Phân dạng và phương pháp giải hóa học 11 Phần vô cơ Dành cho học sinh lớp 11 ôn tập và nâng cao kĩ năng làm bài

Cho mot it chat chi thi phenolphetalein vao dung dich NH3 loang ta thu diTdc dung djch A.. Gidi Dung dich NH3 c6 tinh bazrf yeu nen khi cho mot it cha't chi thi phenolphetalein vao th

Phan djing va phumg phdp giii H6a hpc 11 V6 co - D8 Xuan Hung

2 N H 3 + 3CuO — ^ N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O

* Dieuche:

+ Trong phong thi nghiem :

2NH4CI + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2NH3T + 2H2O

+ Trong cong nghiep : long hdp tuT niW va hidro

N2 + 3H2 , ' 2 N H 3

p

2 MuG'i atnoni ( g o m cation N H 4 va anion goc axit)

* Tinh chat hoa hoc :

- Tac dung vdi dung djch kicm :

N H 4 C I + NaOH > NHjt + NaCl + H2O

NH^ + OH- > NHjt + H2O

- Phan uTng nhiet phan :

N H 4 C I , , , ^ NH3,u, + HCl,k,

NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O

III AXIT NITRIC V A M U O I NITRAT

1 Axit nitric ( H N O 3 )

CTCT: H - O - N ^ ^

* Tinh chat ho a hoc :

+ Tinh axit: Lam quy tim h6a do, tac dung vdi oxit bazcf, bazd, muoi cua axit

yeu hdn tao ra muoi nitrat

+ Tinh oxi hoa :

- Tac dung vdi kim loai (trir Au va Pt)

Cu + 4HN03j.^. > Cu(N03)2 + 2NO2 t + 2H2O

Chu y : Fe va Al bj thu dong h o a trong dung dich HNO3 dac, nguoi

- Tac dung vdi phi kim :

S + 6HN03j.^, > H2SO4 + 6NO2T + 2H2O

- Tac dung vdi hdp cha't:

3H2S + 2HN03,,,,„^ > 3S + 2NO + 4H2O

* Dieu che :

+ Trong phong thi nghiem :

NaN03 + H2SO4 HNO3 + NaHS04 + Trong cong nghiep (qua ba giai dotin) NH3 -> NO -> NO2 - > HNO3

2 MuS'i n i t r a t (muoi cua axit nitric)

Deu de tan trong niTdc va la chat dien li manh

+ Phan iJng nhiet phan :

3Cu + 8 H ^ + 2NO3 3Cu^^ + 2N0t + 4H2O

(dung dich mau xanh)

2 N O + O2 > 2NO2 (mau nau do)

IV PHOTPHO 1s2 2s2 2 p * 3 s ^ 3 p *

* Tinh chat hoa hoc:

+ Tinh oxi hoa : 2P + 3Ca CajPj (canxi photphua) + Tinhkhuf:

- Vdi oxi: 4P+302dhii<u) — ^ 2P,03

* San xudt: Trong cong nghiep, P diTdc san xua't bling each nung hon hdp

quang photphorit, cdt va than coc d 1200"C trong 16 di?n

Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5 C SCaSiOj + 2P + SCO

61

Phan djing phuong phip gi5i H6a hpc 11 VP cd - Do XuSn Hung

* Tinh chat hoa hoc:

+ H3PO4 la axit ba nac, c6 do manh trung binh

+ Tac dung vdti dung dich kiem (tiiy theo lu'dng chat tac dung), ma tao ra muoi

trung hoa, muoi axit hoSc hon hdp muoi

+ Dung dich H3PO4 c6 nhiirng tinh cha't chung cua axit

+ Khac vdi axit HNO3, axit H3PO4 khong c6 tinh oxi hoa

* Dieu che :

+ Trong phong thi nghiem:

P + 5HNO3 (dac) H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

+ Trong cong nghiep:

- Mu6'i photphat trung hoa : Na3P04, Ca3(P04 )2,

- Mu6'i hidrophotphat: Na2HP04, CaHP04,

- Muoi dihidrophotphat: NaH2P04, Ca(H2P04 )2,

* Phan tfng thuy phan : Na3P04 + H2O -> Na2HP04 + NaOH

* Nhan biet ion photphat (PO4")

DCing bac nitrat ^ ket tua raau vang

3Ag^ + PO4" > Ag3P04i (mau vang)

V I P H A N B O N H O A H Q C

+ phan dam nitrat: NaN03

+ ure:(NH2)2CO

2 Phan ISn : + supephotphat

+ phan Ian nung chay

- Xac djnh so oxi hoa cua nItcJ, photpho

- Viet phifcJng trinh dieu che cac chdt

BAI TAP M A U V A B A I TAP NANG CAO

Bai

1-a) N6u mot so hdp cha't trong do nitd va photpho c6 so oxi hoa -3, +3, +5

b) Hay diTa ra nhi^ng phan uTng da hoc c6 siT tham gia ciia ddn chat photpho, trong

d6 so oxi hoa cua photpho tang, giam

Gidi

a) MOt so' hdp cha't trong do nitd va photpho :

~3 - 3 - 3 -3

_ CO SO oxi hoa-3 : NH3, Mg.N^, PH3, Ca^P^

- CO so oxi hoa+3: N2O3, NaNOj, P2O3, H3PO3

- c6 sooxih6a+5: N2O5, HNO3, P^O,,

H3P04-b) Phan tfng trong do so oxi hoa ciia P tang :

a) Nguyen to nitd c6 so oxi hoa la bao nhieu trong cac hdp chat sau : NO, NO2,

NH3, N2O, NH4CI, N2O3, N2O5, Mg3N2

b) Hay cho biet so oxi hoa cua N va P trong cdc ph5n t^ v^ ion sau day: NH3,

N H ; , NO2, NO3, NH4HCO3, P2O3, PBrj. PO^-, KH2PO4. Zn3(P04)2

Gidi

a) NO, NO2, "NH3, N2O NH4CI N2O3, N2O5, Mg3N2

b) NH3, N H t , NO2, NO3, NH4HCO3. P,03, PBrj T O ^ , KH2PO4, Zn3(P04)2

^ai 3 Tir khong khi, nirdc, KCl, CaCOj Hay vie't cac phi^dng trinh phan ilng

can thiet de dieu che c^c chat sau : NH4CI, KNO3, NH4NO3, Ca(N03)2

63

'han dgng va phuong phip gi5i H6a hgc 11 V6 ca - D5 Xuan Hung

Gidi

Hoa long khong khi, sau do chiTng ca't phan doan de lay N2 sau do den O2

2KC1 + 2H2O • ''^V • 2KOH + H j t + Cl.T

t i l ma ng nga n H2 + CI2 2HC1

Hoa tan HCl vao niTdc diTdc dung djch HCl

CaO + 2HNO3 > Ca(N03)2 + H2O

hay CaC03 + 2HNO3 > Ca(N03)2 + CO2T + H2O

Bai 4 Viet phifdng trmh phan tfng dieu che cac oxit nitcf: N2O, NO, NO2, N2O3,

3Cu + 8HNO3 — ^ 3Cu(N03)2 + 2N0 + 4H2O

hoac 4NH3 + 5O2 4N0 + 6H2O

*= NO2 nitd dioxit:

C U + 4HNO3 d^c m^ng > CU(N03)2 + 2N02 + 2H2O

* N2O3 dinitd trioxit (anhidrit nitd):

N2O3 di/dc dieu che bang cich tr6n NO vdi NO2 theo ti le the tich bang nhau

roi ha thap nhiet dp xuong dirdi-100"C

* N2O5 dinitcf penta oxit (anhidrit nitric):

Trong ph6ng thi nghi^m: N2O5 tao nen khi khiSr ntfdc ciia axit nitric dac,

loang bkng P2O5 trong binh kin

2HNO3 + P2O5 — > N2O5 + 2HPO3 (axit metaphotphoric)

hoac cho clo tdc dung vdi AgNGj (60"C):

54

2AgN03 + C I 2 N2O5 + 2AgCl + i o ^ Bai 5 Hoa tan C U 2 S trong H2SO4 dac nong diTtlc dung dich A va khi B B Ikm mat

mau nxidc brom, cho NH3 tac dung vdi dung dich A tdi du" Hoi c6 hien tu'dng gi

xay ra Viet cac phiTdng trinh phan tuf va ion dc giai thich hien tUdng tren

(HVCNBCVT) Gidi

CU2S + 6H2SO4 dac nong > 2CUSO4 + 5SO2T + 6H2O

Phtfcfng trinh ion :

CU2S + 12H^ + 4S0^- > 2Cu^\ 5S02t + 6H2O

K h i B l a S 0 2 S02 + Br2 + 2H20 > H2SO4 + 2HBr

Dung dich A la CUSO4

CUSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Cu(0H)2i + (NH4)2S04

NH3 + HCl > NH4CI (amoni clorua)

b) Sd do dieu che phan dam NH4NO3:

i Bai 7 Viet phuttng trinh phan iJng nhiet phan cac muoi sau :

(NH4)2C03, NH4NO3, (NH4)2S04, KNO3, Fe(N03)3, AgN03

65

Phan dang va phUOng phjp g\i\a hgc 11 Vfl co - B5 Xuan Hifng

a) Ngi/di la san xuat supcphotphat ddn va supepholphat kcp tijf qusing pirit va

apatit CO lhanh phan chinh la Ca3(P04)2. Viel cac phifdng trinh phan ifng xay

ra

b) Hay giai thich vi sao khi bon cac loai phan dam N H 4 N O 3 , (NH4)2S04 do chiia

cua dat tang len?

Ca3(P04)2 + 3H2SO4 > 2H3PO4 + 3CaS04>l'

Ca3(P04)2 + 4H3PO4 > 3Ca(H2P04)2

(supepholphat kep) b) Cac muoi NH4NO3, (NH4)2S04 deu de bi thiiy phan, c6 ion NHj c6 tinh axit

NH4NO3 > NH+ +

NO3-(NH4)2S04 > 2 N H ; + S O ^

NH^ + H 2 O - > NH3 + H3O*

hay NH+ > NH3 + H*

Vay khi bon phan dam NH4NO3 hay (NH4)2S04 lam tang H"" trong dat (nghia

la lam giam pH) do do do chua cua dat tSng len

66

D a n g 2

- Viet sd d o p l i a n (ing

- Bo tCic v a h o d n tlianii pini/oing trinh

BAI TAP IVlAU

IJai 1 Hoiin thiinh stJ do chuycn hoa sau va viet cac phu'dng trinh hoa hoc

a) Khi A dungdich A B khi A C

(5) J ; "

D + H2O

Biet rcHng A la hdp chat cua nild

Giai

a) Khi A : N H 3 ; B : N H 4 C I ; C : N H 4 N O 3 ; D : N.O (1) NH3 + H 2 O - > N H 4 O H

(2) N H 4 O H + HCl > N H 4 C I + H2O

(3) NH4Cl + NaOH > NaCl + NH3T + H2O

(4) NH3 + H N O 3 > N H 4 N O 3

(5) NH4NO3 -A N2O + 2H2O

b) (1) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3

(2) 2 H N O 3 + CuO > Cu(N03)2 + H2O

(3) Cu(N03)2 + 2NaOH > Cu(0H)2 + 2NaN03

(4) Cu(OH): + 2 H N O 3 — > Cu(N03)2 + 2H2O

(5) Cu(N03)2 CuO + 2NO2 + - O 2

2 (6) CuO + Hj ^ > Cu + H2O

Phan d?ng va phuang phap giai H6a hqc 11 VP ca - 05 Xuan Hung

B a i 3 Cho quang cancopirit (CuFeS2) tac dung v d i dung dich H N O 3 vuTa du, thu

du'dc k h i A khong mau, sau do k h i nay bien thanh mau nau trong khong k h i

va dung dich B Chia dung dich B l a m hai phan :

- Phan I tac dung v d i khi NH3 dir

- Phan I I tac dung v d i dung dich BaClj cho ket tua mau trang Xac dinh k h i A

va cac cha't trong B

Vie't cac phufdng trinh hda hoc xay ra

Gidi

3CuFeS2 + 32HNO3 - » 3Cu(N03)2 + 3Fe(N03)3 + 1 7 N 0 + 6 H 2 S O 4 + IOH2O

* K h i A : N O

2 N 0 + O2 > 2NO2

* Dung-dich B : Cu(N03)2 Fe(N03)3, H 2 S O 4

- Phan I : Cu(N03)2 + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4](N03)2 (tan)

Fe(N03)3 + 3NH3 + 3H20- > Fe(OH)34 + 3NH4NO3

H 2 S O 4 + 2NH3 > (NH4)2S04

- Phan I I : H2SO4 + BaClj > B a S 0 4 i + 2HC1

B a i 4 L a p cac phUdng trinh hoa hoc :

a) A g + HNO3 dac > N O j t + ? + ?

b) A g + HNO3 K.a„g > N O T + ? + ?

c) A l + HNO3 > N2OT + ? + ?

d) Z n + HNO3 > NH4NO3 + ? + ?

e) FeO + HNO3 > NOT + Fe(N03)3 +?

g) Fe304 + HNO3 > NOT + Fe(N03)3 + ?

g) 3Fe304 + 28HNO3 > 9Fe(N03)3 + NOT + M H j O

h) H2PO4 + O H - > H P O ^ + H2O i) HPO4" + > H2PO4

Bai 5 V i e t phiTdng Irinh phan uTng thifc hicn day bien hoa sau : a) Quang photphorit -> P(,r,ing) Ca3P2 PH3 P2O5 H3PO4 —

Phan supephotphat kep

2H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 > Ca(H2p04)2 + 2H2O

b) A : P; B : Ca3P2; C : PH3; D : H3PO4 Ca3(P04)2 + 5C + 3Si02 ) 3CaSi03 + 2P + 5 C 0

(A) • 2P + 3Ca Ca3P2 (B)

Ca3P2 + 6HC1 > 3CaCl2 + 2PH3T (C)

PH3 + 2O2 H3PO4 (D)

c) Quang apatit: 3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2

3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2 + IOH2SO4 > l ( ) C a S 0 4 i + 6H3PO4 + 2HF H3PO4 + Ca(0H)2 > CaHP04 + 2H2O

2CaHP04 + Ca(OH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 2H2O Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5C > 3CaSi03 + SCO + 2P

69

PhSn d^ng phuang ph^p giai Hoa hqc 11 Vfl CO - D 5 Xuan Hang

Fe304 ^ FC2O3 Gahi, (^"f^""" H - ^ ^ § 2 " ^ K,,HO

B i c l rang phan tii^ D gom C, H , O, N vdi ti Ic khoi lifting lu'cing u'ng la 3

: 7 vii trong phan tiV chi c6 hai ngiiycn li'r nit(J

Dat CTTQ cua D : C,H>0,N, Ta c6 :

x : y : z : l = — — : — = 0,25:1:0,25:0,5 = 1 : 4 : 1 : 2

12 1 16 14

: : > C T T Q : ( C H 4 0 N 2 ) „

V i D chi CO hai nguyen tuT niki ncn n = 1

=^CTPT cua D la CH4ON2 hay (NH2)2CO (iirc)

(1) : 3Na2C03 + 2FCCI3 + 3H2O > 2Fc(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2T

(A) (B) (G) (2) : 2Fc(OH)3 Fe203 + 3H2O

(3) : 2Fe203 + CO 2FC3O4 + CO2

B a i 7 Lap cac phiTiIng trinh hoa hoc sau :

a) H3PO4 + K2HPO4 > b) H3PO4 + Ca(0H)2 >

1 mol 1 mol 2 niol 3 mol

b) Cho hon help gom FcS, CU2S vc'li ti Ic mol 1 : 1 lac dung vi'fi U N O , tiia dift^c

dung djch A va khi B A lao lhanh k c l liia Hang V('li BaCI;, dc lu)ng khoivj

7 i

Phan d?ng va phuang ph^p giai H6a hqc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hang

khi, B chuyen thanh khi mau niiu B, Cho dung djch A tac dung vdi dung

dich NH3 tao ra dung djch A, va kcl tiia A2 Nung A2 d nhict do cao difOc

chat ran A3 Vie't cac phifdng trinh phan iJng dang phiin ttir va dang ion

Gidi

a) * Vdi dung dich NH3: chl tao ket liia Fc(0H)2 Vix A1(0H)3

FeCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Fe(0H)2^ + 2NH4CI

AICI3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O > Al(0H)3i + 3NH4CI

Cac hidroxit con lai deu tan trong NH3 diT vi tao thiinh hcfp chat phuTc tan

CuCb + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Cu(0H)2i + 2NH4CI

Cu(0H)2 + 4NH3 > lCu(NH3)4l(OH)2 phiJc tan

ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Zn(0H)2i + 2NH4CI

Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 > [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 philc tan

* Vdi dung dich NaOH : c6 the dung NaOH de dieu che bon hidroxit tren,

rieng Zn(0H)2 va A1(0H)3 can dung NaOH vifa du

b) 3FeS + 3CU2S + 2 8 H N O 3 — > 3Fe(N03)3 + 6CUSO4 + 1 9 N 0 + I4H2O

Phufcfng trinh ion rut gon :

3FeS + 3CU2S + 28H^ + 19NO3 —^ 3Fc'" + 6Cu'^ + 19N0 + I4H2O

Ba'* + SOf > BaS04i

Bai 10 Sd do phan iJng sau day cho lhay ro vai tro ciia thien nhien va con ngifdi

trong viec chuyen nitd lit khi quyen vao trong dal, cung cap nguon phan dam

cho cay co'i

(7) 2NO + O2 > 2NO2

(8) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3

(9) HNO3 + NH3 > NH4NO3

BAI TAP AP DgNG

Bai 1 Viet sO do phan i?ng tht/c hicn chuoi bien hoa sau :

Ag3P04 < ^ Na3P04 ^ H3PO4

Ca3(P04)2 ^ (NH4)3P04 ^ (NH4)2HP04 ^ NH4H2PO4

Gidi

(1) 4HNO3 + Cu > Cu(N03)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O (2) 2NO2 + 2NaOH > NaN03 + NaNOj + H2O (3) 2NaN03 2NaN02 + O

(4) 5O2 + 4P 2P2O5 (5) P2O5 + 3H2O > 2H3PO4

(6) H3PO4 + 3NaOH > Na3P04 + SH.Q

(7) Na3P04 + 3AgN03 > Ag3P04i + 3NaN03

(8) NH3 + H3PO4 > NH4H2PO4

(9) NH4H2PO4 + NH3 > (NH4)2HP04

(10) (NH4)2HP04 + NH3 > (NH4)3P04

(11) 2(NH4)3P04 + 3Ca (OH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 6NH3 + 6H2O

^^ai 2 Lap phiTOng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng oxi hoa khu" sau :

a) K N O 2 + Kl + H2SO4 > I2 + NO + K2SO4 + H2O

b) FeSj + HNO3 + HCl > FeCl3 + H2SO4 + NO + H2O

; c) Zn + HNO3 > Zn(N03)2 + N2O + NO + NH4NO3 + H.O

I d) AS2S3 + HNO3 + H2O > H3ASO4 + H2SO4 + NO

e) P + NH4CIO4 > H3PO4 + N2 + CI2 + H2O

Phan dgng va phuong phAp giSi H6a hoc 11 V6 ca - D 5 Xuan Hang

B a i 3 Cho NO2 lac dung vdi dung djch K O H dir Sau do lay dung djch ihu di/dc

cho tac dung \6i Zn sinh ra hon hdp khi N H , va H2 V i c l cac phifdng trinh philn

iJng xay ra

„ N H , ^ A,„,„ N H , C - - i ^ D ^ E

+ N a O H H„^,„ ^ G

I 2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 > Ba3(P04)2 + 6H2O

g NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O

75

AI2O3 + 2 N a O H > 2NaA102 + H.O

Itai 5 Cho sd do chuyen hoa sau :

+ d d H N 0 , ( l ) A t° A - " N H g t " ^ A + d d H C U 0 2 , A - ^ d d N a O H A ->-ddNH;,

+ d d H 2 S ( 2 ) ( 4 ) + A , , t "

A 3 A 5

V i e t phUdng Irinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng xay ra thco sd do chuyen hoa

tren Biet cac cha't tiT A | d e n A x la dong va cac hdp cha't cua dong

(TSDH, ct0 II - 2006) Giai

A , : Cu A 2 : Cu(N03)2 A3 : CuS A 4 : CuO

As : CU2O A f t : C u C b A 7 : CuCOH), A x : |Cu(NH3)4](OH)2

(1) 3 C u + 8 H N O 3 loang > 3Cu(N03)2 + 2 N O + 4H2O

e) FcjO^ + H N O 3 > F e ( N 0 3 ) 3 + N^O^ + H2O

(5x - 2y)Fe304 + 2(23x - 9 y ) H N 0 3 > ( I 5 x - 6y)Fe(N03)3 + N,Oy +

h) K M n O ^ + PH3 + H2SO4 > K2SO4 + MnSO^ + H3PO4 + H2O

8 K M n 0 4 + 5PH3 + I2H2SO4 > 4K2SO4 + 8MnS04 + 5H3PO4 + I 2 H 2 O

B a i 7 a) V i e t hai phiTdng trinh phan tfng chiJng minh muoi nitrat dong vai trd oxi hoa trong m o i tri/cfng axit va moi trufcfng bazd

b) Vie't day du bay phiTdng trinh phan xing theo scf do sau :

* Trong moi IriTcJng bazd :

(7) F e C l 2 + 2AgN03 > Fe(N03)2 + 2AgCl4

Bai 8 Viet cac phiTdng trinh theo sd do sau (moi chiJ cai la mot chat):

Cu(N03)2 CuO + 2NO2 +

Ca(0H)2 + 2 H N O 3 > Ca(N03)2 + 2H2O

* Khi NH3 : dung quy tim am -> hoa xanh

* Ion NH4 : diJng dung djch kicm -> khi NH3 miii khai

* Ion N O 3 " : dijng vun dong va dung dich H 2 S O 4 loang -> khi NO khong mau hoa nau ngoai khong khi

* Ion PO4" : dung dung dich AgN03 ket tua mau vang Ag3P04

Bai 1 Trinh bay phiTdng trinh hoa hoc de nhan biet cac dung dich: NH3, Na2S04, N H 4 C I va (NH4)2S04 Viet phu-dng Irinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng

da diing

Giai

* Cho dung dich Ba(0H)2 Ian lU'tft vao bo'n mau ihuf tren

- Mau Na2S04 CO ket tua trang xuat hien

Na2S04 + Ba(0H)2 > BaS04i + 2NaOH

- Mau con lai la N H 3

Bai 2 Cho mot it chat chi thi phenolphetalein vao dung dich NH3 loang ta thu

diTdc dung djch A Hoi dung dich A c6 mau gi? Mau cua dung dich A bien

ddi nh\i the' nao trong cac thi nghiem sau :

a) Dun nong dung dich hoi lau

b) Them mot so moi HCi b^ng so moi NH3 c6 trong dung dich A

c) Them mot it NajCOj

d) Them A I C I 3 tdi dif

Gidi

Dung dich NH3 c6 tinh bazrf yeu nen khi cho mot it cha't chi thi

phenolphetalein vao thi dung dich A c6 mau hong,

a) Khi dun nong dung dich A hoi lau thi mau hong nhat dan den khi mat hin

Phan d^fig va phuong ph&p giai H6a hgc 11 V6 cd - Pg XuSn Himg

b) NHj + HCl > NH4CI

Vi dung djch thu di/dc la NH4CI c6 tinh axit nen dung djch khong mau (pH < 7)

c) Them mot it NajCO., thi m^u hong dam dan len vi NajCOj c6 tinh bazd (pH > 7)

d) Them AICI3 tdi diT thi mau hong bien mat do phan iJng :

AICI3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O > Al(OH)3i + 3NH4CI

(dung dich c6 tinh axit pH < 7)

Bai 3 Hay chpn mot hoa cha't thich hdp de phan biet cdc dung dich muoi :

NH4CI, (NH4)2S04, NaN03, MgCb FeCb, FeCl3 A1(N03)3

Gidi

Dung Ba(0H)2 Ian iMl v^o tCfng mau thuf:

- Mauthurcokhimiiikhaim NH4CI

2NH4CI + Ba(0H)2 > BaClz + 2NH3T + 2H2O

- Mau thur c6 khi miii khai va ket tija tr^ng la (NH4 )2S04

(NH4 )2S04 + Ba(OH)2 > BaS04^ + 2NH3T + 2H2O

(tr^ng)

- Mau thur xua'l hien ket tua tr^ng la MgCl2

Ba(0H)2 + MgCl2 > Mg(OH)24 + BaCh

(tdng)

- Mau thijr CO ket tda tr^ng xanh h6a nau ngoai khong khi l£l FeCl2

Ba(0H)2 + FeCl2 > Fe(0H)2>l' + BaCl2

4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O > 4Fe(OH)3i

- Mau thur CO ket tua nau do Ih FeCb

3Ba(OH)2 + 2FeCl3 > 2Fe(OH)3^ + 3BaCl2

- Mau thur CO ket tiia keo tr^ng tan trong Ba(0H)2 diT Ih A1(N03)3

3Ba(OH)2 + 2A1(N03)3 > 2Al(OH)3i + 3Ba(N03)2

2Al(OH)3 + Ba(0H)2 > Ba(A102)2 + 41^20

- Mau thur con laiiaNaNOj

Bal 4 Bkng thi nghiem nao c6 the biet duTdc nitd c6 Ian mot trong nhijrng tap

chaft clo, hidro clorua, hidro sunfua? Vie't phu'dng trinh hoa hoc ciaa cac phan

iJng xay ra

Gidi

* Cho khi nitd c6 Ian tap chaft clo di qua dung dich kiem NaOH Dung dich thu

du"dc la nurdc Javen c6 tinh tay mau chuTng to c6 khi clo

CI2 + 2NaOH > NaCl + NaClO + H2O

* Cho khi nitd c6 Ian tap cha't hidro clorua v^o niTdc cat thu duTdt dung dich c6

tinh axit, sau 66 cho dung dich AgN03 \ko thay xua't hien ket tua tr^ng

Gidi

a) Cho quy lim am Ian lurdt vao nam binh diTng nam khi tren, binh nao lam cho

quy tim am chuyen sang mau xanh thi do la binh diTng khi NH3

b) Nhan biet (NH4)2S04, NH4CI, NaN03:

Cho dung dich Ba(0H)2 Ian lufdt vao ba mau thu":

- Mau vura tao ket tua trifng, vira co khi mui khai la (NH4)2S04

(NH4)2S04 + Ba(0H)2 > BaS04>l' + 2NH3t + 2H2O

- Mau CO khi miii khai la NH4CI 2NH4CI + Ba(0H)2 > BaCl2 + 2NH3t + 2H2O

- Mau con lai la NaNOs

Bai 6. Chi diTdc diJng kim loai, hay nhan biet cac dung dich sau day: HCl, HNO3

dSc, AgNOj, KCl va KOH

(TSDHYHaNoi) Gidi

* Cho Cu vho n3m ong nghiem diTng nam dung dich tren

- Ong nao c6 khi mau nau do bay ra la HNO3 dac

Cu + 4HNO3 dac > Cu(N03)2 + 2N02t + 2H2O

- Ong nao CO dung djch mau xanh lam tao ra la ong diTng AgNOs

Cu + 2AgN03 > Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag

- Con lai la HCl, KCl, KOH

* Cho Mg Ian liTdt vho ba ong nghi?m c6n lai

- Ong nao c6 hien tiTdng sui bot khi la HCl

Phan djng va phuong phAp giai H6a hpc 11 VP ca ^ D 6 Xuan Hang

-Bai 7 K i m loai Cu thtfdng c6 Ian mot It Ag iiim loai Hay tnnh bay hai phufcJng

phap dieu chd' CuCNOs): tinh khiet tif loai Cu noi tren Viet cac phu-dng tnnh

phan tfng

(TSDH N}ioa i thumf^)

Gidi

PhiTdngphap 1:

Cho dung dich HNO3 dam dSc vao hon help Cu c6 Ian Ag tha'y c6 khi mau

nau bay ra

Cu + 4 H N O 3 > Cu(N03)2 + 2N02t + 2H2O

A g + 2HNO3 > AgN03 + NOjt + H2O

Cho Cu vao dung djch thu diTdc gom Cu(N03)2 va AgNOj c6 phiin vfng xay ra

Cu + 2AgN03 > Cu(N03)2 + 2 A g i

Loc ket tua thu diTcJc Cu(N03)2 tinh khiet

* PhiTdng ph^p 2 : Dem hon hdp Cu c6 Ian Ag dot chay thi chi c6 Cu chay

2Cu + 0 2 - ^ 2CuO

Hon hdp sau khi chay gom Ag va CuO, cho dung dich HCl vao thi CuO tan

trong H C l c6n lai A g khong tan

CuO + 2HC1 > CuCh + H2O

LOG bo ket tua A g sau 66 cho dung dich AgNOs vao thu du^dc dung dich

Cu(N03)2 va ket tua trang AgCl

CuCl2 + 2AgN03 > Cu(N03)2 + 2 A g C l l

Loc bo AgCl thi thu du'cJc Cu(N03)2 tinh khiet

Bai 8 Chi dilng them Cu va mot muoi tiiy chpn hay nhan bie't cac dung dich

axit sau: H2SO4 dSc, HCl, H3PO4 va HNO3

Gidi

Cho Cu vao tijrng mau thuf:

- Mau c6 khi thoat ra hoa nau ngoai khong khi la dung djch HNO3

3Cu + 8HNO3 > 3Cu (N03)2 + 2 N 0 + 4H2O

2 N 0 + O2 > 2NO2

- M a u CO khi mui h^c thoit ra, c6 dung dich xanh lam tao ra la dung djch

H2SO4 dac

Cu + 2H2S04dr.c CUSO4 + S O i t + 2H2O

Con lai la HCl va H3PO4

* Cho dung dich AgNOs vao hai hi thuf con lai

- M a u nao co ket tiia trang / ' Mat Men la HCl

HCl + A g N O j >AgCl-! 03

82

Mau CO kc't tua vang Ag3P04 la H3PO4

H3PO4 + 3AgN03 — ^ Ag3P04>l + 3HNO3

p ^ l 9 Chi diing mot axit thong dung va mot bazd thong dung hay phan bict ba hcJp kim sau :

a) Cu - Ag b) Cu - A l c) Cu - Zn

Viet cac phu'dng trinh phan iJng xay ra

(DHQGTP.HCM) Gidi

* Dilng axit la dung dich HCl, bazd lii dung dich-NH3

_ Cho dung dich HCl Ian lu^dt vao ba hdp kim tren, mau hdp kim nao khong tan

la Cu - A g , hai mau hdp kim con lai tan mot phan va siii bot khi

2A1 + 6HC1 > 2AICI3 + 3H2t

Zn + 2HC1 > ZnCl2 + Hjt

- Sau do cho tiep dung dich NH3 Ian lu'dt den du" vao hai dung dich thu du'dc : Dung dich nao cho ket tua va khong tan trong dung dich NH3 diT la mau Cu - AI

AICI3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O > Al(0H)3i + 3NH4CI

Dung dich nao cho ke't tua va tan dan trong dung dich NH3 dtfla mau Cu - Zn

ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Zn(0H)2i + 2NH4CI Zn(0H)2 + 4NH3 > [Zn(NH3)4]^^ + 20H-

Bai 10 Hay trinh bay sd do tach N2 va CO2 ra khoi hon hdp gom cac khi CO,,

N2, O2, CO va hdi n\idc Viet cdc phifdng trinh (neu c6)

Bai 11. C o bo'n goi hot m a u Ir^ng : B a O , K 2 O , Si02, P2OS. Chi dung niTdc hay

nhan bicl bon goi bot Iren

Gidi

* Cho bo'n goi bot vao bo'n co'c

* SaudochonU'dclaniirmvaoboncoc

Coc nao khong tan lii Si02

Ba coc con isii tan tao thanh ba dung dich Ba(0H)2, KOH, H3PO4

BaO+ H2O >Ba(OH)2

K 2 O + H2O >2K0H

P2O5 + 3H2O > 2H3PO4

* Tron cac dung djch thu diTdc vdi nhau tuTng d6i mot

Mau nao c6 ke'l tua thi m a u axit la H2PO4, m?iu dung dich bazd la Ba(0H)2,

c6n lai Ih KOH

Vay mau axit H3PO4 ihi m a u ban dau la P2O5, m a u bazd Ba(0H)2 thl mau

ban dau m BaO, m a u con lai la KOH thi m a u ban dau lii K2O

2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 > Ba3(P04)2i + 6H2O

H3PO4 + 3K0H — > K3PO4 + 3H2O

Bai 12 Lam the n^o de nhan biet cac ion sau : CP, NO3, Ap"^ va NH4 trong mpi

dung dich

Gidi

* Cho dung djch NaOH vao dung djch chiJa bo'n ion tren

- Thay c6 khi miii khai bay ra thi do la ion NH4

N H ; + OH" > NH3t + H2O

- Tha'y tao thtlnh ket lua keo trang tan trong OH' dxX thi do la ion Al^""

Al'* + 30H- > Al(0H)3l

A1(0H)3 + O H " > AlO" + 2H2O

Hai ion c6n lai la NO J v^ CI"

* Cho dung dich H2SO4 loang v^o dung dich, sau do cho them mot it vun dong

v^o tha'y c6 khi NO bay ra khong mau hoa nau ngoai khong khi 1^ ion NO3

3Cu + 8H* + 2NO3- > Cu^* + 2N0t + 4H2O

I thu du^cJc cha't ran X (gia phan iJng xiiy ra hoan toiin) Tinh phan triim khoi

Itfdng cua cac chat trong hon hdp X

Gidi

Ta c6: n|^„^ = 0,02 mol; ncuo = 0,2 mol

PiJ: 3CuO + 2NH3 ^ 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O

^ 0,2 0,02

Ta thay: — > ncuOd.r = 0,2-0,03 = 0,17mol

3 2 Vay hh ran X gdm: CuO diT: 0,17 mol va Cu: 0,03 mol

0,03.64

%Cu = 0,17.80 + 0,03.64 -.100% = 12,37%

%CuOd„= 100% - 12,37% = 87,63%

Bai 2 Can la'y bao nhieu lit khi nittt va khi hidro dc dieu chc difdc 67,2 lil khi

amoniac Biet rang the tich cua cac khi deu du'dc do trong ciing dieu kicMi nhi^t do, ap sua't va hieu suat cua phan uTng la 25%

100

VN = 3 3 , 6 — = 134,4 (lit); = 100,8.—= 403,2 (lit)

Bai 3 Tron 200ml dung djch natri nitrit 3M vdi 200ml dung djch amoni clorua

2M roi dun nong cho den khi phan uTng thiTc hien xong Xac djnh the tich ciia

khi nitd sinh ra (cl dktc) va nong do mol cua cac muoi trong dung djch sau phiin

iJng Gia thie't the tich cua dung djch thay ddi khong dang ke

Gidi

NaN02 + NH4CI NaCl + N + 2H2O

0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4

Ta CO : n^^NOj = 0-2.3 = 0,6 (mol); n^H^ci = 0-2.2 = 0,4 (mol)

n NaNOj dif = 0,6-0,4 = 0,2 (mol)

Phan dang va phucng phap giai Hoa hgc 11 Va co - D5 Xuan Hung

The tich dung dich : V = 0,2 + 0,2 = 0,4 (h't)

Nong do mol cac muo'i Irong dung djch sau phiin ifng :

CM , ,C>, - = = K M ) ; ^ = £ = M ^ 0,5 (M)

Vj,^ =0,4.22,4 = 8,96 (lit)

15ai 4 Hon hdp khi X gom Ni vii H2 c6 ti khoi so vcJi He bang 1,8 Dun nong X

mot tluti gian trong binh kin (c6 hot Fe lam xuc tac), thu dUdc hon hdp khi Y

CO ti khoi so vdi He bang 2 Tinh hieu suii't cua phan iJng tdng hdp NH3

A 50% B .169; C.40% D 25%

Gidi

Chon so'mol ciia hon hdp la 1

Goi so mol ciia Nn la x, tlii ciia Hi la 1 - x, so mol N2 phan I'rng la a

N2 + 3H: , '" • 2NH:, Ban dau: a 1 - a

vi'fi nong do tiTcJng iTng la 0,3 M va 0,7 M Sau khi phiin i'rng tdng hdp N H ,

dat trang thai can bang d t''C, H2chiem 50% the tich hon hdp thu du-dc Tinh

hiliig so can biuig Kc d t"C ciia phiin ling

Bai 6 Cho 3 mol N2 va 8 mol H2 vao mot binh kin c6 the tich khong ddi chu";

san chat xiic lac (the tich khong dang kc) Bat tia Wa dien cho phiin i'rng xiiy

ra, sau do diTa ve nhiet do ban dau thi thay ap suii't giam 10% so vdi ap suat

ban dau Tinh % ve the tich cua Nj sau phan i^ng

Sau phiin iJng 3 - x 8 - 3x 2x "

So mol khi triTdc phiin iing Ui = 3 + 8 = 11

Sd^ mol khi sau phiin iJng n2 = 11 - 2x

Do binh kin nen tip suii't ti Ic vdi so mol, ta c6:

Dang 5 - Bai tap ve axit HNO3, H3PO4

- Bai tap tong hdp

B A I T A P M A U

Bai 1 Khi tron Ian 150ml dung djch NaOH 0,25M vdi 25()ml dung dich H.,iH)4 0,06M thu dirdc dung dich A

a) Tinh nong do mol ciia ctic chat tan va cac ion trong dung dich A?

b) Them 0,42g KOH vao dung djch A thu diTdc dung dich B Tinh nong do m^i cua cac ion Irong dung djch B, bicl rang khi hoa tan them KOH thi the tu:

dung djch lhay ddi khong diing kc

lan d;ng va phiiOng ph^p giSi H6a hpc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hung

=>Tao ra hai muoi NajHPOa va Na^POa

2NaOH + H3PO4 )• Na2HP04 + 2H2O

0,0225

C = 2 = 0,01875 (M) 'M (Na,P04)

0,15 + 0,25 0,015

K3PO4

0,0025

Na3P04 : 0,005+ 0,0075 = 0,0125 (mol)

KjPO^ : 0,0025 (mol) 3Na* + PO .1-0,0375 0,0125

3K^ +

POj-0.0075 0.0025 N6ng dp mol cac ion trong dung djch B :

Bai 2 Cho 13,5g nhom tac dung viTa du voti 2,2 lit dung djch HNO3, phan tJng tao

ra muoi nhom va mot hon hpp khi gom NO va N2O Tinh nong dp mol ctia

dung dich HNO3 Bict rang li khoi cua hon hdp khi doi v6i hidro bang 19,2

Phan dang phuong ph^p gidi Hoa hgc 11 Va ca - S5 XuSn Hung

C M , H N O „ = ; ^ = ^ = 0 , 8 6 3 ( M )

IJiii 3 Cho mot liTdng hot ddng diT vao dung dich chiJa 0,5 mol KNO3, sau do

them liep dung djch chufa 0,2 mol H C l va 0,3 mol H2SO4 cho den khi ket thui;

phiin u'ng T i n h the tich khi khong mau bay ra d dktc?

PhU'dng trinh ion rut gon :

3Cu + 8H^ + 2NO3 — > • 3Cu'^ + 2 N 0 + 4 H 2 O

b) Hoan lhanh siJ do phan u'ng:

A, N ^ A , ^ A 3 - 1 1 ^ A 4 A 3 - A A 3

(DfJ KHTN TP HCM)

Gidi

a) A| : cong thuTc ddn giiin N H 2 O

A| : cong ihifc nguyen c6 dang (NH2O),,

Ofjo = = 0,2 m o l N02 22,4

%cu = 100% = 55,47% %A1 = 44,53%

3

B a i 6 Cho I 8 , 5 g hon hdp Z gom Fe, F C 3 O 4 tac dung vdi 200ml dung dich H N O 3

loang dun nong va khuay deu Sau khi phiin u"ng xiiy ra hoan loan thu diWc 2,24 lit N O duy nha't (dktc), dung dich Z, va con lai l,46g k i m loai

a) V i e t cac p h U d n g t r i n h phan u'ng xiiy ra

b) T i n h nong do mol// ciia dung dich H N O 3

c) T i n h khoi liTcIng muo'i trong dung dich Z\

'hSn dang va phuang ph^p giSi H6a hpc 11 Va CO - D5 Xuan Hung

56 2 + 232y = 18,5

Bai 7 Cho 6 gam P2O5 vao 25ml dung djch H3PO4 6% (D = 1,03 g/ml) Tinh

n6ng dp phan tr3m cua H3PO4 irong dung djch tao lhanh

Kho'i lifdng dung djch sau phan tfng : mjj = 25.1,03 + 6 = 31,75 (g)

Kho'i lirong H3PO4 : mH,po, = 2 5 1 , 0 3 - ^ 4 - 2 - ^ 9 8 = 9,827 (g)

Nong do % dung djch tao lhanh :

b) Phi/dng Irinh ion :

3Cu + 8H^ -f

2NO3-B a n d a u : 0,1 0 , 2 4 0,12

Phanu-ng: 0 , 0 9 0 , 2 4 0 , 0 6 Saup.ur: 0 , 0 1 0 0 , 0 6

> 3Cu^* -I- 2 N 0 + 4H2O

0,09 0,06 0,09 0,06

The tich NO : VNO = 0,06 x 22,4 = 1,344 (lit)

Tir (1) va (2) => The tich NO triTdng hdp (b) > (a)

Hay VNO (b) = 2. VNO (a)

Dung dich thu di/dc sau phan tfng gom c&c ion

Cu^+ :0,09 mol NOj- :0,06 mol

Bai 9

a) Hoa tan 8,32g Cu vao 3 lit dung dich HNO3 thu difdc dung dich A va 4,928 lit

hon hdp khi NO va NO2 (dktc) Hoi cJ dktc, 1 lit hSn hop hai khi nay nang

bao nhieu gam?

b) Cho 16,2g nhom phan u'ng he't vdi dung djch A tao ra h6n hcJp NO, N2 va

dung dich B Tinh the tich NO, N2 irong hon hdp biet ti khoi cua hon hdp khi

doi v6i hidro la 14,4 (Bo qua phan lifng giiifa A l va dong nitrat)

The b = 1,5a vao (III) ta c6 : a = 0,1 mol ri> b = 0,15 mol

VNO = 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 (lit); = 0,15.22,4 = 3,36 (lit)

IJai 10- Cho 26,5g hon hdp gom ddng, sat va nhom ttic dung vdi dung dich

HNO3 dac, nguoi thi thoat ra 8,96 lit khi (dktc) Ncu cho hon hdp trcn tac

dung vdi dung dich H2SO4 loang diT thu du-dc 12,32 lit khi (dktc) Xac dinh

th^nh phan % khoi lu'dng moi kim loai trong hon hdp dau

Gidi Cu: X mol

Hon hdp gom Fe: y mol

A l : z mol

* Hon hdp tac diing vdi HNO3 dele, nguoi :

Cu + 4HNO3 — ^ Cu(N03)3 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

X mol 2x mol

8,96 22,4 = 0,4 (mol) 2x = 0,4 X = 0,2 (mol) Hon hdp tac dung vdi dung djch H2SO4 loang dif:

Fe + H2SO4 > FeS04 + H2

y mol y mol 2A1 + 3H2SO4 > Al2(S04)3 + 3H2

2

^ 1 2 ^ ^ = ^ y + - z = 0,55 22,4 2

va nihh = 64x + 56y + 27z = 26,5 hay 64.0,2 + 56y + 27z = 26,5 o 56y + 27z = 13,7

Ta CO he phifdng trinh : y + - z = 0,55

56y + 27z = 13.7 Khoi liMng moi kim l o a i : mcu = 0,2.64 = 12,8 (g)

I , = 0,1.56 = 5,6 (g); n ^ i = 0,3.27 = 8,1 (g)

y = o , i

z = 0,3

95

%Cu = - ^ ^ 1 0 0 % = 48,3% ; %Fe = - ^ 1 0 0 % :

26,5 21,13%

26,5

=> %Al = 30,57%

Biii 11 M o t loai phan supephotphat kep co chiJa 69,62% muo'i canxi

dihidrophotphat, con lai gom cac chat khong chiJa pholpho Tinh do dinh

difdng ci'ia loai phan hin nay

Gidi

Sddo: Ca(H2P04)2 > P2O5

234g 142g 69,62% x%

Suf dung quy tac lam sua't x = 142.69,62

234 = 42,25%

Bai 12 Cho 3,024 gam mot k i m loai M tan het trong dung dich HNO3 loang, ihu

dirdc 940,8 m l khi NxOy (siin pham khiV duy nhat, d dktc) c6 t i khoi doi vdi H

b^ng 22 T i m khi N,Oy va k i m loai M

Gidi

Ta c6: d^^^^ = 22 => M^^o, = 44 N , 0 , la N^O

Mat khac: n ^ Q = 0,9408

22,4 = 0,042 mol Qua trinh nhsin e:

=> cap nghiem phil hcJp 1^ n = 3 va M M = 21 => A l

B ^ i 13 H6a tan ho^n toan 8,862 gam hon hcJp gom A l va M g v^o dung dich

HNO3 loang, thu difdc dung dich X v^ 3,136 lit (d dktc) hoh hdp Y gom hai

khi khdng mau, trong d6 c6 mot khi h6a nau trong khong khi Kho'i lufdng cua

Y la 5,18 gam Cho dung dich NaOH (dir) v^o X va dun n6ng, kh6ng c6 khi

miii khai t h o i t ra Tinh th^nh phan t r i m kho'i li/dhg cua A l trong hon hcJp ban

d^u

96

icifAigflin^

Gidi

2 khi khong mau 2 khi do chi c6 the la: N2, N2O, NO

Trong 66 c6 mot khi hoa nau trong khong khi khi 66 Ih NO

Ta thay: M N O = 30 < M y = 37 < Mkhr,|„ i,,, Goi HNO = X mol; so mol N2O = y mol j.x + y = 0,14 f x = 0.07 l30x + 44y = 5.18 ' ^ i y = 0.07 Goi n A i = a mol; nMg = b mol

Cho dung djch N a O H (diT) vao X va dun nong, khong c6 k h i miai khai thoat

ra => trong dung dich X kh6ng c6 muo'i NH4NO3

Qua trinh nhiTdng e:

N + 3c ^ N O 0,21 0,07

2 N + 8 c - > N 2 0

0,56 0.07

A p dung djnh luat h&o toan c ta c6 : 3a + 2b = 0,21 + 0.56 = 0.77 (1)

Mat khac: 27a + 24b = 8.862 (2) TCr (1),(2) a = 0,042; b = 0,322

Vay: %m^, = ^:9^_ioo% = 12,8%

8,862

i 14 Hoa tan hoan loiin 12,42 gam A l bhng dung djch HNO3 loang (du") thu

diTcJc dung dich X v^ 1.344 lit (d dktc) hon hdp khi Y gom hai khi la N2O va

N2 T i kho'i cua hon hdp khi Y so v(Ji khi H2 la 18 Co can dung djch X thu

diTcJc m gam cha't r^n khan Tinh m

Gidi

Ta c6: nAi = 0,46 m o l ; M^,^,^,M = 18.2 = 36 ; nnn = 0,06 m o l

Goi so' mol cua N2O va N2 Ian liTcJt la x mol va y mol

+s 2N

+ 1

0 N2

=> Tdng so mol e nhan = 0,54(mol)

Ta thay: ne„hu.-,ng > nc„h.)n => con phan urng lao N H 4 N O ,

Bai 15 Nhi?t phan hoan to^n 34,65 gam hon hcJp gom KNO., va Cu(N03)2, thu

dircfc hon hdp khi X ( l i khoi cua X so vdi khi hidro b^ng 18,8) Tinh khoi

lifcfng Cu(N03)2 irong hon hdp ban dau

Bai 16 Nung 2,23 gam hon hdp X g6m cac kirn loai Fe, A l , Zn, Mg trong oxi

sau mot thdi gian th(j diTdc 2,71 gam hon hdp Y Hoa tan hoan toan Y vao V

ml dung dich H N O 3 2 M vCra u, thu duTdc 0,672 lit khi NO (san pham khuT duy

het X trong dung djch HNO3 dir thoat ra 0.56 lit khi NO (dktc) (san phiim

khijr duy nhat) Tinh m

56

99

Phan dgng va phuong phiip g\&\a hpc 1 1 VP co - D5 Xuan Hung

- Qua trinh nhan electron:

BAI TAP AP DUNG

Bai 1 Dot chay hoan loan 6,2g photpho trong oxi dif Cho san pham tao thanh tac dung

vira du vdi dung dich NaOH 32% tao ra muoi NaaHPO*

a) Viet cac phUdng trinh hoa hoc

b) Tinh khoi luTcJng dung dich NaOH da dung

c) Tinh nong dp phan trim cua muoi trong dung dich thu difPc

Gidi

a) 4P + 5O2 2P2O5

0,2 mol 0,1 mol

P2O., + 4 N a O H —'->• 2Na2HP04 + H2O

0,1 mol 0,4 mol 0,2 mol

Hp = = 0,2 (mol) 31

b) Khoi lurpng chat tan NaOH : m,, = 0,4.40 = 16 (g)

Khoi lirpng dung dich NaOH : mjd = ^^'^^^^ = 50 (g)

32%

c) Khoi liTdng chat tan Na2HP04 : m,., = 0,2.142 = 28,4 (g)

Kho'i lifPng dung dich sau phan uTng :

nidd = mp^o, + nijj NaOH = 0.1 • 142 + 50 = 64,2 (g)

28 4

Nong dp % muoi tao thanh : C% = —^.100% = 44,24%

64,2

Bai 2, Hoa tan 8,65g hon hdp X gpm Al va Zn vap 200ml dung djch HNO3 thi tbu diTPc

3,36 lit bpn hPp khi A gpm NO va N2O (dktc) Ti khpi cua A sp vdi heli la 8,665 De

trung boa he't axit trong dung dich thu dtfPc sau phan ilng da diing bet 400ml dung

dich KOH 0,5M

a) Tinh % theo the tich moi khi trong A

b) Tinh khoi liTdng moi kim loai trong X

100

c) Tinh nong dp mol dung dich HNO., ban dau

Gidi D&l a la so mol NO, b la so mol N2O

-+ 5 -+2

N +3e > N (NO) 0,3 0.1

2N +8e > 2N (N2O)

0.4 0.05 Tdng SP mol electron nhan : 0.3 + 0,4 = 0,7 (mol)

.100% = 66,67%

(I) (2) (3) (4)

Khoi liTdng moi kim loai trong X: = 0,2.27 = 5.4 (g); iii/,, ^ 3,25 (g)

c) HNO, + KOH > KNO, + H 2 O

0,2 mol 0,2 mol

HKOH = 0,5 X 0,4 = 0,2 (mol)

Theo cac phiTdng trinh (1), (2), (3), (4):

101

Phan dgng vk phuong p h i p gi^i H6a hpc 1 1 VP ca - D5 Xuan Hung

"HNOaptr = 4nNo + lOnn^o = 4.0,1 +10.0,05 = 0,9 (mol)

= > n H N 0 3 b a n d 4 u = 0,9 + 0.2 = 1,1 (mol)

Nong do mol HNO3 ban dau : C M = = = 5,5 (M)

Bai 3 Cho 44g NaOH vao dung djch chtfa 39,2g axit H.,P04, c6 can dung dich

Hoi nhOfng muo'i nao dUdc lao nen va kho'i li/dng bao nhicu?

(DH Y DU(/cTP.HCM) Gidi

44 39 2

Ta CO : nNaOH = = ' ("^"0; n^^^m^ = = ^^'4 (mol)

TacolilO: 2 < - ! ^ ^ ^ = - ^ = 2,75<3

nH,ro4 0.4

=>Tao hai muoi Na2HP04 va NaiPOj

0,4 mol 0,8 mol 0,4 mol

NaOH + Na.HPOa > Na,,P04 + H.O (2)

0,3 mol 0.3 mol 0,3 mol

nNaOH<ip.r(:)= 1,1 - 0 , 8 = 0,3 (mol)

^ " N ^ H P O , o.n i,i = 0.4 - 0,3 = 0,1 (mol)

Na2HP04 :0,1 mol Na3PO4:0,3 mol Khoi lifcJng moi muoi: mNa^HPOj = 0,1.142 = 14,2 (g)

m N , P 0 4 = 0,3.164 = 49,2 (g)

Bai 4 Trong mol binh kin dung tich 56 lit chita N2 va H2 thco li le the tich 1:4c}

nhiet dc) 0"C vii 200 aim va mol it cha't xuc Lie Nung ncMig binh mc)t thcii gian,

sau do diTa ve 0"C ihay ap suaft trong binh giiim 10% so vc'Ji ap suii't ban dau

a) Tinh hiOu suaft phan uTng dieu che NH3

b) Neu lay ^ liTc^ng NH., iren ihi dieu che diMc bao nhieu lit dung dich HNO1

70% (d = 1,41 g/ml) hieu suat qua trinh dieu che la 85%

c) NS'u lay ^ lifcfng NH3 ihu diTcJc d iren thi dieu che diWc bao nhiCni lit dung

25

=> Hieu sua'l phan i?ng di6u che' NH,: H% = j ^ - 1 0 0 % = 25%

b) Lay - liMng NH,: n^H, = - ^ = a(mol)

Sa 60 dieu che HNO3 liT NH.,

NH3 > NO > NO2 > HNO,

a mol a mol a mol a mol

Khoi \Mng HNO3 v(3i hieu sua'l qua Irinh 85% :

c) Khoi lirc^ng NH3 (vc^i - liTcJiig NH3): m^H, =25.17 = 425(g)

Khoi lirctng dung dich NH3:mjj = ^^-^-'00% ^ j^y^,

The lich dung dich NH3: V = 25%

d 0,91

Bai 5 De dieu che 5 tan axil nitric mmg dc) 60%, can dung bao nhicu Ian

amoniac? Biel rang sifhao hut amoniac Irong qua irinh siin xual la 3,89{

103

Bai 6 Nung 6,58g Cu(N03)2 trong binh kin, sau mot thcJi gian thu du"ac 4 ,96g

cha't ran vii hon hdp khi X Hap thu hoan toan hon hdp X viio nu^dc, difcrc

300ml dung djch Y Viet phufttng trinh hoa hoc ciia cac phan iJug xiiy ra vii

linh pH ciia dung dich Y

=> Khoi Ming cha't ran : m = mc„o + m c u i N o , ) ; dir

o4,96 = 80a + 188(0,035 - a) => a = 0,015 (mol)

n H N O 3 = 2.0,015 = 0,03 (mol)

H N O 3 > H^ + NO3

0,03 0,03

=^[H1 = Y^ = 0,1M =>pH = -lg[Hl=-lgO,l = 1 =^pH= 1

Bai 7 Hoa tan 2,095g hon hdp X gom Fc vii m()t kirn loai R (R c6 hoa trj khong

doi) trong dung dich HCl diT, thu diTdc 0,784 lit khi H2 Ncu hoa tan ciing

lifcJng hon hdp X trcn trong dung djch H N O 3 diT thu du^dc 1,12 lit hon help khi

gom NO va NO2 c6 ti khoi so vdi hidro lii 19,8 Xac dinh kim loai R

Gidi

Goi X, y Ian liTdt lii so mol ciia NO, NO2

Ta c6: X + y = 1,12 22,4 Mhh khf = 19,8.2 = 39,6 30x + 46y

= 0,05 (mol) (1)

x + y Giiii(l) vii (2)

= 39,6

x = 0,02

y = 0,03

(2) (mol) Phifdng trinh cho nhan electron khi cho hon hdp kim loai tac dung vdi H N O 3 :

Phan dang va phuong phap giai H6a hqc 11 V6 co - D5 XuSn Hang

fa = 0,02

(II) (III)

Giiii (I), (II) va (III) ^ b = 0,015 n = 2

R = 65 Vay kim loai R la Zn

Bai 8 Mot hon hdp A gom hai khi N2 va H2 theo ti le mol 1 : 3 Tao phan iJng

giffa N2 va H2 cho ra N H 3 Sau phan iJng thii diTOc hon hdp khi B Ti khoi hdi

cua A doi vdi B la dA/B = 0,6

a) Tinh hieu suat cua phan i t n g l o n g hdp N H 3

b) Cho hon hdp khi B qua niTdc thi con lai hon hdp khi C Tinh ti khoi hdi cua A

Hon hdp khi C gom

Ti khoi hdi cua A d o i vdi C: dA/c = ^'^ = — = 1 o Mc 8,5 dA/c = •

Bai 9 Nung 9,4g muoi nilrat cua kim loai X Irong binh kin c6 dung tich 0,5 lit

chdra khi nitd Nhiel do va ap suivt trong binh ivM&c khi nung la 0,984 aim va

27"C Sau khi nung muoi bj nhiel phan he't con lai 4g exit kim loai X du'a ve

> 27"C, ap suat trong binh la P,

Xac djnh kim loai X vti tinh ap suat P|

Lay 1^ li/dng khi Ihu duTdc cho hap thu hoan loan vao nu'dc thanh 0,25 lit dung djch A

- Tinh pH cua dung dich A

- Dung djch A c6 the phan i?ng toi da vcti bao nhicu gam oxit kim loai X c6 hoa Iri lhap nhat va bao nhicu lit khi NO tao ra (dktc)?

9,4 ^ 4 =

2.-X + 62n 22.-X + 16n

=> X = 32n => n = 2 X = 64

107

Vay X la Cu

0,05 mol 0,1 mol 0,025 mol

Cu(N03)2 CuO + 2NO2 +

b) So mol khi ihu diTdc (vdi ^ liTdng khi)

n^o, = 0,01 (mol); no^ = 0,0025 (mol)

Bai 10 Hoa lan 0,368g hon hdp gom A l va Zn dung viTa dii 25 lit dung dich

HNO3 CO pH = 3 Sau phan rfng la chi ihu diTdc ba muoi Tinh thanh phan %

thco khoi liTdng moi kim loai irong hon hdp

Gidi

pH = 3 =>IH^] = 10-^M

i n s

=> [HNO3] = l O - ' M HHNO, =25.10"-' =0,025 (mol)

V i Ihu dtfdc ba mu6'i n6n san pham lao thanh la NH4NO3

4Zn + IOHNO3 > 4Zn(N03)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O

a mol 2,5a mol 8A1 + 3OHNO3 > 8A1(N03)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O

FeC03 + HNO3 > mu6'i X + CO2 + NO2 + H2O (1)

difdc hon hdp khi B va dung dich C T i khoi ciia B doi vdi oxi bkng 1,425 De phan tfng vilfa het vdi cac chS't trong dung dich C can diing 540ml dung dich Ba(0H)2 0,2M Loc hfy ket tua dem nung den khoi liTdng khong doi dufdc 7,568g cha't r^n (BaS04 coi nhU" khong bi nhiet phan, cac phan tfug xay ra

ho^n loan)

a) X Ih mu6l gi? Hoan thanh c^c phiTdng tnnh phdn tfng (1) va (2)

b) Tinh khS'i liTdng tijfng chat trong hon hdp A

c) Xac dinh the tich dung djch HNO3 da diing (gia thiet HNO3 khong b| bay hdi

trong qua trinh phan uTng)

b) Hon hdp khi B gom C O 2 : a mol

NO2 :(a + 15b) mol

de^oj =1.425 M B = 1,425x32 = 45,6

109

PhSn dgng phuong phap giai H6a hgc 11 V6 ca - E)5 XuSn Hung

> BaS04i + 2H:0

2b 0,04

Bai 12 Cho hon hcJp gom 6,72 gam Mg vk 0,8 gam MgO Idc dung het vdi liTdng

dir dung dich HNO3. Sau khi cac phan tfng xay ra hoan loan, thu diTcfc 0,896

lit mot khi X (dktc) v^ dung djch Y Lam bay hdi dung dich Y thu di/dc 46

gam muoi khan Tim khi X

A.NO2 B.N2O C.NO D.N2

m d" 34,4 = 23,89 (ml)

Giai

Ta c6: ny^^= 0,28 mol ; n^^^a= 0,02 mol

HNO3 dung dU'r^ Mg va MgO het

M g 0,28 MgO- 0,02

-HNO, HNO^

•MgCNOj)^

0,28 -^MgCNOj), 0,02

=> E"Mg,No,. = 0>28 + 0,02 = 0,3 mol =^ m^^,,,,,., = 44,4 (g)

Ta thay: m M ; , , N o , ) , = 44,4 < m„,ur;i ho = 46 (g)

=> Trong 46 (g) muoi khan c6 muoi NH4NO3

Va m N H N o , = 46 - 44,4 = 1,6 g =^ n^H^NOj = 0.^2 mol

Ta c6; n^hi = = 0,04 mol

Mg 2 e 0,28 0,56

Ap diing dinh luat bao lojln electron la c6: 0,56 = 0,16 + 0,04n n = 10

, So mol electron trao doi = 10 khi X la N2 => Dap an D

Bai 13. HNO3 (vira du), thu dugrc dung dich X (chi chura hai muoi sunfai) va khi

duy nhal NO Gid Irj cua a 1^

Gidi

T a c6 sa d6 : 2FeS2 * ^ > Fe2(S04),

0.12 0,06 CuzS >2CuS04

Ap dung dinh luat bao to^n nguyen to S:

0.12.2 + a = 0,06.3 + 2a -> a = 0,06 mol Bai 14 Cho 61,2 gam hon hgrp X g6m Cu v^ Fe304 tdc dung vdi dung djch HNO3

loang, dun ndng va khuS'y deu Sau khi cac phan ung xay ra hoan loan, thu difcJc 3,36 lit khi NO (san pham khOr duy nhat a (dktc), dung djch Y va c6n lai 2,4 gam kim lo^i Co cgn dung djch Y, thu difdc m gam mu6'i khan Tinh m

^ Gidi

Sau phdn iJng con 2,4 gam kim loai chirng to Cu du h^ - H I

'han d^ng v^i phuong ph^p giSi H6a hgc 11 V6 cd - Pi Xufln Hung

=> kh6i lugng Cu va Fe304 phan urng = 61,2 - 2,4 = 58,8g

3Cu + 8 H N O 3 3Cu(N03)2 + 2 N O + 2H2O ( 1 )

Jai 15 Cho 1,82 gam hon hdp bpt X gom Cu va Ag (ti 16 so mol tifdng tfug 4 : 1)

v^o 30 m l dung dich gom H2SO4 0,5M va H N O 3 2 M , sau khi cac phan ij-ng

xay ra ho^n toan, thu diTdc a mol khi NO (san pham khuf duy nha't cua N*^)

Trpn a mol NO tren vdi 0,1 mol O2 thu dUdc hon hdp khi Y Cho toan bp Y

tic dung vdi H2O, thu du'dc 150 ml dung dich c6 pH = z Tinh z

Gidi

Gpi nAg = X => ncu = 4x => 108.x + 64.4x = 1,82 x = 0,005 mol

Tac6: HH^SO^ = O'O^-'^mol

-Bie't X2 la hon hdp khi nau do, X3 la kirn loai mau do

Vay X, X,, X2, X3. X 4 , X 5 , Xfi va M la:

A A1(N03)3, AI2O3, NO va NO2, Al, Cu(N03)2 va Mg

B Cu(N03)2, CuO, NO2 va NO, H N O 3 , AgNOj, FeCU va A g

C Cu(N03)2 CuO, NO2 v^ O2, Cu, H N O 3 , AgN03, F e C l 2 va Ag

D Fe(N03)2, CuO, NO2 va NO, Cu, H N O 3 AgNOj, FeCb va Cu

CSu 3 Cho sd do phan iiCng sau:

K h i ( A ) d d ( A ) (B) K h i ( A ) (C) A (D) + H^O

Vay A va D Ian li/dt la:

A N H 3 , C 0 2 B N H 3 , N 2 0 C N 0 , N 2 0 B N H 3 , N 0

Cau 4 Trong mot bmh kin chtfa 10 lit N2 va 10 lit H2 a nhiet dp 0"C va 10 atm

Sau phan vlng tdng hdp amoniac, dtfa binh ve 0"C Bie't rkng c6 60% hidro da

I phan i^ng Vay ap suat trong binh sau phan iJng 1^:

A 10 atm B 8 atm C 9 atm D 8,5 atm

CSu 5 Trong mot blnh kin c6 dung tich khSng thay doi chtfa 10 lit N2 va 10 lit H2 cl nhiet dp 0"C va 10 atm Sau phSn iJng tdng hdp amoniac, diTa binh ve

0"C Biet r^ng c6 60% hidro da phan tfng Neu ap suat trong bmh la 9 atm thi sau phan ilng % N2 trong Hon hdp 1^:

A 50% B.70% C.60% D 80%

113

, , phap ^^ y w —

cau 6 Hon hcfp Nj va H2 c6 ti le s^' mol hi 1 : 3 diTdc lay vao binh phan tfng c6

dung lich 20 lit A p suat cua binh la 372 atm va nhiet do la 427"C Vay so

mol ciia N2 va H2 trong hon hcJp ban dau la:

A 32,4 mol va 99,2 mol B 32,4 mol va 97,2 mol

C 40 mol va 80 mol D 29,6 mol va 100 mol

Cau 7 M o t hon hdp N2 va H2 dtfcJc lay vao binh phan tfng c6 nhiet do diTcJc giff

khong ddi Sau thdi gian phan iJng, iip suaft cua ciic cha't khi trong binh giam

5% so vcti ap sua't liic ban dau Biet rang N2 da phan uTng 10% so vdi ban

dau Vay % so' mol N2 v^ H2 trong hon hdp dau h\

A 20% v^ 80% B 2 5 % v a 7 5 %

C 3 5 % v a 6 5 % D 50% va 50%

Cflu 8 Oxi h6a 5,6 lit NH3 (O^C, 1520 mmHg) thanh NO Cho loan bo khi NO

phan iJng vdi oxi khong khi Sau do dan khi nitd dioxit vao 146 ml nufdc c6

san oxi ho^ tan Vay nong do % cua dung dich HNO3 thu du'dc Ih:

A 6% B 18,2% C 20% D 22%

CSu 9 Khi nung n6ng khi NO2 trong mot binh kin, den nhiet do t"C, can bang

sau day du'dc thiet lap:

2NO2 T ± 2 N 0 + O2

Nong do cac chat khi can bkng difdc thiet lap la [NO2] = 0,06 mol//; [NO] = 0,24

mol//; [O2] = 0,12 mol// Vay nong do ban dau cua NO2 la:

A 0,3 mol// B 0,2 mol// C 0,4 mol// D 0,15moV/

cau 10 T i khoi cua hon hdp gom NO va NO2 doi vdi H2 la 18,2 Vay % ve the

tich cua N O trong hon hdp la:

A 45% B.50% C.60% D 70%

Cau 11 Cho cdc hoa chat di/ng trong cac lo mat nhan sau day: NH4CI, MgClz,

FeClj, FeCl2, A1(N03)3, CuCh Chi dung hoa chat nao sau day de nhan biet

diTdc dong thcJi cac cha't tren:

A NaOH B K O H C Ba(0H)2 D H2SO4

cau 12 Khoi liTdng rieng cua dung djch HNO3 18,2% la 1,2 g/ml Nong dp

mol/1 cua dung djch HNO3 Ik:

A 3,41M B 3 , 4 7 M C 3,7M D 4,1M

Cau 13 Cho cac dung dich difng trong cac Ip mat nhan sau day: K2CO3,

Ca(N03)2, HNO3, (NH4)2S04, NaOH Chi dung h6a cha't n^o sau day de nhan

biet diTdc dong thcfi cic chat tren:

A Qiiy tim B NaCl C BaCl2 D H2SO4

114

CSu 14 Nung 9,4 gam mot muo'i nitrat trong mot binh kin Sau khi phan ifng

xay ra ho^n toan con lai 4 gam oxit Vay muo'i nitral la:

A.Ca(N03)2 B.Fe(N03)2 C Cu(N03)2 D A1(N03)3

Cflu 15 Nhiet phan hon hdp gom 2 muo'i KNO3 v i Cu(N03)2 c6 khoi liMng

Ih 95,4 gam K h i phan tfng Xay ra hoan toan thu diTdc mot hon hop khi c6

M = 37,82 Vay kho'i liTdng moi muo'i trong hon hdp ban dau la:

A 20 va 75,4g B 20,2 v^ 75,2 g C 15,4 va 80 g D 30 va 65,4 g

cau 16 Nhiet phan 66,2 gam Pb(N03)2 thu diTdc 55,4 g cha't r ^ n Vay hieu sua't

phan hiay cua phan uTng tren la:

A 60% B 70% C 80% D 50%

Cfiu 17 The tich khi thoat ra d dkc khi nhiet phan 66,2 gam Pb(N03)2 thu di/Pc

55,4 g cha't ran la:

A 5,6 lit B 6,72 lit C 11,2 lit D 13,44 lit

Cfiu 18 Nung nong 27,3 gam hon hdp NaN03 va Cu(N03)2, hon hdp khi thoat

ra di/dc dan vao 89,2 ml nifdc con dU" 1,12 lit khi (dktc) khong bi ha'p thu

Khoi lufdng cua NaNOs va Cu(N03)2 trong hon hdp ban dau la:

A 8 , 5 v a l 8 , 8 g B 1 0 v a i 7 , 3 g C 8 , 5 v a l 3 g D 1 7 v a l O , 3 g

cau 19 Trpn 3 lit N O vdi 10 lit khong khi, biet phan u-ng xay ra hoan toan Vay

% thg tich khi NO2 ta o tha nh la:

A 26,08% B.30,3% C 40,2% D 50,12%

cau 20 Cho m gam A l tan ho^n toan trong dung dich HNO3 tha'y tao ra 44,8 lit

hon hdp khi N O , N2O va N2 c6 ti Ip mol tiTdng vlng la: 1: 2: 2 Vay m c6 gia

tri la:

A 35,1 g B 16,8g C 140,4 g D. 2,7 g

Cfiu 21 Cho k i m loai M tac dung vdi dung dich HNO3 Thu diTdc khi khong mau

hoa nau trong khong khi Vay long he so' can bang cua phu'dng trinh phiin

ti-ng g i u ' a M v a H N 0 3 Ih:

A 3 + 4n B 6 + 15n C 6 + 7n D 7 + 6n

Cfiu 22 Cho 9,6 gam k i m loai M tac dijng vdi dung djch HNO3 diT thu du^dc 2,24

lit khi khong mau hda nau trong khong khi d dktc Vay kim loai M la:

A M g B Z n C C u D Fe

Cfiu 23 Cho 3,2 gam kim loai Cu tac dung vdi dung dich HNO3 diT Cho dung

dich K O H dif vao dung dich sau phan ufng thu di/dc ket tua Lpc, nung ket tiia trong khong khi den khoi liTdng khong doi thu du^dc x gam chat ran Vay x c6 gid trj la:

A 4 g B.4.6g C 8 g D 12g

115

Phan djng vA phiiong phap giSi H6a hpc 11 VP co - Dfl Xuan Hi/ng

CSu 24 Cho 12,8 gam Cu tan hoan toan vao dung dich HNO3 thay thoat ra hon

hop k h i (NO. NO2) c6 l i khoi doi vdi H la 19 Viiy the tich ciia hon hdp khi

tren d dicu k i e n tieu chuan la:

A 1,12 lit B 2,24 lit C 4,481it D 0,56 lit

C a u 25 Cho phiTdng trinh phan iJng sau:

A l + HNO3 -> A1(N03)3+ N2O + N2 +

N6'u ti le giffa N2O va N2 c6 ti Ic lii 2 : 3 ihi sau khi can bang phu'dng trmh

phan drug ti 16 so mol A l : N2O : N2 la:

A 2 3 : 4 : 6 B 46 : 6 : 9 C 46 : 2 : 3 D 20 : 2 : 3

c a u 26 Cho 140,4 gam A I tan hoan toiin trong dung dich HNO3 thay tao ra 44,8

lit hon hdp k h i NO, N2O va N2 co ti' Ic mol tu-Ong iJng U\ 1 : 2 : 2 The tich

cua HNO3 0,5M can diing la:

A 38,4 lit B 19,2 lit C 18,4 lit D 14,33 lit

CSu 27 Cho 2,4 gam Cu vao dung djch 50 m l dung dich hon hdp gom H2SO4 I M

va Cu(N03)2 0,4M Chi thu diTdc khi N O bay ra V a y the tich k h i N O thu

diTdc la:

A 0,28 lit B 0,336 lit C 0, 448 lit D 0,56 lit

Cfiu 28 K h i hoa tan ciing mot Itfdng k i m loai M vao dung dich HNO3 loang v;i

v^o dung dich H2SO4 loang thl thu du'dc khi NO vii H2 co the tich bang nhau

d cftng dieu kien nhiet do ap sua't Biet rang khoi lu'dng muoi nitrat thu difdc

bkng 159,21% k h o i IiTdng muoi sunlat Vay R la:

A Fe B Cu C A l D Ca

Cfiu 29 Cho 200 m l N a O H 0,7 M vao 1000 m l dung dich H3PO4 0,1M Vay c6

the thu du'dc muoi nao sau day:

A Na3p04 va Na2HP04 B NaH2P04 va Na2HP04

C.NaH2P04 D.Na3P04

Cfiu 30 Cho 44 gam N a O H vao dung dich chiJa 39,2 gam H3PO4 Sau k h i phan

tJng xay ra hoan loan, dem co can dung dich den kho H o i thu du'dc nhffng

muoi nao va k h o i lufdng bao nhieu gam

A Na3P04, 50 g, Na2HP04 14,2 g

B NaH2P04 14,2 g va Na2HP04 49,2 g

C Na2HP04 15 gam

D Na3P04 49,2 g va Na2HP04 14,2 gam

Cfiu 47 Cho 12,4 gam P tdc dung hoan toan \6i oxi Sau do cho to^n b6 s i n

pham h5a tan v^o 80 m l dung dich N a O H 2 5 % (d = 1,28) V a y nong do

ciua cac muoi tifdng tfng l a :

Hay tinh khoi lu'dng bot quang photphorit 7 3 % can thiet de dieu che" 1 ta'n

H3PO4 50%' Biet hieu suat cua qua trinh la 90%

A 1200,8 kg B 1340,5 kg C 1203,6 kg D 1235,1 k g ^

Hl/CiNG D A N GIAI Cfiu 1 Cac phu'dng trinh phan uTng:

PV

So mol H = so mol N , = = 4,476 mol

RT

117

Phan djng phuong phip giai H6a hgc 11 V6 co - D5 XuSn Hung

S o m o l H2 p h a n drag = 4.467 x 60/100 = 2,68 m o l

so mol H2 dir = 1,786 mol

S o m o l N2 phan tfng = 0,893 m o l => so mol N2 diT = 3,57 m o l

S o m o i N H , tao lhanh = 2 x 0,893 = 1.786 mol

CSu 11 D u n g B a ( 0 H ) 2 c o the nhan b i e t diidc c a c hoa chii'l, l i i c n tiTrtng nhiT saii:

- M a u N H 4 C I giiii phong khi miii khai

- M a u C u C l i xuat h i c n k c t tua xanh C u ( 0 H ) 2

C h u y.- Troni^ tlu/c te mau FeClj co mdu ndu do CuCh cd mdu xcmh lam Do

do ta cd the nhan biet difoc md khdnfi Z'''"' ^"".'>' ^^'"-^ '-'^'^^^ khdc

=> C h o n C cau 12 A p d u n g c o n g thuTc: C M = ^ " ^ ^ " ^ ' " ^ ' ^ = 3,47M

M

C h o n B

119

hSn dgng vi phaong ph^p gii\a hpc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hung

;:au 13 Cho quy tim h1n lu'cJt vao tiTng mau thuT:

Mau lam quy hoa xanh la K2CO3 va NaOH

MSu lam quy hoa do la HNO3 va (NH4)2S04

Ca(N03)2 khong doi mau quy tim

Cho Ca(N03)2 vao 2 mau lam quy tim hoa xanh, mau tao kct tua la K2CO3

mau con lai la NaOH Lay NaOH cho vao 2 mau lam quy tim hoa do Man

giai phong khi c6 miii khai la (NH4)2S04, con lai la HNO3 Hoac lay K2CO3

cho vao 2 mau Ircn, mau c6 giiii phong khi la HNO3

M + 8n 4 Khi n = 2 thl M = 64

Vay muoi nilral la Cu(N03)2 => Chon C

:au 15 Goi X, y la so mol ciia KNO3 va Cu(N03)2 trong hon hdp

PhiTcfng trinh phan uTng xay ra:

x + 5y = 37,82 Giai he tim x, y tiT do chpn ke't qua dung => Chon B

'au 16 Phiin ufng nhict phan:

Pb(N03)2 — ^ PbO + 2NO2 + I/2O2

Goi X la so mol Pb(N03)2 da nhiet phan:

Khoi iMng khi thoat ra = 2x.46 + 0,5x.32 = 66,2 - 55,4 = 10,8

Hon hdp sau phan uTng gdm O2 dirO,5 lit, N2 8 lit, NO2 3 lit

The tich hon hdp lii: 11,5 lit

=> Chpn A

-Su 20 X c t cac qua irinh cho-nhan electron:

Qua trinh cho e:

A l - 3e->Ar'

39x 13x 2N^' + 8 e - > 2N*' 16x 2x

Qua trinh nhan e

N ^ ' + 3e ^ N ^ ' 3x x

2N^' + lOe^

20x 2x

N2

Pa c6: 5x = 2 mol => x = 0,4 mol mAi = 13.0,4.27 = 140,4 g => Chon C

C3u 21 Phi/dng trinh phan (Jng:

Phan djing phuBng ph^p gijii H6a hgc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Himg

Cfiu 23 Cu -> Cu(N03)2 ^ Cu(OH)2 CuO

Ta c6: So mol dong ban dau = 3.2/64 = 0,05 mol

=> ncu = nc„c) = 0,05 mol

= > X = 0,05.80 = 4 gam => Chon A

Cfiu 24 Phifdng irinh phan uTng xiiy ra:

3Cu + 8HNO, -)• 3Cu(NO,)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

=> Vkhi = (2x/3 + 2y).22,4 = 4,48 lit => Chon C

Cau 25 PhUitiig liinh phan u^ng:

2x8Al + 30HNO., -> 8AI(NO.,).i + 3N2O + I5H2O

3xlOAl + 36HNO., ^ 10A1(NO.,)., + 3N2 + I8H2O

46A1 + 168HNO, -> 46Al(NOj)., + 6N2O + 9N2 + 84H2O

Vijy l i Ic A l : N:0 : NO = 46 : 6 : 9 => Chon B

Cau 26 So mol HNO, phan iJ-ng

= 3 X so mol A l + so mol NO + 2 x so mol N2O + 2 x so mol N2

= 3 13 0,4 + 0,4 + 2.2.0,4 + 2.2.0,4 = 19,2 mol

=> The lich axil la 38,4 lil => Chon A

Cau 27 Tinh difdc so mol = 0.1 mol

so mol NO.r = 0,04 mol va so mol Cu = 0,0375 mol

Phifdng irinh phan i?ng dang ion n i l gon:

3Cu + 8 H ^ + 2 N O r - » 3 C u ' ^ + 2 N O + 4H20 Tri/ckphanifng 0,0375 0,1 0,04

0,0375 0,1 0,04

X c l l Ic ~ —

3 8 2

Qua l i Ig lhay NO,' diT, Cu va H^phiin iJng hcl

so mol NO = 0,025 mol ^ V = 0,56 lil =^ Chon D

Cfiu 28 Ctic phu-cJng Irinh phan I'rng:

3NaOH + H.,P04 -> Na,P04 + 3H2O

3y y y

Ta CO 2x + 3y = 1,1 va X + y = 0,4 X = 0,1 va y = 0,3

Tinh khoi Ming cac muo'i la chon diTctc kcl qua => Chon D

-fiu 31 X c l qua trinh

90 73 1000

-' = 1203,6 kg ^ Chon C

Phan dgng va phuong ph^p giai H6a hpc 11 VP cd - D8 Xuan Hi^ig

A T 6 M T A T Li T H U Y E T

Khai qu^t ve nhom cacbon:

Nhom cacbon gom : cacbon (C), silic (Si), gemani (Ge), thiec (Sn)

(Pb) deu thuoc nguyen to p, cau hinh electron ngoai ciing : ns^ npl

I C A C B O N

- Cau hinh electron : ls^2s^2p^

- Cac so oxi hoa cua C : -4; 0; +2 va +4

- Cac dang thu hinh : kirn cifdng, than chi, fuleren

* Tinh chat hoa hoc :

The hien tinh khuT hoSc tinh oxi h6a nhiftig chu yeu la tinh khuT

1 Tinh khur

a) Tac dung vdi oxi: C + O2 > CO^

0 „ +2

b) Tac dung vdi hdp chat:

C +4HN03dac — ^ CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O

2 Tinh oxi hoa

a) Vdi hidro : C + 2H2 '" > CH4

0 „ -4

b) Vdi kim loai: 3 C + 4A1 — ^ AI4C3

* PhUcmfi trinh dieu che : CH4 '" ' C + 2H2

II H0P CHAT C U A C A C B O N

1 Cacbon mono oxit (CO) : C^O

* La mot oxit khong tao muoi (oxit trung tinh)

* CO the hi?n tinh khijr:

2. Cacbon dioxit (COg) : 0=C=0

- La mot oxit axit

- Tan trong niTdc dung dich axit cacbonic

CO2 + H2O ^ H2CO3

- Tac dung diTdc vdi oxit bazd, bazd -> muo'i cacbonat

CO2 + 2K0H, > K2CO3 + H2O

- Tac dung vdi chat khuf manh :

2Mg + CO2 — ^ 2MgO + C

* Dieu che :

CaCOj + 2HC1:—> CaCb + C 0 2 t + H2O

3 Axit cacbonic (H2CO3) va mu6li cacbonat

a) Axit cacbonic (H2CO3): ^ C=0

H - 0

- La axit raft yeu, kem ben

- La mot diaxit, tao ra hai loai muoi:

+ muoi cacbonat (COf") + muoi hidrocacbonat (HCOJ)

b) Muoi cacbonat:

- Tac dung vdi axit -> C 0 2 t

NaHC03 + HCl > NaCl + CO2T + H2O

Na2C03 + 2HC1 > 2NaCl + C 0 2 t + H2O

- Tac dung vdi dung dich kiem :

KOH + K H C O 3 > K 2 C O 3 + H2O

- Phan iJng nhi$t phan :

BaC03 BaO + C02t

2NaHC03 Na2C03 + COzt + H2O

III SILIC V A H0P CHAT C U A SILIC

Phan danp vS phuonfl ph^p giai H6a hgc 11 VP CO - B6 Xufln Hung

0 +4

a) Tinh khuf: Si + O2 > SiOj

Si + 2NaOH + H2O > Na^SiOj + 2H2t

b) Tinh oxi h6a :

Tac dung vdi kirn loai -> silixua kim loai

0 -4

2Mg + Si > Mg2Si (magie sihxua)

* Dieu che:

- Trong phong thi nghiem : Si02 + 2Mg 2MgO + Si

- Trong cong nghiep : Si02 + 2C Si + 2CO

2 H^p chS't cua silic

+4

a) Silic dioxit (SiOg)

- La oxit axit: SiOz + 2NaOH NajSiOj + HjO

SiOz + NazCOj NajSiOs + CO2

- Si02 tan trong axit flohidric (dCing kh^c thiiy tinh)

Si02 + 4 H F ).SiF4 + 2H20

b) Axit silixic muoi sihcat:

- Axit silixic (HzSiOs) : chS't dang keo, khong tan trong ntfdc, de ma't niTdc khi

dun n6ng

HzSiOj -A SiOa + H2O

- Muoi silicat : trong dung dich, silicat cua kim loai kiem bi thuy phan manh

tao ra moi trtfdng kiem

Na2Si03 + 2 H 2 O 2 N a O H + H2Si03

B P H A N L O A I V A PHiTdNG P H A P G I A I C A C D A N G B A I T A P

Dang 1 - L^p phi/cfng trihh h6a hoc

- Viet chudi phan CTng

- Di4u ch§' c6c chfi't

BAI TAP M A U VA BAI TAP AP D U N G

Bai 1 Lap phtfdng trinh h6a hoc cua cic phan tfng sau dSy :

(3) (4)

(5) (6) (7) (8)

CaCOj CaO + CO2

CaO + CO2 > CaCOs

Ca(HC03)2 CaCOj + CO2 + H2O

CaC03 + CO2 + H2O > Ca(HC03)2

CaCOj + 2HC1 > CaClz + C02t + H2O

3CaC03 + 2H,P04 > Ca3(P04)2 + SCOjT + 3H2O 3CaO + 2H3P04 > Ca3(P04)2 + SHjO

Ca(HC03)2 + 2HC1 > CaCb + 2CO2 + 2H2O (10) CaC03 + H2S04 > CaS04 + CO2 + H2O

NaHC03 + NaOH > Na2C03 + H2O

* D l chuyen Ca(HC03)2 thanh CaC03 ta dem muoi Ca(HC03)2 khan nung

Phan dgng phJong ph^p giSi H6a hgc 11 va cO - D8 Xufln Hung

Ca(HC03)2 CaCOj + CO2 + H2O

* NgiTdc lai : chuyen NajCOj thanh NaHCOj va CaCOj th^nh Ca(HC03)2 ta

cho hai muoi Na2C03 va CaCOs Ian liTcJt vao dung dich CO2 bao hoa

Na2C03 + CO2 + H2O > 2NaHC03

CaCOa + C O 2 + H2O > Ca(HC03)2

ai 5 Bo tuc chuSi phan ufiig, viet cdc phtfdng trinh phan uTng (m6i mui ten 1^ mot

phan tfng) Cho biet B Ik khi dting nap cho c^c binh chi?a lufa (dap t^t luTa) A Ik khodng san phd bien thUcJng dilng 6i san xuS't voi song

NaHC03 + NaOH > Na2C03 + H2O

Na2C03 + HCl > NaHC03 + NaCl

NaHC03 + Ca(0H)2 > NaOH + CaCOj + H2O

NasCOj + CaCla > CaCOj + 2NaCl

Bai 6 Tur nguyen lieu chinh Ih muoi an, dd voi, ntfdc, khong khi va cha't xuc tic

c6 du Viet cac phiTdng trinh dieu che cac cha't sau:

hoac C02 + 2NaOH >Na2C03 + H20

Bai 7 Cho cic cha't CaC03, dung dich NaOH, dung dich NaHCOj, dung dich HCl Vid't cdc phiTdng trmh phan tfng hoa hoc xay ra khi cho cic chS't tac

dung vdi nhau tilfng d6i mot

(TNTHPT)

129

Phan d?ng va phuong ph&p giai H6a hpc 11 V6 cd - D8 XuSn Hung

Gidi CaCOj + 2HC1 > CaCb + COzt + H2O

NaOH + NaHCOj > NaiCOj + H2O

NaOH + HCl > NaCl + H2O

NaHCOj + HCl > NaCl + COst + HjO

Bai 8 Co cac chat sau : CO2, Na2C03, C, NaOH, NazSiOj, HjSiOj Hay lap

thanh mot day chuyen hoa gifl"a cac chat va vie't cac phiTcJng trinh hoa hpc

Gidi

Day sd do bien hoa :

C CO2 N&iCOi NaOH NazSiOj HiSiOj

t <5>

(1) C + 0 2 - ^ C 0 2

(2) CO2 + 2Na0H > NaiCOj + H2O

(3) Na2C03 + Ba(0H)2 > BaCOj + 2NaOH

(4) 2NaOH + Si02 > NazSiOj + H2O

(5) NazSiOj + 2HC1 > 2NaCl + H2Si03

(6) Na2Si03 + CO2 + H2O > NazCOj + H2Si03

Bai 9 Nhiet phan mot lirpng CaC03, sau mot th6i gian di/cJc chS't r^n A khi

B Cho khi B hap thu hoan toan vao dung dich KOH, thu difdc dung dich D

Dung dich tic dung dU'dc vdi dung dich BaCl2 va vdi dung dich NaOH Cho

r^n A tac dung vdi dung dich HCl di/, diTdc khi B va dung dich E Co can

dung dich E difdc muoi khan F Dipn phan muoi F nong chay, di/dc kim loai

M Viet phiTdng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan tfng xay ra

Giai

KHCO,

A : CaO; CaC03 duf B : CO2 Dung dich D

[K2CO3

Muoi khan F : CaClj Dung dich E : CaCl2 M : Ca

CaCOj CaO + CO2

CO2 + KOH )-KHC03

CO2 + 2K0H — y K2CO3 + H2O

Ca0 + 2HC1 >CaCl2 + H20

CaC03 + 2HCl > CaClz + COzt + H2O

K2CO3 + BaClz > BaCOjJ- + 2KC1

2KHGO3 + 2 N a O H > K2CO3 + Na2C03 + 2H2O

CaClj -^2SL> Ca + C b t

'Bai 10 Viet cdc phiTcfng trinh h6a hoc theo cdc set do sau : a) Silic dioxit > natri silica^—-+^aA^^ dioxit

magie silixua < silic

b) CO2 > CaC03 > Ca(HC03)2 > CO2 > C > CO >• CO2

Gidi

a) Si02 >-Na2Si03 • HzSiOs >• Si02

Mg2Si < Si

Si02 + 2NaOH > NazSiOj + H2O

Na2Si03 + CO2 + H2O > Na2C03 + H2Si03

H2Si03 -A Si02 + H2O

Si02 + 2C Si + 2C0

Si + O2 SiOz

Si + 2Mg Mg2Si

Si + 2NaOH + H2O > Na2Si03 + 2H2t

b) CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaC03 + H2O

CaC03 + CO2 + H2O >Ca(HC03)2

Ca(HC03)2 CaC03 + CO2 + H2O

CO2 + 2Mg 2MgO + C

CO + O2 CO2

Bai 11

a) Vie't phuTdng trinh hoa hoc cua phan iJng m6 ta thuy tinh bi axit H F an m6n

Biet r!ing thanh phan chu yeu cua thiiy tinh Ik NaiSiOj (Na20.Si02)

CaSi03 (CaO.Si02)

b) Tilf Si02 vk c&c hda cha't can thiet khac hay v i ^ t phifdng trinh hda hpc c i a cic phan urng dieu c h ^ axit silixic

Gidi

a) Na2Si03 + 6HF - - -> SiF4t + 2NaF + 3H2O

CaSiOa + 6HF > SiF^ + CaF2 + SH.O b) Si02 + 2NaOH > NajSiOj + H2O

Na2Si03 + CO2 + H2O )-Na2C0, + H2Si03

Bai 12 Bo tuc va hoan thanh cac phan iJng sau :

Cacbon + HNO3 jsc > A + NO2 + HjO

D : Na2Si03 E : H2Si03 Photgen : COCI2

C + 4HNO3 JSC > CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O

CO2 + C - A 2 C O

CO + CI2 ^ COCI2

HCOOH "a^Q^dac^ CO + H2O

2C0 + 0 2 - ^ 2CO2

C02 + 2NaOH )• Na2C03 + H2O

Na2C03 + Si02 Na2Si03 + CO2

Na2Si03 + CO2 + H2O >Na2C03 + H2Si03

H2Si03 Si02 + H2O

Dang 2 Nhcjn bi§'t, tach rdi, tinh chd' c 6 c chd't: CO, CO2, SiOa,

muoi cacbonat

BAI TAP MAU VA BAI T^P AP DyNG

Bai 1 C6 ba khi gom CO, HCl va SO2 difng trong ba binh rieng bi$t Trlnh bay

phUdng phdp hoa hoc de phan bi$t tiTng khi Viet c^c phiTdng trinh h6a hoc

Giai

- Dan ba khi trdn Ian lifdt vao dung dich ntfdc voi trong dir khi n^o tao kd't tua

tr^ng la SO2, con lai la CO va HCl

SO2 + Ca(0H)2 > CaS03i + H2O

- Cho quy tim am Ian liTcJt vao hai khi con lai, khi n^o lam cho quy tim am h6a

do la HCl Con lai la CO

Cho hon hdp ba oxit AI2O3, Si02 va MgO v^o dung dich axit HCl duf ta t^ch

diidc SiOz khong tan c6n lai dung dich gom AICI3, MgCh va HCl dU

AI2O3 + 6HC1 > 2AICI3 + 3H2O

MgO + 2HC1 > MgClj + H2O _ Cho dung djch NaOH diT vao dung dich thu diTdc ta tach diTcJc Mg(0H)2 va dung dich g6m NaA102, NaCl, NaOH duf, sau do lay Mg(OH)2 dem nung ta diTdc MgO

AlCl3 + 3NaOH > 3NaCl + Al(0H)3i

Al(OH)3 + NaOH > NaAIO2 + 2H2O

MgCl2 + 2NaOH > 2NaCl + Mg(OH)24'

Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O

- Thdi CO2 v^o dung dich thu dmc ta difdc ket tua A1(0H)3 sau do dem nung

ra thu diTdc AI2O3

CO2 + NaA102 + 2H2O > NaHCOj + Al(OH)34' 2Al(OH)3 AI2O3 + 3H2O

a) Dan hon hdp khi qua nuTdc v6i trong thi khi CO2 bi giff lai

CO2 + Ca(0H)2 > CaC03>l + H2O

Tiep tuc cho hon hdp khi con lai di qua H2SO4 dam dSc thi H2O bi giff lai c5n

CO thi khong, do do thu dffdc CO tinh khiet

b) Cho hai khi Ian Iffdt dem dot chay, sau do dan san pham di qua nffdc voi trong dir, thay nifdc voi trong hoa due thi khi ban dau la CO, con lai la khi hidro

2CO + 0 2 - ^ 2CO2 2H2 + 0 2 - ^ 2H2O

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCOji + H2O

Bai 4 Co mpt hon hdp khi gom cacbon dioxit va Iffu huj'nh dioxit Trinh bay

phifdng phdp hoa hoc de chffng minh sif c6 mat cua moi khi trong hon hdp

133

Phan dgng va phuong ph^p giSi H6a hpc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hung

Gidi

Dan h§n hcJp hai khi CO2 SO2 di qua dung dich brom c6 m i u da cam, thS'y

khi nao l ^ m cho dung dich brom mat mau d6 la SO2

SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O > H2SO4 + 2HBr

Dan khi c6n lai qua dung djch midc voi trong dif thay xua't hien ket tua thi do

la CO2

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCOji + H2O

Bai 5 L ^ m the nSo de tach rieng tCfng khi CO va CO2 ra khoi hon hcJp cfia

chung :

a) B i n g phiTdng phdp v$t li b) B^ng phiTdng phdp hoa hoc

Gidi

a) B^ng phiTdng phap vat l i :

Ncn hon hcfp hai khi di/di dp suat cao, khi CO2 se hoa long diTcJc iich ra ta

thu dtfcfc CO2, khi con lai 1^ CO

b) B^ng phiTdng phdp h6a hoc :

- Dan hon hdp hai khi di qua dung djch Ca(0H)2 AM, khi CO2 bi gii? lai vl tao

kct tiia, c6n lai la khi CO

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCOji + H2O

- Loc lay ket tua cho tdc dung vdi dung dich HCl thu dufdc khi CO2 bay ra

CaCOj + 2HC1 > CaClj + CO2T + H2O

Bai 6, B^ng phtfdng phap nao c6 the nhan ra cdc cha't tin sau day : Na2C03,

MgCOj, BaCOj

(Trich TSDH Y Dmc TP.HCM)

Giai

* Cho niTdc Ian liTdt vao ba mau cha't r^n

- Mau nao tan la Na2C03

- Hai mau con lai khong tan la MgCOs va BaCOa

* Cho dung dich H2SO4 loang Ian liTdt v^o hai mau c6n lai BaCOs va MgCOj

- Mau nao tao ket tua tr^ng v^ c6 khi bay len 1^ BaCOa

BaCO, + H2SO4 > BaS04i + COjt + H.O

- Mau CO khi bay len la MgCOj

MgCOj + H2SO4 > MgS04 + CO2T + H2O

B^i 7

a) PhSn biet cdc khi H2S, SO2 CO2 bkng phiTdng phdp hoa hoc Vieft cdc phifdng

trinh phan drng tifdng thig

b) Tinh che CO2 c6 Ian mOt it SO2 v^ H2 Vid't cdc phifdng trlnh phan uTng xay ra

(Trich DHMii TP.HCM)

134

Giai

) Dan ba khi l l n Itfdt v^o dung djch Pb(N03)2

Khi nko tao ket tua den la H2S Con lai la CO2 va SO2

H2S + Pb(N03)2 > PbSi + 2HNO3

Dan hai khi con lai Ian Itfdt qua dung dich brom, khi nao lam ma't mau dung dich brom ^ SO2, c6n lai 1^ CO2

SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O > H2SO4 + 2HBr

b) Cho hon hdp khi v^o dung djch niTdc brom diT loai di/dc SO2, sau do dan hon

hdp khi con lai di qua dung dich ni/dc voi trong ta thu difdc kct tua, cho kct tun

tac dung vdi dung dich HCl thu diTdc CO2 tinh khiet

SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O > H2SO4 + 2HBr CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaC03i + H2O CaC03 + 2HC1 > CaCl2 + C02t + H2O

Bai 8 Chi c6 nufdc va khi cacbonic c6 the phan biet difdc nam chat bot trang sau

day hay khong : Na2S04, BaC03, NaCl, Na2C03, BaS04 Ncu diTdc hiiy trinh

bay each phan biet ; ,

Gi&i

* Cho nirdc Ian liTdt vao ndm mau diTng nam chat hot trcn

- Mau nao tan la : NaCl, Na2S04, NajCO,

- Mau khong tan la BaC03 v^ BaS04

* Thoi khi CO2 vao hai mau thuf khong tan

- Mau nao tan tao thanh dung dich la BaCOj

- Mau nao khong tan la BaS04

BaC03 + CO2 + H2O > Ba(HCO,

)-* Lay dung dich thu diTdc d tren cho vao ba mau tan, mau nao tao ket tua la

Na2S04 va Na2C03, c6n lai la NaCl

Na2S04 + Ba(HC03)2 > ^aSO^i + 2NaHC03

Na2C03 + Ba(HC03)2 > BaCOji + 2NaHC0,

* Loc lay ket tua thu difdc, sau do thoi khi CO2 v^ cho ntfdc vao, kcl lOa nao

tan la BaCOs - > mau ban dau la Na2C03, mau con lai la Na2S04

Bai 9 Cho dung djch A c6 chtfa cac ion: Na* NH^', HCO3 SO; , C O ^

(khong k ^ cdc ion H* v^ OH' cua H2O) chi c6 quy tim vS cdc dung dich HCl Ba(OH)2 c6 the nhan bie't di/dc cdc ion nao trong dung djch A?

(Trich DH Nfiocii Tliunna) Giai

Chi CO quy tim v i cdc dung dich HCl, dung dich Ba(OH )2 thi nhan biet difdc

13?

Phan dgng phiiong phap g l i i H6a hqc 11 VP cd - D8 Xuan Hang

cdcion: N H + , HCO", SO^", COl~, c6n lai Na^ khong nhan biet dtfcJc

BaCOj + 2 H C 1 > BaCh + C O 2 T + H2O

Ba(0H)2 + CO2 > BaCOji + H2O

Bai 10 Co bon lo ma't nhan, moi lo di/ng mot trong cac dung djch sau :

NaHCOj, Na2S04, Ba(HC03)2 va Mg(HC03)2 Hay trinh bay each nhan biet

tiTng lo, chi dU'Oc dung thdm each dun nong

Gidi

* Trich moi lo mot it dc lam mau thiir

* Dem dun nong tifng mau thuT

Hai mau tao ket tua va c6 khi bay ra la Ba(HC03)2 va Mg(HC03)2, ton lai la

NaHCOj va Na2S04

Mg(HC03)2 MgC03 + COjt + H2O

Ba(HC03)2 BaC03 + C02t + H2O

* Lay v^i giot dung dich mot trong hai Ip vuTa tao ket tua cho vao hai dung djch

e6n lai thay mau nao tao ket tua tr^ng thi mau thilr nho vao la Ba(HC03)2,

mau c6n lai la Mg(HC03)2 ta biet diTdc ong diTng Na2S04 Con lai la

NaHCOj

Ba (HC03)2 + Na2S04 > BaS04i + 2NaHC03

D a n g 3 B a i t ^ p v e tinh c h d t CO2, m u d i c a c b o n a t

LiAi y : Tinh cha't CO2 tac dung vdi dung dich kiem :

* CO2 phan urng vdi dung dich NaOH (dung djch KOH )

* CO2 phan urng vdi Ca(OH)2 hay Ba(OH)2:

C O 2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaC034' + H2O (1)

a) Tim bieu thufc lien he givta a, b, c, d, e

b) Viet cong thuTc tinh tdng khoi liTdng mu6'i trong dung dich

Gidi

a) Ap dung dinh luat bao to^n di^n tich ta c6: a + d = b + 2c + e b) Cong thuTc tinh tdng khoi lifdng mudi:

m„.,i = m^^, + m^, + m^^_ + m^^, + m^^^

, m^ufl-i = 23a + 35,5b + 60c + 18d + 61e

I Bai 3 Dan khi CO2 dieu che dUdc b^ng each cho 50g da voi tac dung vdi axit HCl du" di qua dung dich c6 chiira 32g natri hidroxit Tinh khoi liTdng mudi thu

diTdc trong dung djch

Gidi

"caco, = ^ = (mol); n,,oH = ^ = ^'^ (moi)

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Phan d^ng vk phuong phip giai H6a hpc 11 V6 co - 0 5 Xuan Himg

Bai 4 Nung 52,65g CaCOj d 1000"C va cho loan bo liTcJng khi thodt ra hap thu

het vao 500ml dung dich NaOH 1,8M Hoi thu drfdc nhffng mu^i nao? khoi

lufdng Ih bao nhieu? Biel rang hieu suat cua phan tfng nhiet phan CaCOj la

Hi^u suat phan lirng 95% :

"co2 = ^ 0 , 5 2 6 5 = 0,5 (mol) lUU

nNaOH= 1,8.0,5 = 0,9 (mol)

Tac6til?: 1 < ilNii2H = M = l,8<2

ncoj 0,5

=>thu difdc hai muoi NaHCOs \h Na2C03

CO2 + NaOH >NaHC03

ai 5 Dan 2,36 lit CO2 (15"C 2 atm) qua 40ml dung djch Ba(OH)2 2M Muoi

sinh ra la muoi gi? Tinh nong dp mol cua dung dich muo'i thu duTdc (biet the tich dung dich khong thay doi)

0,08 mol 0,08 mol

N6ng dp mol cua Ba(HC03)2: CM= ^ = ^ = 2 (M)

Bai 6 Nung m gam hon hcfp X gom hai muoi cacbonat trung tinh ctia hai kim loai

A, B deu c6 hoa tri 2 Sau mot thcfi gian thu diTdc 3,36 lit CO2 (dktc) \h con lai hon hdp r^n Y Cho Y tac dung vdi dung djch HCI dit roi cho khi thoat ra hap

thu hoan toan bdi dung dich Ca(0H)2 di^, thu diTdc 15 gam ket tua Phan

dung djch dem c6 can thu dtfcJc 32,5 gam hon hdp muoi khan Vie't cac phiTcJng trinh phan iJng va tinh m?

(Trich TS DHQG TP HCM)

Gidi

Dat cong thiJc cua hai muoi cacbonat \h ACO3 va BCO3

ACO3 — ^ AO + C02t BCO3 — ^ BO + C02t " C O 2 - 2 2 4 3,36 = 0,15 (mol) Cho Y + dung dich HCI:

A 0 + 2HC1 >ACl2 + H20

B 0 + 2HC1 >BCl2 + H20 ACO3 + 2HC1 > ACI2 + COzt + H2O BCO3 + 2HC1 > BCI2 + COzt + H2O

C02 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCOji + HzO

0,15 mol 0,15 mol

'CaCO, 15

100 = 0,15 (mol)

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