OXFORD LEARNER''''S GRAMMAR - PART 4 pps

152 Used to III> Finder 828 Complete the sentences with used to and either the infinitive or ing-form of a verb.. 154 Modal verb + phrase II'- Finder 84 The following sentences are w

152 Used to III> Finder 828

Complete the sentences with used to and either the infinitive or ing-form of a verb

~ I l!-'~ ~ r:~~Gl a 101 of n vels, but nowadays I only read newspapers and magaZines Richard feels very lonely now Ihal his girlrriend is no longer wnh him He Isn't ~~ ~~

~ I ~ • • on his own

We're always hard up but we never worry about it I suppose we've

got poor

2 We live in London now, but we in Manchester

3 The count!)' seemed so quiet after livlIlg in the IOwn, We couldn't hear any trunic We'd got , it all day in town

4 Joanna has lUovt!<i to the right in her politics She Labour but now she votes Conservulvc

5 My grandmother is gelling absent· minded Nowadays she forgets lots or things I'm sure

she things

6 Makmg decisions Isn't always ea~y, hut as a manager, I'm them

7 The new Joh is OK, but I hutc starting al seven o'clock I'll never

gel , 110 early

8 These days even student!> have gol mobile phones It was different In my day

We th~m when I was at college

Write a sentence with dare so that it has a similar meaning

I'm too scared to go up on the roof

3 People were too frightened to resist the invaders

4 Are you brave enough [0 step into the unknown?

, ,

!i Yuu have no right to come In here without knocking!

80 152 Used to

154 Modal verb + phrase II'- Finder 84

The following sentences are wntten in a rather formal style Can you express the meaning

in everyday English? Use words from this table

' One can predict a future necessity for radical changes

There wllI./lP-Y"!- tP ~ r:q 0~(- .a.' ~~~e; s:

II is desirable that students be permiHcd 10 rake a short break

Put in a positive or a negative modal verb such as can or wouldn't Sometimes there IS

more than one possible answer

~ 0'7 give YOLI a hand with these bags?- Oh thank: you

I borrow your pen for a moment?

2 You remind me I haven't forgotten, you know

3 Your library books arc always overdue You rake them back al the right time

4 Emma owns five houses, so she be nch

S I tried (0 lift the stone, but it was so heavy I

6 We're thinkmg of having a holiday We arcn', sure, but we go to Italy

7 It's a serious matter You laugh

8 What shallt do? I don't know In your situation, I have any idea what to do

9 We don't give enough money to charity We to give more in my opmion

10 It's not your fault that Justin is so annoyed He be very unreasonable sometimes

II My parents were always very strict I even go out on my own

12 Ann has Just started work as a shop assistanl She carn very much Ilmney

1 4 • Modal verb + phr,l~' !

156 Review of modal verbs Finder 70-85

Decide which descriptions go with which sentences

Ii> I might go out lalcr 011

I Yuu must wail in the queue

2 I'd rather cycle than walk

3 Yes, of course you can borrow my bike

4 We ought lu write a letter of thanks

5 We could all meet up next weekend

6 I daren't look down

7 This phone number must be wrong

R Shoes must nOI be worn in the gym

9 The cafe should open soon

10 Could you dry these dishes

e) saymg something is necessarily true

o expressing an uncenain intention g) saying what is Ihe right thing to do

h) forbidding something

il saying you are afraid 1o do somclhlng

JI saymg you prefer one thing 10 another

kl ordering soml,.'One to do somethmg

Each of these sentences is incorrect , Wr i te the correct sentence,

My 3i31er ea", to ritle a ltlotorbHte

158 Review of modal verbs Finder 70-85

Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the previous one Use the word

In brackets

, U's possible that Amy is III (may)

8~.~ ':1~ !'~'

I have pennisslOn to usc this room (allowed)

2 I'm afraid (0 go OUI on my own (dare)

,.,

3 Il was unnecessary for you to leave a tip (didn'!)

4 Alone time I played tennis regularly (used)

5 The best decision wouJd have heen for you to accept the offer (ought!

6 We expect the parcel to arrive suon (should)

7 It was necessary for Mark to go to hospital (had)

- .,

8 (['s obvious that the child has run away (must)

159 Introduction to the passive

Read the sentences and answer the questions

The prisoners were playing rootball

Is the sentence active or passive? "C ; " ,('7

What Is theagcnl? _ •

The prisoners were released

2 I!) the sentence active or passive?

3 Is the agent mentioned?

-

4 Is the agent the suhject or the object?

5 Is the sentence active or passlvt:l1

All the Ice-cream wa! eaten by the kids

II> Finder 86

160 Active and passive tense s Finder 87A

Read the story and then write one of the verbs in each space

Tbe most expensive airline meal In ImlOry was eaten on a fligtu fom London f O Moscow After lake-urr rhe first drinks were being served when sudd{mly the captain Illillie 3n annoullcement

He told tht: passengers that the mam cuurse had been left behind at lIeathrow when the plane had laken ofr Seveml hundred chicken portions were still wailing there The)' would have to go

hack and felch them 'MoSI of our fuel will be jenlsoned over the sea before we land,' he said The plane landed, and lhe crew lOok the meals on hoard The plane then lOOK off again three hours latc 'The needs of our pa ssc n~ e rs arc always given top priority,' SaId a sp kesman for the Brilish airlinc 'so we had TO go back for the fooll ' '] have never hellrd anything so silly in all my life,' snid one of the passengers The COSI has not been revealed hy the airline

~ Present simple (acnvc) I~ ~t • Present simple (passivt:) -?-r:" 4 .:1.:v ~ ""'

Prt:sent perfect (uctlve)

Present pcrfect (passive)

Pas( simplc (passive)

[last continuous ('Ictive)

Past continuous (passive)

NO I S IER AND NO ISIER

F r the losllen years, engineers (to-) , I~",:e., ~~':' ~.~I~~ • • (measure) noise levels in Britain's CitlCS The slUdy (to- ) •• ~-'! l" 5t ~~0 <:':O''":Ip'I~~e; ( ~ (just/complete), and it

(I ) (shawl that there is more nOise than ever before More and more people (2) , (drive) mad by the sounds of the city Complamts about noise (3) (increase) constantly over the last twenty years Last year almost 300,000 complaints (4) , , , , (make) The least

favourite sources of noise (5) (include) loud music barking dogs, mobile phones car alarms and home improvements We arc all ramiliar with the problems How

is It that a car alarm (6) , " (can/hear) by everyone eXCept the owner

carlyon Sunday morning? Why (8) , arguments ,

(carry) on with the windows wide opcn? 'Noise (9) (still/increase),'

said a member of the research group These days traffic (10) (start) curlier in the morrting, and sh ps and clubs (II) (slay) open later The problem (12) '

, (must tackle) People (J : -l) • • • , • , (can/drive) to commit

suicide bt -causc of noise So why (14) n thing (do) about the problem? Up

to now the gm'crnmcnt (15) , " , (pay) little attention to

It but now aclion (16) ' , (need) We aJl hope that the

results or our study (I7) • ' • •.• (not/ignore)

84 160 !\ulve <Inti p<l ss ivc temcs

162 Was broken: action or state? ~ Finder 87E

look at the words In bold type and say if they express an actIon or a state

to- When the bomb threat was received, the road was closed by the police aGtlOri

We went to the Tourist Office, but it was closed for the day

1 The goods were damaged In the accident

2 The goods were damaged deliberately

3 These chaus are sold in all our stores

4 I'm sorry, but those chairs are sold

5 It was starting to get dark I was frightened

.5to te

7 The carpet was stained where someone had SPlit wme on it

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the previous one There

is no need to use a phrase with by In your passive sentences

~ They might change the rult~s

The rules ':"'~'3!1~ ~~ ~J:a.r~e:J

People don't respect politiCians

164 The use of the passive Finder 88

Look at these pairs of sentences and answer the questions about them Put a tick by the fight answer

Which of these scnlcnces could be made passive?

aJ 1ZI Lols of famo s people wear these Jackels

b) 0 Thal style of Jackel really suits you Which of these is morc informal?

al 0 People arc pJaymg football in the park

h) 0 Football is being played in the pari!

2 Which one of these s~ntcnces is correet'?

a) 0 The company is belonged to my COliS Hl

b) 0 The company is owned by m}' cousin

3 The coasl of Brazil was explored by Amengo Vespucci

Is thiS sentence more likely (0 occur in

a) 0 a fact file on Brazil, or

hJ 0 a fact file on VcsplIcd?

4 Which one of these sentences could be made passive?

a) 0 The parcel weighs two kilos

hI 0 I've weighed the parcel

5 Which of these is more impersonal?

a) 0 You should keep Ihis information in a safe place

b) 0 This mform.nion should be kept in a safe place

6 Which of these sentences is more likely?

a) D People make soap from vegetable Oils b) D Soap is made from vegetable Oils

look at the information in brackets and then add the· information to the next sentence Begin with i , they , or which Decide If the sentence has to be active or passive

iii- (The X-ray machme scans the bags for weapons.)

(People developed the steam engine in the 18th century.)

A key invention was the steam engine ~t ~:> d.c;v~!~r.e:d in ~~ I.i~~ ~~~~,-~

(Someone invelHed Ice-hockey in Canada)

Ice-hockey is a popular game,

2 (The owners have completely renov.ucd the house.)

The house looks magnificent .•

3 (fhe project cost millions of pounds.)

The project was very expensive

86 164 The usc or the IMSSlVC

<1 (We can mix the primary colours In make other colours)

The pnmary colours arc red, yellow and blue

5 (People listen to the Bile World Service all over the world.)

The nBC World Service I S well known

6 (The company has taken over ils maIO COmPCtltor.)

The company I S expandrng

7 (The studlllrn lacks proper facihties.l

InternatIOnal rnalchcs c.mllO! be played at the stadium •

166 The agent in passive sentences

Write passive sentences with by

r:: -:-:-. - - _

-Sftefft) e k-H6ItI~ (build)

Jura ss i c Park ( efefIff' )

The Harry Potter hooks (direct)

The pyramids (write)

If the phrase with by adds important information, write yes But if It can easily be left out, write no and cross it out

II> We were driven home by a friend of ours .~ e .5 • •

We were driven home in a laxi by 8 ltl:Xi dri er· 0C?

I TV programmes are broadcaSl all night by Ihe TV companics

2 The programme was seen by 8 million viewers

3 The windows of the office are cleaned regularly by a wmdow cleaner

4 In the storm several trees were blown down by the wind

S The gang have all been arrested by the police

6 The man was arrested by a 23·year·old female p lice officer

!

!

I

Put in a form of get and the passive partiCiple of these verbs: change, kill , leave, lose ,

marry, start, stop, throw

II> I was driving [00 fast and I '3~ t S, t9 f>F:R: 0 by the police

If you try to walk across a motonvay YOll'lI prob;tbly

166 The aJ,:cnl III IHI SS l v e sentences 87

2 Nol only have I got a b yfricnd, hut we're next month

3 I can't go out in thesc clothes I must first

4 When the coach continued Its journey two members of the grouP

behmd by mistake

S Andrew Is no gond at map-reading He's always

6 \\Jould you like to eal up snme of thi.s food before it •• ilw ay ?

7 We've gOl all thiS housework to do, so let's ' shall we?

change from active to passive or from passive to active

We found jobs for most of the students

· .,J~.!> ~('~ .-f9t 1'?4 -!qr ~;5!-Pi tk-.!I~l!-q.~,:~

Thcy've offered Sophie a place at university

· {>qpjl.e fi.?-? ~~" .o .ff~ ,,:t;.4,o P'19-t;-~ a t ~;,,:,~r: !I.ri:~

You should show this photo to the police

·

3 The bas!= has promised Polly a rise

, You can feed the Icflover meat to the dogs

5 Simon was handed the receipt by the shop assistant

· ~t i !l ~~ ~~.t~J':i~ t1!rY.!It;! IJo:~ ~'-j!)!-p ¥!'~!j.~:

2 People believed in the Emperor To them he was a god

3 Someone reported on the fighting It had just begun

4 The figures ~;Ii ~ho~~; so'~~thing 'ab~~t ' ~~rt) , · I; Is · i~ c r~~s · i~g •

88 169 nu: pas.'>lVe With g we, se lld etc

6 An agreement was reached about wages They would be raistd by five per ccOl

· ,

7 They have made a decision aOOm the projt."Ct It will have to be cancelled

8 There was a suggcsuon about the tickets They should cost five pounds

Re,write the first six sentences of Exercise 170 using a passive verb and a to-Infinitive

Ii"- • f/J;e; 1:Y:r~~J!r0r~~.-r: !.!>.~ t.o I!D;>/ r- ~8h~ ~.Il£)/Ifl.fl.lJ i lOr;o'r1f!- ;

The workers have accepted lower wages The company has persuaded them

2 Two young men were fighttng We saw them

3 The victims may take legal action Thai's what their lawyers have advised them

4 The children had to pIck up all the litler The teacher made them do It

, - ,

5 The woman was smuggling cigarettes into the country Customs offic rs caught her

6 The refugees can't get a job The government won't let them

7 £50,000 on decorating the ballroom - thai's what they spent

S You shouldn't have driven so fast 1 warned you not to

173 Some patterns with have and get Finder 94B-C

Write a sentence about each situation uSing a structure , with have or get + a passive verb

Paul is al the dry·c1eaner's They've cleaned his jacket

I;'aq l h;ts /1<?-0 h'o? a<=;iSe t, c;./~~~

The decorators are at Angela's They're working on her nat

2 SOrTIe vandals damag(~d lisa's car las! week

3 Your friends got some builders 10 build a house for them

4 YOII really must finish your homework soon

5 The bank has withdrawn Mark's credit card

6 You're wondering: where did TOm go for Ihal haircut?

7 Someone is coming 10 Karen's place tomorrow They're going til dean her carpels

Complete these sentences, which are set In a business context Use a passive to·infmitlve

or ing·form of the verb in brackets Sometimes you need to use a perfect form

H's imporlant for Ihe figures ~ ~ ~ ! 'P4'?~ tupdalc) regularly

Rick ignored the problems de:-.pilC ~lC: v '~ ~ I"I ~ , ~ ~ • (warn) aboul them,

security cameras

2 Alice is hoping (promote) soon

J The goods ought • (deliver) two week- ago

4 The system was adopted without • • • (Icst) at all

S I'd hke the money • • • (transfer) immediatcly please

6 The Chief Executive insists un • (inform) of every detail

7 l'm afraId the documents seem (mislay)

8 As well as (move) 10 a less imporwnl Job, Emily had suffercd (\ drop III salary

175 Active verbs with a passive meaning

Choose the correct words

We ' ve gOt so me work to do/to-be-done

1 The lahle has to lay/to be laid

2 The grasi') wants co cutlcuuing

:I There's so much to do/to be done on a Club Sun holida, y!

90 173 Some p 1I (ems with h(lVt ~ nd ge t

Finder 96

4 Our latest range of computers ~~ s clI~ / a.! t.: being sold really well

5 I hdd scveralletlers to write/to be written

fi ThIs puule isn't very easy to 'SOlv e / to be solved

7 These mstructons arc too difficult io Llllderstand/IO be understood by a child

8 These brakes don't work very well 'Illey nee'd see "G/ scell ~ g 1-.-

Put the one missing word In each sentence

No one can find the place Everyone , .je; t ;; , lost

2 The pilot IS thought have lost control of the aircraft

5 I can't wear my red sweater It's ." washed at the momenL

6 It's a great film The main charaCTer is played, Tom Hanks

7 Matthew is furious about been tricked out of his moncy

S On the bank's securny video, the man was wavmg a g n around

9 The picture isn't in the shop ",mdow now It might have sold

10 People shouldn't smoke because, , , , , , IS known that smoking causes cancer

II James had forgotten his electric ralOr, so he couldn't, , , , , shaved

12 How many times you get hurgled at your last house?

Put in the correct active or passive form of the verbs

The last train ( ) , ,<; t oPP.<70 (SLOp) at Wellbllry Station twenty years ago, and smce then the coulllry branch l in e { ~ ) ~1~ ~ t;e ; ~ ,.! I~f t (leave) to fall into disuse, BUI five years ago the old station buildings (1) (sell) to a young couple, Alan and Sarah

Pickford Immediately the Pickford" ( 2) (apply) 10 the local Council and(3) (promise) a sLIm of money to help them wIth their

plans (5) (have to/approve) After that the way was clear The

by local builders, They themselves also (7) , (create) a beautiful

garden around it They certainly had lots (8) (do) The task

condition, but Loliay the old station ( 10 ) greatly , , , , (admire), and If (II) (say/be) the best of its kind in the country

Many authentic raIlway details (12) , (preserve), and an old railway carriage ( 13 ) , , , , (now/use) as a greenhouse The station house

(14) , , , (can/visit) by the puhlic on weekend afternoons ,md holidays, but visitors (15) (ask/not/come) at other times

1 G The paS::'lve 9]

178 The passive ~ Finder 86-96

Someone will weigh our suitcases

We got someone to remove the ruhbish

2 A new bus shelter has been put up

,

4 I always hij\'c [0 prepare meals

6 They're going to publish the story

7 Do we have 10 print out the document?

8 An Oscar was awarded to the actrells

For each sentence tick one or two of the boxes Choose only those words which describe

the to-infinitive

We decided not 10 take

part

I'd like to have seen the

show

2 You're supposed to

have been practising

3 I hate to be stared at

4 It's time to be going

· 180 Infinitive clauses

Put the words in the right order to form an infinitive clause

Finder 99A

Match the two halves of each sentence Then write the sentences beginning with it and

To keep the Jewels in a bank