Giáo an HSG 8

Danh từ cũng có thể được dùng để so sánh nếu danh từ đó có các tính từ tương đương..  Tơng đơng cấu trúc tiếng Việt: gấp rỡi, gấp hai... Không đợc sử dụng so sánh hơn kém mà sử dụng so

Eg: I walk to school.

She goes to school

Eg: Do you go to school? Yes, I am/ No, I’m not

Does she go to school? Yes, she does/ No, she doesn’t

Note: The third singular person

- Final ‘-s’ not ‘es’ is added to most verbs Many verbs in ‘-e’ final ‘-s’ is simple added

Eg: visit, answer, speak, write, hope

- Final ‘-es’ is added if the verbs ends in –ch, sh, s, x or z

Eg: catch, wash, pass, buzz, fix

-Fanal’-es’ is added ‘to do’ and ‘go’

If a verd ends in consonant ‘-y’ change the ‘-y’ to ‘-i’ and add ‘-es’

Eg: try - tries , study - studies

If a verb in a vowel + ‘-y’ simply add ‘-s’

Eg: buy - buys ; pay - pays

2 Use

- expresses daily habits or usual activities

Eg: We go to school everyday

- expresses general statements of fact

Eg: It’s hot in the summer

The earth revolves around the sun

- expresses action or event which are happened in the present

Eg: He says he wants to marry her

- usually the frequency adverbs: never, rarelly, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always

Eg: I often play badminton

- for the future when we talk about future events that are part of some “officical arrangement” such as timetable or programme

Eg: Their plane arrives at 2 o’clock in the morning

I’m always on holiday next week

Now

always Past Present - usually

* He is selfish and he is being selfish

I’m being = I’m behaving/I’m acting

Eg: I can’t understand why he’s being so selfish

- He never thinks other people He is very selfish

He isn’t usually like that

( being selfish = behaving selfish at the moment )

( am/ is /are being : hành vi cư sử của ai đó)

II./ PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

1 Form

(+) S + am/is/are + V-ing…

Eg: She is writing a letter every day

I’m going to school by bike now

(-) S + am/is/arenot + V-ing…

Eg: He isn’t writing a letter every day

We aren’t going to school by bike

(? ) Am/is/are + V-ing ?

Eg: Are you writing a letter ? - Yes,I am

- No, I’m not

Is she going to school by bike ? - Yes, she is

- No, she isn’t

Note: V-ing

- Verb ending in ‘e’ drop ‘e’ before adding ‘ing’

Eg: write - writing

- Verb ending in one consonant before it is one vowel double consonant before adding ‘ing’ Eg: run - running

- If the verb ends in two consonants, just add ‘ing’

Eg: help – helping

But if the first syllable of a two syllable verb is stressed, don’t double the consonant

Eg: visit - visiting

- If the second syllable of a two - syllable verb is stressed, double consonant

Eg: prefer – preferring

- If the verb ends in a vowel + -y, keep the -y Don’t change ‘-y’ to ‘-i’

Eg: play – playing

enjoy – enjoying

- If the verb ends in a consonant +- y, keep the ‘–y’ for the ‘–ing’

Eg: worry – worrying

study – studying

(*) Verbs can’t be in present/past progressive.

1 - Verb of sense

Eg: hear, smell, feel, see, taste…

2 - Verb of feeling

Eg: like, dislike,care,and emotion, hate, love

3 - Certain link verb

Eg: look, seen, sound, feel…

4 - Verb of mantal activity

Eg: agree, think, believe, remember

5 - Verb of possession

Eg: have, belong, own, posses

How munh do I own you?

6 - Modals: except “be, have” in certain use – present progressive never use the stative verbs: know, understand, have, hate, need, hear, love, see, like, smell, want, wish…

2 Use

- expresses an actiavity that is in progress (is occurring/happening) right now The event is in progress at the time.The speaker is saying the sentence

Eg: I’m speaking E now

- expresses an action which is happening aroud now but it isn’t necessary happening at the moment

of speaking

Eg: We’re living in BN district

- expresses an action which is happening with other at the moment

Eg: I’m teaching while you are learning

- expresses a plan in the future

Eg: I’m going to the markert tomorrow

Can use: today, this week/evening…(near time in the furture)

Exercise 1: Change the sentences into negative and interogative.

1- Ba goes to school 6 days aweek

2- They do their housework

3- There are 4 seasons in a year

4- My mother wants to buy a new bike

5- You ofen invite your brother to the concert

6- We have Math, History and English

7- I’m writing a letter

8- Hoa is watching TV

9- We are coming here

10- They are walking to school

11- Peter is reading book

12- You are living in Bao Nhai

Exercise 2: Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the present progressive tense

1- Cuckoos (not build)…… nests They (use)…… the nests of

other birds

2 - You can see Tom now He (have)……a bath

3- He usually (drink)……coffee but today he (drink) … … tea

4- Ann (make)…… a dress for herself at the moment She (make)

- don’t build; use

- is having

- drinks;is drinking

……all her own clothes.

5- I (wear)… my sunglasses today because the sun is very strong

6- The kettle (boil)……… now Shall I make the tea

7- Why you (put)…… on the coat ?

I (go)……… for a walk You (come)…… with me?

Yes, I’d love to come.You (mind)… if I bring my dog?

8- I always (buy)…… lottery tickets but I never (win)…

anything

9- You (love)……… him?

No, I (like)…… him very much but I (not love)… him

10- You(write)…… to him tonight ?

Yes, I always (write)… to him on his birthday You (want) …

to send my message?

11- You (believe)…….all that the newspappers say ?

No, I’m ( not believe) ……any of it

Then why you (read)… newspappers ?

12- This car (make)………a very strange noise You (think)

…….it is all right ?

Oh,that noise (not matter)…… it always (make)……….a noise

- Are…writing ;write ; do…want

- Do…believe; don’t believe; do read

- Is making; Do…think ; doesn’t matter ; makes

E Feedback

Remark the main mistakes and the things need to notice

Eg : The water is boiling Can you turn it off?

Water boils at 100 degrees celsius

Or Listen to those people What language are they speaking?

Excuse me, do you speak English ?

F Homework

Ask Ss to learn by heart the methods and do exercises again and rewiew the present perfect and past simple

Eg: I haven’t seen him for a long time

(?) Have / has + S + P.P ? -Yes S + have/has

- He has already eaten lunch

Time - She hasn’t eaten lunch

* * - Have you ever eaten at that restaurant?

I’ve never eaten there

- expresses acrtivities that were repeated several or many times in the past.The exact times are

unpecified

- He has eaten at that restaurant many times

* * - I’ve been to that theater 5 or 6 times

x x x - We’ve had three tests so far this week

- She has been in classroom since 6.00 a.m

* * Since: a point in time

For : a period of time

IV./ PAST SIMPLE

(-) S + didn’t + V

Eg: I didn’t see her yesterday

(?) Didn’d + S + V ? - Yes S + did

- No S + didn’t

2 Use

It is used to talk about activitives or situations that began and ended at a particular time in the past (yesterday, last (night, week,….) ago, in 2008)

Eg: When I was younger, I used to play/played table tennis

She lived in the countyside 10 years ago

* Compare between present perfect and past simple

-I’ve done a lot of work today

Khi đề cập đến thời gian liên tục từ quá khứ

đến hiện tại

Eg: today, this week, since 2000

- Have you seen Ann this morning ?

(Bây giờ vẫn là buổi sáng)

* Luôn có sự liên hệ với hiện tại

- I did a lot of work yesterday

Khi đề cập đến thời gian trong quá khứ và kết thúc hẳn

Eg: yesterday, last week, from 2000 to 2008

- Did you see Ann this morning ?

(Bây giờ là buổi chiều hoặc tối)

* Chỉ nói về quá khứ

D Practice

Ex1: Put the verbs in the following sentences into past simple and present perfect

Eg: I go to school by bike

I went to school by bike

I have gone to school by bike

1 She speaks slowly 6 His roses grow well

2 You eat too much 7 He sleeps badly

3 Who knows the anwer ? 8 they ride their bikes

4 We buy them here 9 I read books

5 It costs 30 p 10 Hoa and Nga get up early

Ex2: Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect and past simple tenses

1 This is my house

How long you (live)……… here?

I (live)……… here sine 1990

2 You (wear) ………… you hair long when you were at

school?

Yes My mother (insist)………… on it

3 Shakespeare (write)………….a lot of plays

4 He (not smoke)……… for 2 weeks He is trying to

7 …….You (see)……… the moon last night?

8 The concert (begin)……… at 2.30 and (last)……

…… for 2 hours Everyone (enjoy)……… it very

much

9 The newspaper (come)…………?

Yes Ann is reading it

1 Have … lived/have … been living – have lived/have been living

10 You (be)………… here before?

Yes I (spend)……… my holidays here last years

……….You (have)……… a good time?

No It never (stop)……… raining

11 Where is Tom?

I (not see)……… him today , but he (tell)…

……… Mary that he’d be in for dinner

12 He (leave) ……… the house at 8.00

Where …………he (go)……….?

I (not see) …………where he (go)…… … …

did….have/stopped

11 hasn’t seen/told

12 left/did….go/hasnn’t seen/ went

Ex3: Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning

1 The last time we went to Lon don was two years ago

3 A sure B mixture C injure D pleasure

4 A few B new C threw D knew

5 A clothes B matches C colleges D churches

7 A sunbathe B father C theater D weather

II Use the correct form of the verbs in parentheses to complete the sentences( 1m)

1 While I (watch) 1……… a good film on TV, the mailman

(come) 2……… ……… and (give) 3……… … me a letter

2 I ( know) 4……… her for six years, when I met her, she

(work) 5……… for a foreign company

3 Please stop laughing I hate (laugh) 6……… .…… … …at by others

4 It ( not rain) 7………much in the winter

5 They’d rather you ( not come)……… to the party too late

6 You always (watch) 9……… … television You should do

something more active

7 This building ( build) 10……… ……… ……over 100 years ago

III Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence (1,5ms )

1 Helen is my aunt’s daughter so she is my……….…………

a sister b cousin c niece d friend

2 His……… always makes people laugh

a quiet character b sense of humor c smiles d humorous

3 The window ……… last night has been repaired

a break b breaked c broken d breaking

4 This is a contest in which people have to arrange flowers so it’s a……… contest

a flower- arranging b flowers- arranging c arranging- flower d flower- arrange

5 Children who don’t have parents often live in a(n)……….…………

a hotel b house c orphanage d hostel

6 It took him ages to ……… living in the new town

a get use to b be used to c will used to d will use to

7 My parents make me……… for my exam

a to study b study c studying d studied

8 I would rather you ……….me the story

a tell b told c to tell d telling

9 “ War and Peace” ……… the longest book I have ever read

10 As she was running, suddenly she stumbled ……….a rock and fell…………

a at/ off b in/ out c over/ down d of/ down

11 That’s a ……… building

a five- floor b five- floors c five- floor’s d five- floors’

12 She helped me ……… the house

a to clean b cleaning c clean d both a and c

13 ……….is a book in which you can look up telephone number

a Mobile phone b Public telephone c Telephone directory d Answering machine

14 ………is a large piece of furniture where you can hang your clothes

a Wardrobe b Refrigerator c Desk d Counter

15 Jane really enjoys to dinner parties

a inviting b being inviting c being invited d be invited

IV Choose the words or phrases that are not correct in standard English.( 1m)

1 When he came, I watched a football match on TV

V Give the correct form of the words in parentheses ( 1m)

1 Life is more ……… ………… ………… now (comfort)

2 There are many cultural……… … between his country and mine (differ)

3 It is ……… ……… to eat much sugar and fat (health)

4 These medicines can work well with your ……….……… (ill)

5 There was no ……… for his absence from class yesterday (explain)

6 Is he sleeping ? - No, he is still……… (wake)

7 Every week, there are two………from Ha Noi to Ho Chi Minh city (fly)

8 They had an ……… Christmas vacation (enjoy)

9 He is a well- known ……… (photograph)

10 The ……… …… she gave last night was marvelous (perform)

VI Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning (2ms)

1 They have planted a lot of green trees this year

A lot of green trees………

2 '' I don't behave very well in front of a crowd, '' said Peter

Peter said that…… ………

3 The town was farther than we thought.

The town wasn’t as………

4 We spend five hours studying English everyday

It………

5 “You had better not eat much sugar.”

She advised me………

6 “ Can you wait for me outside the movie theatre ?”

He asked his friend………

7 “ Don’t be silly.” He said to the boy

He ……… ………

8 We can’t drink the water because it’s too hot

The water isn’t………

9 It has been raining for five hours

VIII Read the passages

A Fill in each blank with a suitable word ( 1ms)

How Nam has improved his English.

In the first year of lower secondary 1………., I had some difficulties in learning English My English pronunciation 2……… really bad and my English grammar was worse I did not 3……… how to improve them I didn’t want my father 4……… mother to know about this One afternoon after the lesson, my teacher 5……… English told me to wait 6……… her outside the classroom She took 7……… to the school library and showed me tapes of pronunciation drills kept in a glass bookcase She also told me how to use an English- English dictionary to 8……… my English grammar “Now I think you know what you should do” she said I made much progress and only one year later, I won the first 9……… in the English Speaking Contest 10………for secondary school students in my hometown

1……… 2……….3……….4………5………

6……… 7……….8……….9……….10………

B Read the passage and choose the best answers A, B, C or D ( 0.5 ms)

1 What difficulties did Nam have in learning English in the first year?

A The pronunciation

B The grammar

C Both pronunciation and grammar

D The way of improving his pronunciation

2 Who wanted to meet him one afternoon after the lesson?

A His teacher

B One of his friends

C His father

D His mother

3 Where did Nam and his teacher go after that?

A to the town library

B to the school library

C to the teachers’ room

D to his house

4 What did the teacher show him then?

A A glass bookcase

B An English-English dictionary

C An English Grammar book

D Cassettes of pronunciation drills

5 What did he win in the English Speaking Contest one year later?

A The first prize

B The second prize

C The third prize

D The fourth prize

II ( 1ms ) Mỗi động từ đúng đợc 0,1 điểm

1.was watching 2 came 3 gave 4 have known 5 was working 6 being laughed 7 doesn’t rain 8 didn’t come 9 are always watching 10 was built

III.( 1,5ms ) Mỗi câu đúng đợc 0,1 điểm

1 comfortable 2 differences 3 unhealthy 4 illness 5 explanation

6 awake 7 flights 8 enjoyable 9 photographer 10 perfomance

VI (2ms ) Mỗi câu đúng đợc 0,2 điểm

1 A lot of green trees have been planted this year

2 Peter said that he didn’t behave very well in front of a crowd

3 The town wasn’t as near as we thought

4 It takes us five hours to study English everyday

5 She advised me not to eat much sugar

6 He asked his friend to wait for him outside the movie theater

7 He told the boy not to be silly

8 The water isn’t cold enough for us to drink

9 It started raining five hours ago

10 It is a good activity to help mom at home

VII (1m ) Mỗi câu đúng đợc 0,2 điểm

1 Thank you very much for the flowers you sent me while I was in the hospital

2 They were very beautiful and they really helped to cheer me up

3 I came out of the hospital last Thursday morning

4 Will you come over to my place on the/ at weekend because I am very bored now?

5 I am looking/ look forward to seeing you soon

VIII A (1m ) Mỗi từ đúng đợc 0,2 điểm

6.for 7 me 8 improve 9 prize 10 held

B (0,5ms) Mỗi câu đúng đợc 0,2 điểm

Các mức độ so sánh của tính từ và trạng từ: bằng (không bằng), hơn, hơn nhất

1 Equal comparisons (So sánh ngang bằng)

* Form: Adj

S+ V + as + Adv + as + Noun/ Pronoun

Many/ few

Much/ little

Eg: He is as tall as his father

John sings as well as his sister.

- Nếu là câu phủ định, as thứ nhất có thể thay bằng so

Eg: He is not as tall as his father = He is not so tall as his father.

- Ý bằng nhau, như nhau có thể diễn đạt bằng cách khác.

Danh từ cũng có thể được dùng để so sánh nếu danh từ đó có các tính từ tương đương

Khi đó nó có cấu trúc:

S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun

Eg: my house is as high as his = my house is the same height as his.

Tom is as old as Mary = Tom and Mary are the same age.

* Note: - Chúng ta dùng “ the same as” không dùng “ the same like”

- Less…….than = not so/ as…… as

Ex: He is not as tall as his father = He is less tall than his father.

- Khi nói gấp bao nhiêu lần, ta dùng cấu trúc “ twice as…….as/ three times as… as”

My house is twice as big as your house.

+ So sánh gấp nhiều lần(So s¸nh ®a béi)

So sánh bội số là so sánh: bằng nửa, gấp đôi, gấp 3,………

S +V + số gia bội + as + much , noun + as+ noun/ pronoun.

Many

 Tơng đơng cấu trúc tiếng Việt: gấp rỡi, gấp hai

 Không đợc sử dụng so sánh hơn kém mà sử dụng so sánh bằng, khi so sánh phải xác

định danh từ là đếm đợc hay không đếm đợc, vì đằng trớc chúng có many/much

Ex: This encyclopedy costs twice as much as the other one.

Ex:Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year

2 Comparatives ( so sỏnh hơn)

Tớnh từ ngắn

- Là tớnh từ cú 1 õm tiết, thờm er, est vào hỡnh thức so sỏnh

Eg: longer -> longer -> longest

Fast -> faster -> fastest

- Tớnh từ 1 õm tiết tận cựng là 1 nguyờn õm + phụ õm( trừ w, x, z)-> gấp đụi phụ õm cuối trước khi thờm er, est.

Big -> bigger -> biggest

- Tớnh từ 1 õm tiết tận cựng là e cõm-> chỉ việc thờm r, st

Fine -> finer -> finest

Large -> larger -> largest

- Tớnh từ 1 õm tiết tận cựng là phụ õm + y-> đổi y -> I + er, est Nếu tận cựng là nguyờn õm+ y thỡ khụng thay đổi.

Dry -> drier -> driest

- Tớnh từ 2 õm tiết tận cựng là le, er, ow, et, y thờm er, est

Quiet -> quieter -> quietest

Clever -> cleverer -> cleverer

- Tớnh từ 2 õm tiết được nhấn mạnh ở õm tiết thứ 2-> thờm er, est

Severe -> severer -> severerest (nghiờm trọng)

Sublime -> sublimer -> sublimest ( hung vĩ)

- Tớnh từ cú hậu tố : -ed, - ful, - ing, -ous thờm more vào trước cho dự đú là tớnh từ dài hay ngắn ( more useful, more boring,……… )

Trạng từ ngắn 1 õm tiết + er, est

Tớnh từ, trạng từ dài dựng more, most

Eg: today is hotter than yesterday

Ba runs faster than Phong

b Tớnh từ , trạng từ dài

Dựng more….than với tớnh từ, trạng từ dài cú 2 õm tiết trở lờn.

S + V + more + long- Adj + er than + noun/ pronoun Adv

- A lot, a bit, a little, rather cũng có thể được dùng trước so sánh.

Today is a lot hotter than yesterday.

- Ta cũng có thẻ so sánh 2 thực thể( người hoặc vật) mà không sdụng than Trong trường hợp này thành ngữ of the two được sử dụng trong câu( nó có thể đứng đầu câu và sau N

phải có dấu phẩy hoặc đứng ở cuối câu

S +V + the +comparative + of the two + (noun)

Hoặc Of the two+ (noun), S + V + the+ comparative.

Eg: Nam is the more intelligent of the two boys.

Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.

3 Superlatives( so sánh nhất)

Adj- est

S+ V +the + most- Adj + In + N số ít

Least- Adj of + N số nhiều

* Trường hợp đặc biệt:

Một số tính từ có hình thức so sánh hơn và hơn nhất bất quy tắc

Good/ well -> better -> best

Bad/ badly -> worse -> worst

Many/ much -> more -> most

Little -> less -> least

Far -> farther/ further -> farthest/ furthest

Old -> older/ elder -> oldest/ eldest.

- Cả farther và further/ farthest và furthest đều có thể được dùng để chỉ khoảng cách

Không có sự khác nhau về nghĩa.

The way from my house to school is farther/ further than to the post office.

- “ Further” còn có nghĩa là “thêm nữa, hơn nữa” ( farther ko có nghĩa này).

- “Elder/ eldest” có thể dược dùng làm tính từ ( đứng trước danh từ) hoặc đại từ ( ko có danh từ theo sau) thay cho “older/ oldest” để chỉ sự nhiều tuổi chủ yếu dùng để so sánh các thành viên trong gia đình.

Eg: my elder/ older sister is an engineer.

He is the eldest in his family.

- Elder không dùng với than trong cấu trúc so sánh hơn, vì vậy ta chỉ dùng older.

* Note:

- More/ most được dùng cho các trạng từ tận cùng bằng “ ly”.

More slowly, more quietly, ………

( Nhưng với “ early” không dùng “ more/ most” mà phải là “ earlier/ earliest”

- Một số tính từ có 2 âm tiết có thể có cả 2 hình thức so sánh “er/ more – est/ most”

Clever, common, cruel, gentle, narrow, pleasant, polite, quiet, simple, stupid.

- More và most được dùng cho tính từ có 3 âm tiết trở lên, ngoại trừ những từ phản nghĩa của những ADJ có 2 vần tận cùng là “y”

Unhappy-> unhappier untidy -> untidier- > untidiest

- Less và least là phản nghĩa của “ more/ most”

- Tớnh từ hoặc trạng từ so sỏnh nhất cú thể được dựng mà khụng cú danh từ theo sau khi danh từ đó hoặc sẽ được đề cập đến.

This duilding is the tallest in my countryside.

6 So sánh kép (C ng à ……… c ng) à

 Là loại so sánh với cấu trúc: Càng càng

 Các Adj/Adv so sánh phải đứng ở đầu câu, trớc chúng phải có The

The + comparative + S + V + the + comparative + S + V

Ex: The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.

 Nếu chỉ một vế có Adj/Adv so sánh thì vế còn lại có thể dùng The more

The more + S + V + the + coparative + S + V

Ex: The more you study, the smarter you will become.

 Sau The more ở vế thứ nhất có thể có that nhng không nhất thiết.

Ex: The more (that) you study, the smarter you will become.

 Trong trờng hợp nếu cả hai vế đều có thành ngữ it is thì bỏ chúng đi

Ex: The shorter (it is), the better (it is).

 Hoặc nếu cả hai vế đều là to be thì bỏ đi

Ex: The closer to one of the Earth’s pole (is), the greater the gravitational force (is).

 Các thành ngữ: all the better (càng tốt hơn), all the more (càng hơn), not any

the more (chẳng hơn tí nào), none the more (chẳng chút nào) dùng để nhấn

rất mạnh cho các tính từ hoặc phó từ đợc đem ra so sánh đằng sau Nó chỉ đợc dùng với các tính từ trừu tợng:

Sunday mornings were nice I enjoyed them all the more because Sue used to come round to breakfast.

(các sáng chủ nhật trời thật đẹp Tôi lại càng thích những sáng chủ nhật đó hơn nữu vì Sue thờng ghé qua ăn sáng.)

He didn’t seem to be any the worse for his experience.

(Anh ta càng khá hơn lên vì những kinh nghiệm của mình.)

He explained it all carefully, but I was still none the wiser.

(Anh ta giải thích toàn bộ điều đó cẩn thận nhng tôi vẫn không sáng ra chút nào cả.)

 Cấu trúc này tuyệt đối không dùng cho các tính từ cụ thể:

Incorrect: Those pills have made him all the slimmer.

Cấu trúc No sooner than = Vừa mới thì đã

 Chỉ dùng cho thời Quá khứ và thời Hiện tại, không dùng cho thời Tơng lai.

 No sooner đứng ở đầu một mệnh đề, theo sau nó là một trợ động từ đảo lên trớc chủ

ngữ để nhấn mạnh, than đứng ở đầu mệnh đề còn lại:

No sooner + auxiliary + S + V + than + S + V

Ex: No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain (Past)

* Một ví dụ ở thời hiện tại (will đợc lấy sang dùng cho hiện tại)

Ex: No sooner will he arrive than he want to leave.(Present)

 Một cấu trúc tơng đơng cấu trúc này:

No sooner than = Hardly/Scarely when

Ex: Scarely had they felt in love each other when they got maried.

Lu ý: No longer = not anymore = không nữa, dùng theo cấu trúc:

S + no longer + Positive Verb

So sánh giữa 2 ngời hoặc 2 vật

 Khi so sánh giữa 2 ngời hoặc 2 vật, chỉ đợc dùng so sánh hơn kém, không đợc dùng

so sánh bậc nhất, mặc dù trong một số dạng văn nói và cả văn viết vẫn chấp nhận so sánh bậc nhất (Lỗi cơ bản).

 Trớc adj và adv so sánh phải có the, trong câu có thành ngữ of the two + noun thành ngữ có thể đứng đầu hoặc cuối câu.

Ex: Harvey is the smarter of the two boys.

Ex: Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.

So sánh bậc nhất

 Dùng khi so sánh 3 ngời hoặc 3 vật trở lên:

 Đối với tính từ và phó từ ngắn dùng đuôi est.

 Đối với tính từ và phó từ dài dùng most hoặc least.

 Đằng trớc so sánh phải có the.

 Dùng giới từ in với danh từ số ít.

Ex: John is the tallest boy in the family

 Dùng giới từ of với danh từ số nhiều

Ex: Deana is the shortest of the three sister

 Do đó sau thành ngữ One of the + so sánh bậc nhất + noun phải đảm bảo chắc chắn

rằng noun phải là số nhiều, và động từ phải chia ở số ít.

Ex: One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson.

 Một số các tính từ hoặc phó từ mang tính tuyệt đối thì cấm dùng so sánh bậc nhất, hạn chế dùng so sánh hơn kém, nếu buộc phải dùng thì bỏ more:

unique/ extreme/ perfect/ supreme/ top/ absolute/Prime/ Primary

Ex: His drawings are perfect than mine.

preferable to Sb/Sth = đợc a thích hơn

superior to Sb/Sth = siêu việt hơn

inferior to Sb/Sth = hạ đẳng hơn

Adverbial clause of time (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)

1 TLĐ + until / when / as soon as + HTĐ

Ex: I will wait here until she comes back

Ex: He will have left by the time you arrive

8 QKHT + by the time / before + QKĐ

Ex: He had left by the time I came

- Có thể đảo trật tự của từng mệnh đề trong câu với điều kiện là nếu mệnh đề when, after, before, until

đi trước thì phải có dấu phẩy trước mệnh đề chính

VD: I'll stop explaining to you about this until you can master

= Until you can master, i'll stop explaining this to you

(Tôi sẽ thôi khi bạn nắm được vấn đề)

- Các mệnh đề này, không phải là không được chia với thì tương lai nhưng rất hiếm

- Các liên từ trên (trừ Until) mình để đầu hàng để bạn dễ thấy hơn

Until: Cho đến khi