuong dong loat noi day

"Dong khoi" con Ian ra khap cac tinh t u Ca Mau cac tinh ven bien mien Trung

va Tay Nguyen

Phong trao "Dong khoi" th^ng Igi danh dau buoc ngoat cua each mang

mien Nam, chuyen each mang tir the g i u gin luc lugng sang the tie'n cong

Cham d u t thoi ki on djnh tam thoi c h e d o thuc dan moi cua MT a mien Nam,

m o ra thoi ki khung hoang cua chedo Sai Gon

N h u vay, nho c6 Nghj quyet 15 ciia Dang soi duong phong trao dau tranh

cua dong bao mien N a m dien ra soi noi, manh me, quyet liet va da gianh dupe

thSng Ipi vo cung to Ion Do chinh la li do de giai thich cau noi ciia dong chi

Nguyen Chi Thanh: "Qua phong trao Dong khoi o mien N a m (1959 - 1960) y

Dang, long dan gap nhau" Y Dang 6 day la Nghi quyet 15 va long dan la sue

manh quat khoi cua dong bao mien Nam

2 T h a i ki tu nam 1961 den nam 1965: Mien Nam chien dau chong "Chien

tranh dac bi?t" cua MT

a Chien luQfc "Chien tranh dac bi?t" ciia de quoc MI a mien Nam

* Khdi nicm vc "Chien tranh dac bict": Chien lupc "Chien tranh dac b i f t " la

mot hinh thiic chien tranh xam lupc thuc dan moi, dupe tien hanh bMng quan

dpi tay sai, d u o i su chi buy ciia he thong "co van" M I , dua vao vu khi, trang bi

ki thuat, phuong tien chien tranh cua M I , nham chong lai cac lyc lupng each

mang va nhan dan ta

* Hoan cdnh: Sau phong trao "Dong khoi" (1959 - 1960), nhan dan ta 6 mien

Nam tiep tuc noi day, ket hop dau tranh chinh trj voi dai tranh vu trang chong

M l va chinh quyen Sai Gon Trong khi do tren the gioi, phong trao giai phong

dan tpc dang len manh me, true tiep de doa he thong thupc dja ciia chu nghuT

dequoc

* Am mini va thi'i doan cua Mi

MT de ra" kehoach Xtalay - Tay-lo" voi npi dung chu ye'u la binh djnh mien

N a m trong vong 18 thang

Thuc hi^n kehoach, MT tang cuong vi^n trp cho quan su Diem, tang nhanh lire lupng quan dpi Sai Gon, tie'n hanh don dan lap " A p chien lupc", su dung

pho bien cac chien thuat moi "true thang van", "thiet xa van" Vien trp quan sy

ciia MT tang gap doi Bp chi huy quan su MT ( M A C V ) dupe thanh lap tai Sai Gon ngay 8 - 2 - 1 9 6 2

" A p chien lupc" dupe xem n h u "Xuong song ciia "chien tranh dac bi^t" va nang len thanh "quoc sach" Chung coi viec lap: A p chien lupc" n h u mot cupc chien tranh tong luc nham day luc lupng each mang ra khoi cac ap, tach dan ra khoi each mang, tien toi nam dan, thuc hien chuong trinh "binh djnh" mien Nam

b Mien Nam chien dau chong chien luac "Chien tranh dac hiet" cua Mi

Dap ling yeu cau ciia each mang t u khoi nghla tung phan phat trien len chien tranh each mang, chong "Chien tranh d^c biet" ciia MT va chinh quyen

,'Sai Gon

Mat tran dan tpc giai phong mien N a m ra doi (20 - 12 - 1960), Trung uong Cyc mien N a m Vi^t N a m thanh lap (1 - 1 - 1961), cac lye lupng v u trang each

mang thong nha't thanh Quan giai phong mien Nam (5 - 2 - 1961)

D u o i ngpn co doan ket ciiu nuoc ciia Mat tran dan tpc giai phong do Dang

i a n h dao, quan giai phong mien N a m ciing voi nhan dan day manh dau tranh chong M l va chinh quyen Sai Gon, ket hpp dau tranh chinh tri voi dau tranh

vu trang, noi day voi tien cong tren ca ba vung chien lupc (rung niii, nong thon, dong bang, do thj), tien cong dich bang ca ba miii chinh trj, quan sy, binh van Trong nhu-ng nam 1961 - 1962, quan giai phong da day lui nhieu cupc chien cong, dong thoi voi tien cong tieu diet nhieu don bot le ciia djch N a m 1962 quan dan ta da tien hanh nhieu cupc can quet Ion ciia djch vao chien khu D, (cSn cii U M i n h , Tay N i n h va Tay Bac Sai Gon

Cupc dau tranh chong va pha " A p chien lupc" d i l n ra gay go, quyet li?t giOa ta va dich, co hang chuc tri?u lupt nguoi tham gia pha " A p chien lupc" di

6i voi xay d y n g lang chien tranh Voi quyet tam "mot ta'c da't khong di, mpt li

hong roi", nhan dan mien N a m kien quyet bam da't, giir lang, pha de'kim k?p ciia dich

M I va chinh quyen Sai Gon du tap trung siic vao don dan lap " A p chien lupc" nhung cGng chi thyc hien dupe mpt phan kehoach Den cuoi nam 1962, each mang kiem soat tren nira tong so voi gan 70% nong dan

Chien thSng A p Bac danh dau buoc truong thanh ciia lyc luong vu trang

each mang mien N a m , da danh bai cac bi?n phap chien thuat: true thang van",

145

Trang 14

"thiei xa van" cua d\ch, danh sap long tin ciia quan dpi Sai Gon vao trang bj vu

khi hien dai ciia M i Chien thang nay cung chiing minh quan dan nnien Nam

hoan toan c6 kha nang danh bai "Chien tranh dac bi§t" cua M I va chinh quyen

Sai Gon, sau tr^n Ap Bac, phong trao "thi dua Ap Bac giet giac lap cong" day len

khip mien Nam

Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj aia cac tang lop nhan dan trong cac do thj,

ca 6 nhung thanh pho Ion nhu Sai Gon, Hue, Da Nang, c6 nhung buoc phat

trien manh me, noi h^t la dau tranh cua "dpi quan toe dai" cua cac ba m? va cac

chi; cua cac tin do Ph^t giao chong lai sy dan ap, ki thj ton giao ciia chinh

quyen Diem

Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj 6 do thj ciing voi phong trao pha "Ap chien

lupc" 6 nong thon va nhung don tien cong lien tiep ciia cac lire lupng vu trang

each mang da day nhanh qua trinh suy sup ciia chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Di^m

Sau khi len lam l o n g thong, Giionxon quyet djnh day manh hon nCra

"Chien tranh dac bi?t" Ke hoach Gionxon - Mac Namara thay the ke hoach

Xtalay - Taylo dupe vach ra nham tang cuong vi^n trp quan su, on djnh chinh

quyen Sai Gon, binh djnh mien Nam c6 trpng diem trong 2 nam (1964 -1965)

Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj phat trien trong cac do thi, nhat la 6 cac do

thj Ion Sai Gon, Hue, Da Ning, cang lam roi loan hau phuong ciia dich Phong

trao dang cao, eang thu hiit nhieu nguoi tham gia

Sau chien thang Ap Bac, quan giai phong nhanh chong truong thanh va tien

len danh nhirng tran c6 quy mo Ion Cuoi nam 1964, quan va dan Dong Nam

Bp mo chien djch tien cong Dong - Xuan 1964 -1965 voi tran mo man danh vao

ap Binh Gia

Thira thing sau chien thang Binh Gia, quan giai phong va nhan dan mien

Nam day manh tien cong Xuan - He 1965 va gianh nhieu thang Ipi trong cac

chien djch An Lao (Binh Djnh), Ba Gia (Quang Ngai), Dong Xoai (Bien Hoa)

Tung don vj Ion ciia djch bi tieu di?t gpn, hoac thi^t hai nang Quan dpi Sai

Gon, lyc lupng nong cot ciia "Chien tranh dac bi^t", khong con dii siic duong

dau voi cupc tien cong Ion ciia quan giai phong va dung trudc nguy co tan ra

3 Thai ki Kr nim 1965 den nam 1968: Mien Nam chien dau chong "Chien

tranh c\ic bp" cua M I

a Chien luge "Chien tranh cue bq" ciia dequoc Mt a mien Nam

Sau that bai chien lupc "Chien tranh dMc bi^t", M I day manh chien tranh

xam lupc mien Nam, chuyen sang chien lupc "Chien tranh cue bo" va mo rpng

chien tranh pha hoai" mien Bac

"Chien tranh cue bp" la loai hinh chien tranh xam lupc thyc dan moi, dupe

tien hanh bang luc lupng quan dpi Mi, quan dong minh ciia M i va quan dpi Sai

Gon nham chong lai each mang va nhan dan mien Nam

De thyc hi^n "Chien tranh eye bp", vua moi vao mien Nam, M i da cho quan ina ra ngay cupc hanh quan "tim di^t" vao cSn cii ciia Quan giai phong 6 Van Ttrong (Quang Ngai) Tiep do M i mo lien hai cupc phan cong chien lupc miia yio (dong - xuan) 1965 - 1966 va 1966 - 1967 bang hang loat cupc hanh quan

"tim diet" va "binh dinh" vao vung: "dat thanh Vi^t Cpng"

b Chien dau chong chien lucre "Chien tranh cue bg" cua Ml

Voi y chi khong gi lay chuyen "Quyei chien quy el thdng giac Mi xam lucre"

dupe sy phoi hpp chien dau va chi vi?n ciia mien B^e, quan dan ta mien Nam

da anh dung chien dau va lien tiep gianh thang Ipi

6 Van Tuong (Quang Ngai) vao ngay 18 - 8 -1965, sau mpt ngay chien dau,

mpt trung doan ehii luc ciia ta cung voi quan du kich va nhan dan dja phuong

da day lui dupe cupc hanh quan ciia d}ch, loai khoi vong chien dau 900 djch, ban chay 22 xe tang va xe bpe thep, ha 13 may bay

Van Tuong dupe coi la "Ap Bac" do'i voi quan M i va quan dong minh, mo

dau cao trao "71m Mi ma danh liing nguy ma diet" tren kh3p mien Nam Nhieu

"Vanh dai diet Mi" xuat hi?n nhu 6 Hoa Vang, Chu Lai (Quang Nam), Cu Chi

(Sai Gon) Mpt phong trao thi dua tro thanh "Dung st diet Mi" vk "Dcm vi anh

hiing diet Mt" soi noi khap noi ,» rs ii r

Sau tran Van Tuong kha nang chien thing M I trong "Chien tranh cue bp" ciia quan dan ta eon tiep tuc dupe ehung minh trong hai mua kho

Buoc vao kho thu nhat (Dong - Xuan 1965 -1966) voi 720 000 quan, djch mo dpt phan cong voi 450 cupc hanh quan, trong do c6 5 cupc hanh quan "tim di?t" Ion, nhim vao hai huong chien lupc chinh 6 Dong Nam Bp va Lien Khu V, voi myc tieu danh bai chii lye Quan giai phong

Quan dan ta trong the tran chien tranh nhan dan, voi nhieu phuong thue tac chien, da chan danh djch tren mpi huong, chii dpng tien cong dich tren mpi noi Quan ta da loai khoi vong chien dau 104 000 dich, ban roi 1 430 n^ay bay

Buoc vao mua kho thu hai (Dong - Xuan 1966 - 1967), voi lyc lupng dupe

*Sng len hon 980 000 quan, chiing mo dpt phan cong voi 895 cupc hanh quan,

*rong do c6 3 cupc hanh quan Ion "tim diet" va "binh dinh", ion nhat la cupc

hanh quan Gianxon Xiti danh vao can cu Duong Minh Chau (B3c Tay Ninh),

^ a m tieu di^t quan chii lyc va co quan dau nao ciia ta

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Cung voi nhung cuoc chii dong tien cong dich tren chien truang Trj

-Thien, D u o n g so 9 quan ta mo mang hang loat tran phan cong danh bai cac

cuoc hanh quan "tim diet" va "binh djnh" cua djch Loai khoi vong chien da'u

151 000 ten dich, bin roi 1 231 may bay

6 hau k h i p cac viing nong thon, quan chiing dug-c sir ho trg- cua lyc lugng

vu trang da d u n g len da'u tranh chong ach k i m kep ciia djch, pha tung mang

"Ap chien luge" Trong hau khap cac thanh thj, giai cap cong nhan, cac tang i6p

nhan dan lao dong khac, hoc sinh, sinh vien, Phat tu, binh sT Sai Gon da'u

tranh doi M i riit ve nude, doi t u do dan chu Viing giai phong dugc mo rong,

uy tin cua Mat tran dan toe giai phong mien N a m dugc nang cao tren truong

quoe te

Den euoi nam 1967, Mat tran giai phong c6 eo quan thuong true 6 hau he't

cac nude xa hpi ehii nghia va 6 mpt so nuae the'gioi t h u ba Cuang llnh cua

Mat tran dugc 41 nuoe, 12 to chue quoe te, 5 to chuc khu vuc len tic'ng ung ho

c Cuoc Tong tien cong vd noi day Tei Mau Than nam 1968

* Hoan cnnh: Buoc vao mua xuan 1968, xuat phat t u nhan dinh so sanh luc

lugng thay doi c6 Igi cho ta sau hai mua kho N a m 1968 ta Igi d u n g mau thuan

a M l trong nam bau cu tong thong (1968), ta chii truong m o mgt eugc Tong

tien cong va noi day tren toan mien Nam, trong tam la do thj

* Muc dich: N h a m tieu d i f t mgt bp phan luc lugng quan MT, quan dong

minh, danh don manh vao chinh quyen va dgi Sai Gon gianh chinh quyen ve

tay nhan dan, bugc M I phai dam phan, rut quan ve nude

* Dien bie'n: Cuoc tong tien cong va noi day dugc m o dau bang eugc tap kieh

chien luge cua quan chii luc vao hau kh^p cac do thj trong dem 30 rang sang

ngay 31 - 1 - 1968 (dem giao thua Te't Mau Than) Cuoc tong tien cong va noi

day dien ra ba dgt: 30- 1 - 2 5 - 2 ; thang 5 va 6; thang 8 va 9 -1968

Tai Sai Gon, quan giai phong tien cong vao cae vj tri dau nao eua djch, nhu

Toa dai su M I , D i n h "Doe lap" Bp Tong tham m u u quan Sai Gon, Bp T u lenh

biet khu Thii do, Tong nha canh sat, Dai phat thanh, san bay Tan Son Nha't

* Kt't qua: T u trong eupe Tong tien cong va noi day, eo them nhieu luc lupng

m a i ehong M I , chong chinh quyen Sai Gon xuat hien, mat tran doan ket dan

tpe, chong M I cuu nuac dugc mo rgng To chuc Lien minh cac luc lugng dan tgc,

dan chu hoa binh a Sai Gon, Hue'va toan mien Nam, dai dien cho tang lop tri

thuc, t u san dan tgc tien bp 6 thanh thj dugc thanh lap

Cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Te't Mau Than da danh don bat ngd, lam

cho djch choang vang N h u n g do luc lugng djch con dong (hon ni>a tri^u linh

M I va dong m i n h , gan 1 trieu quan dgi Sai Gon) co so 6 thanh thj manh, nen

chung da nhanh chong to chuc lai luc lugng phan cong quan ta gap khong it kho khan va ton that Quan each mang vao chie'm giCr thanh pho trong dgt 1 bl day ra ngoai

* y nghia: Mac d i i co nhirng ton that va h^n che'do, cupc Tong tien cong va

noi day co y nghIa he't sue to Idn:

Lam lung lay y chi xam lugec cua quan M I , bugc M I phai tuyen bo "phi M I hoa" chien tranh xam luge (tue thua nhan that bai cua "Chien tranh cue bg")

M I phai tuyen bdeha'm dut khong dieu kien chien tranh pha hoai mien Bae, chju den ban dam phan 6 Pa ri de ban ve cha'm d u t chien tranh

Cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day da mo ra buoc ngoat cua eugc khang chien chong M I ciiu nuoe cua quan dan ta

d Nhimg diem giong vd khdc nhau giiia chien luoc "Chien tranh dac hi^t"

vd Chien luoc "Chien tranh cue bg" cua Mi d Vi?t Nam

* Giong nhau:

Deu la chien tranh xam luge thye dan mdi ciia M I , nham bien mien N a m thanh thupe dja kieu mai cua M I Deu thuc hien am m u u chong lai each mang va nhan dan mien Nam Deu su dung vu khi va phuong ti^n chien tranh cua M I

* Khac nhau:

Ve quy mo chien tranh: "Chien tranh dac biet" dien ra a mien Nam, con

"Chien tranh cue b p " m o rpng ca hai mien N a m - Bac

Ve tinh chat ac liet: "Chien tranh cue bp" ac liet hon, the hien 6 muc tieu, lye lupng tham chien, vQ khi, hoa lyc va phuong tien chien tranh

"Chien tranh dae biet" dupe tien hanh bt^ng quan dgi tay sai d u d i sy chi huy eua co van M I , dya vao vu khi, trang bj k l thuat, phuong tien chien tranh cua M I nham thuc hi^n m u u do co ban la " D i i n g ngudi Viet danh ngudi Vi^t",

"Thay mau da cho xae ehe't" Tien hanh " Chien tranh dae bi^t", M I - nguy m d rpng nhieu cupc hanh quan can quet, mue tieu la chong pha each mang va binh djnh mien Nam Chiing coi " A p chien lupc" la quoe saeh nh^m tach each mang

ra khdi dan de thyc hi^n eai gpi la "Tat nude bat ca"

"Chien tranh cue bp" vdi muc tieu la vua tieu diet quan chu lye vua binh djnh mien N a m , pha hoai mien B3e Lye lugng tham chien dong, gom ca M I , chu hau, nguy, trong do quan M I giir vai tro quan trong va khong ngirng tang len ve so lugng va trang bi Chung su dung vij khi hien dai, hoa lye manh ca

!? tren bg, tren khong, tren bien, toe do nhanh va m d lien tue nhieu chien djch nh^m " t i m diet" va "binh d i n h " vao "Da't thanh Viet edng"

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