PROPOSE SOLUTIONS TO INTEGRATE REDUCING EMISSION FROM

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY NGUYEN THI THU HANG PROPOSE SOLUTIONS TO INTEGRATE REDUCING EMISSION FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION REDD + IN TH

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

NGUYEN THI THU HANG

PROPOSE SOLUTIONS TO INTEGRATE REDUCING EMISSION FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION (REDD + ) IN THE

PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTS

IN NA RI DISTRICT - BAC KAN PROVINCE

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode : Full-time

Faculty : International Training and Development Center

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student name : Nguyen Thi Thu Hang

Student ID : DTN1053110070

Thesis Title : Propose Solutions to Integrate Reducing Emission from

Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD + ) in the Protection and Development of Forests in Na Ri District

- Bac Kan Province

Supervisor : Dr Tran Thi Thu Ha

ABSTRACT

Price sensitivity of forest conservation can turn into a very efficient way to

reduce greenhouse gas emissions and that is why efforts to reduce emissions from

deforestation and reduce forest degradation (REDD+) has been integrated to enhance

forest carbon stocks available Bac Kan conditions suitable for building distribution

of benefits systems under REDD+ because of large areas of degraded forest and if

regeneration, it can quickly absorb carbon, and soil conservation water

Bac Kan province is considered as the potential to implement REED+ The

research was carried out in Na Ri district of Bac Kan province Through the

results achieved from data collection, actual survey and data analyzing, this

research points out that the total forest area of Na Ri is about 74,700 ha

accounted for 88% of total area of district, it has the potential to sell carbon

credits The coverage is high but the quality still low due to mostly of forest area

is plantation forest The impacts and main causes of forest degradation are also

mentioned here Due to forest degradation, people’s life and ecological

environment are at risk, they have to face to natural disaster, climate change and

worse ecological environment The main causes of this situation are: the income

of local people is still low and unstable; the management is weak From those, I

propose some solutions to integrate REDD+in the protection and development of

forest here such as: planning, technical, administrative, economic and

propaganda measures by using SFM as overall framework and continuing

strengthened the protection and management of forest in Na Ri

These results can help communities realize more clearly the serious

impact of forest degradation and loss of forest, also for the people to understand

the main causes leading to undesirable changes in climate And understand their

part of the responsibility for preventing, responding to and mitigating the effects

of climate change To themselves every individual, every organization in the

community to build their self-consciousness in the prevention, mitigation and

coping with the consequences of deforestation and forest degradation brought To

minimize, the significant loss of life and property as a result of climate change in

the coming years Especially for those individuals, the region, the region suffered

a direct result of it, the need to enhance vigilance and construction measures to

minimize the damage

Keywords : REDD + , forest degradation, solutions, integrate,

To accomplish this thesis, I would like to thank the teachers in Centre of

International Training and Development, as well as the teachers in the Thai

Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry have dedicated teaching and

communicated to me the valuable knowledge during study time in the university

I beg to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Dr Tran Thi Thu

Ha, she was devoted to guide, and help me in the process of implementing this

projects and writing graduation reports

Finally, with deep gratitude, I sincerely send to my family and friends who

helped me a lot mentally and physically to complete the academic program and

graduation reports

In the process of implementing thesis, by my experience and knowledge

are limited so inevitable errors and defects I look forward to the participation

feedback from teachers and students to my thesis to be more complete and can be

widely applied in practice

I sincerely thank you!

Thai Nguyen, January 15, 2015

Student

Nguyen Thi Thu Hang

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research rationale 1

1.2 Research’s Objectives 4

1.3.Research questions and hypotheses 4

1.4 Limitations 4

1.5 Definitions 5

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Sustainable development and Sustainable forest management 6

2.2 Overview of REDD+ 10

2.3 Characteristics of Bac Kan province and Na Ri district 14

PART III METHODS 21

3.1 Materials 21

3.2 Methods 23

PART IV RESULTS 26

4.1 Current status of forest in Na Ri district in the period of 2009-2014 26

4.2 Impacts and main causes of forest degradation 35

4.3 Proposing Solutions to Integrate REDD+ in the Protection and Development of Forests in Na Ri District 39

PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 43

5.1 Discussion 43

5.2 Conclusion 45

REFERENCES 46

APPENDICES 49

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 2.1: Barbier’s integrated approach to sustainable development 7

Figure 2.2: Administrative map of Na Ri District 18

Figure 4.1: Graph of the forest area proportion by districts in total forest area

of Bac Kan province

28

Figure 4.2: Synthesis of forest cover in Na Ri District 29

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1: The variation in forest area Vietnam during 1943-2012 2

Table 2.1: Variation of forest resources Bac Kan period 1999-2012 14

Table 2.3: Area of forest and non-forested land by 3 types of forest in Bac Kan 15

Table 4.1: Land Use situation in Na Ri District 26

Table 4.2: Forest area by function of Na Ri District 28

Table 4.3: Summary the current situation of forest land allocation as a result

of the review in Na Ri District

31

Table 4.4: Area of forest land by the state of Na Ri district 32

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CPC Commune People's Committee

DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

FPD Forest Protection Department

GHGs Greenhouse Gases

MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

PCI Provincial Competitiveness Index

REDD + Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

SFM Sustainable Forest Management

SUF Special use forest

UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

UN-REDD REDD+program of United Nations

WCED World Commission on Environment and Development

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale

Vietnam’s tropical forests are important both for environmental servicesand values and for forest products However, Vietnam’s forest heritage has beenseverely undermined by forest loss and degradation The annual loss of natural

forests in Vietnam is around 100,000 ha (MARD, 2000) This loss has a wide

range of social, economic, and environmental impacts These problems include

the so-called downstream impacts – those felt in the lowlands, whose

environmental health (for example water and soil) depends so much on the

ecological processes of the highlands (GoV, 2005)

The area of forest land in our country in 2012 was 13.9 million hectares,

accounting for 40.7% of land natural (Ha, 2007) Forest area was increasing

during many last decades but natural forest area was continuing decrease that

leads to forest degradation/environmental degradation Furthermore, in recent

years, due to the many reasons, subjective forests of our country have been

severely reduced in quality of forests It is also a reason of increasing green

house gases emission

The decline of forest resources first expresses and clarifies through the

decline in the area Previously most of Vietnam country covered by forest, but

only about a century, heavily degraded forest In colonial times, many large tracts

of land in the South have been cleared to grow coffee, rubber, tea and some other

crops By the mid-twentieth century, almost the jungles of the Red River Delta, a

large part of the Mekong Delta with forests on the coastal lowlands have been

covers of 43% of natural land Thirty years of war followed by a period in which

Vietnam's forests were shrinking rapidly More than 80 million liters of

herbicides and 13 million tons of bombs with over 25 million hole bombs,

incendiary bombs, along with the giant bulldozers destroyed more than 2 million

hectares of tropical forest types (FPD, 2012)

Table 1: The variation in forest area Vietnam during 1945-2012

Source: Forest Protection Department, 2014

Although forest cover has increased quickly in the last ten years, in

general this has only occurred in production forest land as a result of natural

regeneration after shifting cultivation, or of plantation establishment on bare-hill

land (de Jong et al., 2006) The quality of such regeneration forest is very low

(GoV, 2005) Moreover, the old growth natural forests, which account for only

6% of the total forest area of Vietnam and are reserved as conservation forests,

are still threatened, and continue to be lost through illegal logging (Ha, 2007)

The protection and special use forest categories are located in the most

environmentally vulnerable places, where this loss would lead to serious threats

to ecological systems such as loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and loss of

catchment values The maintenance and restoration of upland forests are critical

to these functions, but have not yet been realized Thus, the uplands of Vietnam

remain in a situation of continuing forest loss, of a degrading environment, and

of poverty

Bac Kan province was chosen as one of six pilot provinces participated

cooperation Programme of the United Nations on "Reducing emissions from

deforestation and forest degradation, sustainable management of forest resources,

conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in Vietnam” And Na Riwas also chosen as one of 3 pilot districts to implement REDD+program

Therefore, we need to find the causes and solutions for forest protection

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is a

mechanism being designed to provide financial rewards to forest owners and

users Under the mechanisms, countries will measure and monitor the emissions

of CO2resulting from deforestation and degradation within their borders

Derived from the pressing issues above, entitled “Propose solutions to integrate Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD + ) in the protection and development of forests in Na Ri district - Bac Kan province” to define the causes of forest degradation then propose solutions

to integrate REDD+in the protection and development of forests in Na Ri District

of Bac Kan province The result of this study could be useful to local managers

and policy makers to make decision how to integrate REED+ in the forest

protection and development plan as long-term strategy toward sustainable forest

management

1.2 Research’s Objectives

The study aims to determine the causes of forest degradation then propose

solutions to integrate REDD+ in the protection and development of forests in Na

Ri District of Bac Kan province

Research questions and hypotheses

Specifically, the research finds out answer for the following questions:

- What is the current status of forest management and forest protection in

Na Ri district of Bac Kan province?

- What are the impacts and causes of forest degradation?

- How to integrate REDD+ in the protection and development of forest in

Na Ri District of Bac Kan province?

Research Contents

- Current status of forest management and forest protection in Na Ri district

- Impacts and causes of forest degradation

- Proposed solutions to integrate REED+ in Na Ri district of Bac Kan

province

1.3 Limitations

Bac Kan was chosen as 1 of 6 pilot provinces participated in the Program

of the United Nations (UN-REDD) and Na Ri was also chosen as 1 of 3 pilot

districts here to implement REDD+ program because with the large area of forest

land, Na Ri is considered as the hot spots of Bac Kan Province on forest

protection and development, so it has the potential to sell carbon credits from

forests to increase household income for local communities

1.4 Definitions

This research can help communities realize more clearly the serious

impact of forest degradation, also for the people to understand the main causes

leading to undesirable changes in climate, and understand their part of the

responsibility for preventing, responding to and mitigating the effects of climate

change To themselves every individual, every organization in the community to

build their self-consciousness in the prevention, mitigation and coping with the

consequences of deforestation and forest degradation brought To minimize, the

significant loss of life and property as a result of climate change in the coming

years Especially for those individuals, the region, the region suffered a direct

result of it, the need to enhance vigilance and construction measures to minimize

the damage

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Sustainable development and Sustainable forest management

2.1.1 Sustainable development

Sustainable development has been an increasingly important focus of

policy since the 1980s While many definitions have been proposed, most rest on

that presented for the first time by the Brundtland Commission in 1987 This

important document defined sustainable development as development that:

“meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs” (WCED, 1987)

However, sustainability as a broad concept should be critiqued; one

definition can never really cover this major idea However, most definitions

address the economic, environmental and social components as being integrated

for the benefit of the current generation and future generations This integrated

approach, as illustrated in Figure 1, is the most important aspect of the concept of

sustainable development as it has been continually amended since the late 1980s

These parts of the concept of sustainability apply to forests as much as to other

ecosystems

Figure 2.1: Barbier’s integrated approach to sustainable

development

Source: Barbier, 1987

2.1.2 Sustainable forest management (SFM)

The concept of SFM has had a long history The importance of considering

the needs of future generations while managing a forest resource has, in fact,

been recognized since the 18thcentury (Wiersum, 1995)

Sustained yield became a basic forestry concept in both theory and practice in

forest management in Western Europe, particularly in Germany, early in the 19th

century In practice, for many decades, the concept of sustainability in forestry

focused only on the principle of sustained yield as it maintained the supply of wood

products (Wiersum, 1995)

The roles of forests were recognized more values in particular in the last

decades As Gonzalez et al (2005) noted “forest ecosystems are extremely

important refuges for terrestrial biodiversity, a central component of Earth’sbiogeochemical systems, and a source of ecosystem services essential for human

well-being” According to World Bank (2004), nearly 90% of terrestrial

biodiversity is found in the world’s forests Forests directly provide thelivelihoods of 90% of the 1.2 billion people who are living in extreme poverty;

they indirectly support about half of the developing world is population Forests

also play a principal part of GDP growth in many developing countries through

trade In addition, forests contain about 50% of the world’s terrestrial carbonstocks and contribute over two thirds of terrestrial net primary production, thus

playing a significant role in the global carbon cycle (Gonzalez et al., 2005).

Other important roles of forests include the maintenance of indigenous/traditional

cultural, spiritual, and recreational values (Gonzalez et al., 2005) However, the

world’s forests have been reduced very significantly, in particular during the lasttwo centuries

Today, the loss of forests has led to many serious problems for both people

and the environment The world is facing serious environmental degradation (for

example, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, water problems, climate change) and

socio-economic problems (for example, loss of materials and food, loss of

cultural assets and knowledge, loss of livelihoods of forest-dependent people,

rising inequality, loss of the forest asset base for national development) as a

consequence of forest loss and degradation (Gonzalez et al., 2005) The impacts

of forest loss have forced people to recognize that forest ecosystems play

multiple roles (economic, social, and environmental) at many levels, from local

to global The concept of SFM has consequently evolved, at both national and

global levels

In the middle of the 20th century, the concept of SFM was broadened to

encompass the principle of multiple uses This principle emphasized not only the

provision of timber products, but also meeting other human-valued products and

services and thus includes a diversity of socio-economic and environmental

elements (Wiersum, 1995) The concept of SFM first attracted international

attention through the Forest Principles and Chapter 11 of Agenda 21, which were

formulated at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development

However, as Upton and Bass (1995) noted, there were no legal regulations to

bind any authoritative statement of forest principles which aimed to contribute to

the management, conservation and sustainable development of forests; they also

noted the need to set relevant standards for forest use A more comprehensive

definition emerged from the Helsinki Process, as follows

Sustainable management means the stewardship and use of forests and

forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity,

regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfil, now and in the future,

relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national and global

levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems (MCPFE, 1993)

The definition developed by Poore for the ITTO is similar, though more

conservatively worded, as follows:

Sustainable forest management is the process of managing

permanent forest land to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives

of management with regard to the production of a continuous flow of

desired forest products and services without undue reduction of its

inherent values and future productivity and without undue undesirable

effects on the physical and social environment (ITTO, 1992)

Definitions of sustainable forest management are often regarded as a

logical extension of Brundtland’s concept of sustainable development (Ferguson,1996) However, like the definition of sustainability, no universal definition of

SFM has been accepted (Higman et al., 2005).

2.2 Overview of REDD +

In the world: The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing

Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries

(UN-REDD Programme) was created in September 2008 to assist developing

countries to build capacity to reduce emissions and to participate in a future

REDD+ mechanism For the purpose of this strategy, REDD+ refers to reducing

emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and

the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of

forest carbon stocks in developing countries (UN-REDD, 2010)

The goal of significantly reducing emissions from deforestation and forest

degradation can best be achieved through a strong global partnership to create a

REDD+mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) Such a partnership must be based on a commitment, on one

hand, by developing countries to embark on low-carbon, climate resilient

development, and on the other hand, by developed countries to provide

predictable and significant funding as an incentive for reduced forest-based

carbon emissions (UN-REDD, 2010)

Through its initial nine pilot country National Programmes in Africa,

Asia-Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean, and related global activities,

the UN-REDD Programme is supporting governments to prepare national

REDD+ strategies, build monitoring systems, engage stakeholders and assess

multiple benefits (UN-REDD, 2010)

Building on the lessons learned and feedback from countries and other

partners, the Programme has increased its funding base and the number of

participating countries

The Programme is responsive to country needs, and is prepared to support

the transformation in the forest sector and other sectors that impact land use in

developing country economies needed to achieve readiness for REDD+ The

Programme is also responsive to the REDD+ decision at the UNFCCC COP16 on

policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to REDD+ and

stands ready to support, upon demand by countries, the implementation of the

COP16 agreement on REDD+(UN-REDD, 2010)

The UN-REDD Programme builds on the convening power and expertise

of its three participating UN organizations (referred to in this document as

“UN-REDD Programme agencies”): the Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The UN-REDD

Programme works in close partnership with other REDD+ initiatives, especially

those operated by the World Bank, and supports the implementation of UNFCCC

decisions In addition, during an interim phase, prior to the establishment of a

REDD+ mechanism under UNFCCC, the UN-REDD Programme Team

(UN-REDD PT), together with the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Management

Team (FCPF FMT), is providing secretariat services to the REDD+ Partnership

established by countries in May 2010 in Oslo, Norway to scale up REDD+

actions and finance As a multilateral, country demand-driven initiative, the

UN-REDD Programme has a critical role to play both to support the emerging interim

arrangements for REDD+ financing and coordination, and to support the

incorporation of an effective REDD+ mechanism within a post-2012 climate

change agreement (UN-REDD, 2010)

In Vietnam: REDD+ is considered to be one of the important initiativescontributed to the management, protection and sustainable use through the

activities of protecting existing forests, conserving biodiversity, improving

coverage and price value of forests, reducing greenhouse gas emissions,

implementing successfully the National Strategy for green Growth, the National

Strategy on climate Change and restructuring scheme forestry sector (DARD Bac

Kan, 2014)

In accessing REDD+ initiatives and REDD+ implementation, under

Decision No 799 / QD-TTg dated 27/6/2012 of the Prime Minister and Decision

No 1724 / QD-BNN-HTQT dated 07/29/2013 of Ministry of Agriculture and

rural Development, Bac Kan was chosen as one of six pilot provinces

participated cooperation Programme of the United Nations on "Reducing

emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, sustainable management of

forest resources, conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in

Vietnam "(referred to the UN-REDD Vietnam phase II) The objective of the

program is to enhance the capacity of relevant agencies at the national and

provincial so Vietnam can benefit from the payment based on the results of the

implementation of REDD+(DARD Bac Kan, 2014)

With support from the Management Board of National Program, Bac Kan

was held successfully a Training workshop to raise awareness for the

stakeholders at the provincial and district in Bac Kan Province on REDD+, on the

links between REDD+ and forests, REDD+ and climate Change; Conference

Launch UN-REDD Vietnam Programme phase II at Bac Kan province and

improved organization of operations of the Management Board of provincial

program This is considered a prerequisite for the process of capacity building of

Bac Kan in contributing to the success of the program and the implementation of

REDD+ in the future Especially received financial aid, techniques for Bac Kan

province integrating REDD+ activities in planning, protecting and developing

forest for the period 2011-2020 (DARD Bac Kan, 2014)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is key GHGs, and changes to the global carbon cycle

that affect the atmospheric concentration of CO2 are crucial to the global climate

Forests play important roles as both sinks and sources of CO2 Forest vegetation

and soils contain about half the planet’s terrestrial carbon, and terrestrialecosystems have the potential to sequester more CO2 than at present (FAO,

2008).So the implementation of REDD+ is necessary to improve the ability of

absorbing CO2, conserving soil and water resources, contributing to minimize

situation of climate change

2.3 Characteristics of Bac Kan province and Na Ri district

2.3.1 Bac Kan province

Bac Kan province is rich in forest resources; the forest cover is 70.6% in total

area Rich natural forest about 60.6%, while the poor forest and forest restoration

(with pioneer species) accounted for 10% in 2012 (see Table 2) By function,

approximately 70% of the total forest area of forest production, 21.8% is protection

and 5.8% special use forests In addition, the province still has about 90,000 hectares

of forest land and this lack of cover crops may be a target of afforestation programs

and reforestation in the province

Table 2.1: Variation of forest resources Bac Kan period 1999-2012

No Year

Natural area (ha)

Forest land (ha) Coverage

(%) Total Natural

forest

Plantation forest

Table 2.2: Land use situation in Bac Kan

Unit: ha

Source: Forestry department of Bac Kan, 2012

Table 2.3: Area of forest and non-forested land by 3 types of forest in Bac Kan

Naturalforest

Plantationforest

Non forestedland

 Geography: Bac Kan belongs to the northern mountainous ecological zone

of Vietnam This province is located north of Thai Nguyen The provincial

capital, Bac Kan town, is approximately 160 km north of Hanoi and 90 km

north of Thai Nguyen Bac Kan was established as a new province on 1

January 1997, when the former Bac Thai Province was sub-divided into two

new provinces, Bac Kan and Thai Nguyen

 Culture and society: In 2013, Bac Kan Province had a population of

308,259 people Population density was about 63 persons per sq km They

belong to 7 ethnic groups: Tay (60.4%), Kinh (19.3%), Dao (9.5%), Nung

(7.4 %), San Diu (0.5%) and others (Hoa and H’mong) (0.6%) Average

growth of population is over 1% Agricultural and forestry production is

the main source of income

 Economic condition: Bac Kan is one of the poorest provinces of Vietnam.

In the ranking of the Provincial Competitiveness Index of Vietnam in 2011,

Bac Kan ranked at No 60/63 provinces (PCI, 2011) Around 85% of the

population lives in rural areas; their livelihoods were based on agricultural

and forestry products About 26.13% of the population is classified as poor

The Vietnamese government authorities consider Bac Kan as a priority

area for inter-sectoral development programs Forestry is potentially a key

sector that could contribute to social and economic development in this

region

 Land and forests: The province has a total area of 485,941 ha, of which

agricultural land comprises 30,509 ha (6.3%), forest land is 342,832 ha

(70.6%), and other is 112,600 ha (23.1%) income

Forests in Bac Kan Province have important watershed values, for example

watersheds such as the Nang River catchment area, which feeds into Ba Be

Lake as a national conservation area Forest land in Bac Kan was

traditionally used for shifting cultivation, slash and burn agriculture and

timber extraction

2.3.2 Na Ri district

 Geography: Na Ri is the Eastern District of Bac Kan province, far from

provincial town about 40km Na Ri borders with Lang Son province in the

east; Bach Thong and Cho Moi district in the west; Cho Moi district and

Thai Nguyen in the south; Ngan Son district and Lang Son province in the

north (see Figure 2) (Lac Viet, 2014)

Figure 2.2: Administrative map of Na Ri District

 Topography: Na Ri's terrain is mostly hilly with many limestone, narrow

valleys, steep slopes, under the Ngan Son bow Na Ri has two peaks as the

Coc Xo (1131 m) and Phia Ngan (1.119m)

The main rivers flowing through the district include: Ngan Son, Na Ri,

Bac Giang (Lac Viet, 2014)

 Climate: Na Ri’s territory located in Bac Giang River valley, is blocked

the west wind in summer by Kim Hy limestone, so Na Ri has at least

rainfall of Bac Kan province, annual average rainfall always less than

1.400 mm (Lac Viet, 2014)

 Culture and society: Total area of Na Ri is 85,300 ha with total

population of 37,000 (in 2012) and population density is 42 people/km2

(Lac Viet, 2014)

District based in the town of Yen Lac It includes 22 administrative units:

Yen Lac town and communes: Vu Loan, Van Hoc, Luong Thuong, Lang

San, Luong Ha, Cuong Loi, Kim Lu, Luong Thanh, Lam Son, An Tinh,

Van Minh, Kim Hy, Con Minh, Hao Nghia, Cu Le, Huu Thac, Quang

Phong, Duong Son, Xuan Duong and Liem Thuy (Lac Viet, 2014)

Na Ri has five ethnic groups including Hmong, Tay, Nung, Kinh, Dao

Of the 22 communes and towns of Na Ri, 15 communes have special

difficulties, mainly due to geographical limestone forests, steep, terrain

dissected getting around very difficult (Lac Viet, 2014)

 Economic conditions: Na Ri has 74,760.6 hectares of forest and forest

land (accounting for 88% of forest land area), in which more than 14,000

hectares of rocky forest Especially 2.730ha limestone forests adjacent to

the length of 70km stretches across five communes are: Lien Thuy, Xuan

Duong, Hao Nghia, Cu Nghia, Duong Son This is the primary forest

ecosystem diversity, many animals, rare plants which are protected Kim

Hy Nature Reserve has many rare woods such as pine, gnashing (Lac

Viet, 2014)

Na Ri is suitable for afforestation and tree material for paper production

such as Luong, acacia; medicinal plants such as anise, cinnamon,

cardamom; food crops and crops such as corn, potatoes, rice, peanuts, soy,

arrowroot and raising cattle, horses (Lac Viet, 2014)

 Natural Resources: Na Ri has gold original (primary) and placer gold in

Thuong Luong, Kim Hy, Lang San; zinc ore in Con Minh, tin ore and

limestone soil types are suitable for the growth of vegetation with many

timber trees such as gritting, trai (Lac Viet, 2014)

PART III METHODS 3.1 Materials

3.1.1 Object, location and time of study

- Object: Forest resources in Bac Kan, the state and private organizations,

households, individuals and communities who participate in the

management, protection and development of forests

- Location research: Na Ri district of Bac Kan province

- Implementation period: 10/2014 - 12/2014

3.1.2 Data collection

Both primary data and secondary data were required for the research

For secondary data: Collect all the information and documents related to

research topics such as the legal documents concerning provincial development

plans, economic development plans society; the literature on hydrometeorology,

natural disasters and other information resources and environment in the

province Collecting, the materials, documents, reports, maps, policy documents

of national and provincial relating to protection and development of forests,

biodiversity, infrastructure, socioeconomic related to land and forest:

- Gathering documents at provincial level as maps, data, reports on forest

monitoring programs; documents, maps, economic data - social;

monitoring and management of forest resources from 2003 to 2014; land

use planning, land allocation, during the period 2015 to 2020

- Gathering information and data at the district and forest owners about the

economic development programs, agriculture and forestry and the forest

changes, the project infrastructure and hydropower have been deployed in

the area; forest management, protection and development in the district

For primary data: This data was collected through preliminary fieldwork

and formal fieldwork The preliminary field work was carried out in order to

select research sites, identify key informants, test check-lists and semi-structured

questionnaires, and collect other general information This was followed by the

formal field work during which intensive key informant interviews and sample

plot measuring were carried out to gather the facts, confirming the accuracy of

the information collected Investigating, observing forest conditions,

infrastructure, roads, residential housing, the relevant factors

3.1.3 Data processing

a Rearrange papers and documents about forest and the current status

reports of the specific study areas

- Refer to paper maps and digital maps of Bac Kan

- Select ways to display analyzed data

b Make a list of structural distribution of forest in the study area with

characteristics as density, frequency, abundance, etc

From the collected, analyzed data and information, comparison,

evaluations, propose a number of solutions in accordance with the fact conditions

of Na Ri district

All information/data collected from the fieldwork were collected and

summarised