Materials for the Hydrogen Economy (2009) Part 2 potx

ratios of h /Co Produced by the gasification of different Carbon feedstocks using a slagging gasifier feedstock h /Co ratio... Carbon feedstock in different Types of gasifiers used or

bon.material.generated.as.a.by-product.or.as.a.bottom.material.from.petroleum.refin-ing (environmentally sensitive materials that are difficult to find applications for).

Autothermal reforming is a term used to describe the combination of steam.

Different types of high-temperature gasifiers are commercially used to produce

fIgure .

Several.designs.of.commercially.used.gasifiers:.(a).General.Electric,.(b).Con-ocoPhillips,.(c).Shell—gas.and.liquid.feedstock,.(d).Shell—solid.feedstock,.and.(e).Sasol–

Lurgi.fixed-bed.dry-bottom.gasifier.

Two.Shell gasifiers.(figure.1.3c.and.d).are.used.commercially,.one.for.gas.and.

liquid carbon feedstock (figure.1.3c) and one for solid carbon feedstock such as

pulverized coal or petcoke (figure.1.3d) The first Shell gasifier (figure.1.3c) was

at the gasification temperature Other important coal feedstock variables for a.

Sasol–Lurgi gasifier include burn rate, particle sizing, thermal fragmentation of

Tropsch conversion processes used to produce acetone, acetic acid, and ketones,

and low-temperature Fischer–Tropsch conversion processes used to produce

ratios of h  /Co Produced by the gasification of different Carbon

feedstocks using a slagging gasifier

feedstock h  /Co ratio

Carbon feedstock in different Types of gasifiers used or Planned

throughout the World

gasifier Type Carbon feedstock Type (number of gasifiers utilizing)

Petroleum Coal gas Petcoke biomass/Waste

. gasIfICaTIon for h  ProduCTIon

Worldwide, it is estimated that approximately 50 million tons of H2 is produced

syngas applications output for gasifiers That are operating or are Planned

gasifier Type gasification end Product use (number of gasifiers dedicated to That Purpose)

Chemicals Power

gaseous fuels fT liquids multiple

not specified

approximately 3,100 t/d of carbon feedstock, producing H2 for

greenhouses to enhance plant growth is being considered The CO level

(gas/liquid feed or solid materials like coal or petcoke), whether the gasification.

chamber is designed to liquefy feedstock ash or keep it as discrete particles, the

linings has not shown promise because of constant attack of the lining, with no.

point liquids in an Al2O3 lining, leading to rapid and excessive refractory wear

In practice, the valance of vanadium depends on the oxygen partial pressure of

Chemical Composition of Three Classes of high Chrome oxide refractories

used in air-Cooled slagging gasifiers (wt%)

fIgure . Spalling.examples.in.gasifier.refractory:.(a).pinch.spall.along.refractory.joint,.

(b).thermal.spall,.and.(c).structural.spall.(circled.material).

fIgure . Stages.of.refractory.wear.

Creep Chemical Corrosion

feedstock,.differences.in.manufacturers’.equipment,.and.differing.pro-ibility.to.meet.varying.market.demands This.may.include.co-produc-

during.gasifier.operation

2 Syngas.processing:

gas,.with.an.emphasis.on.gas.throughput,.composition,.and.purification

Advanced.cleaning.and.processing.technology.is.necessary.for.raw.syn-Advanced.syngas.cleaning.and.conditioning.processes.are.needed.that

clean.syngas

Applications and News,.9,.26–31,.2004.

9 Phillips, G., Gasification Offers Integration Opportunities and Refinery

14 The Fuel Cell Handbook,.6th.ed.,.produced.by.E.G and.G Services.under.contract.

for the U.S Department of Energy, Morgantown, W VA., Publication

DOE/NETL-2002/2270, available from National Technical Information Services, chapter 8.1.1,.

2002.

15 Donaldson,.A.M and.Mukherjee,.K.K.,.Gas.Turbine.“Refueling”.via.IGCC,.Power,.

March.2006,.pp 34,.36–38.

16 U.S.Environmental.Protection.Agency,.Texaco Gasification Process Innovative

Tech-nology Evaluation Report,.EPA/540/R-94/514,.July.1995.

17 U.S Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Gasification:.

Gasifier Technologies, www.netl.doe.gov/coal/Gasification/description/gasifiers,.

paper presented at the World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Yokohama, Japan, July.

1, 2004, available at.www.shell.com/static/hydrogen-en/downloads/speeches/

23

Zuideveld,.P and.J de.Graaf,.P.,.Overview.of.Shell.Global.Solutions,.Worldwide.Gas-

ification.Developments,.paper.presented.at.the.Proceedings.of.Gasification.Technolo-gies.2003,.San.Francisco,.October.12–15,.2003.