Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 69 ppsx

is ••• uh, inctudad in dictionaries but, uh, collo-quial language is marked, and usually it's a colloquial idiom.. So these patterns of colloquial language are understood and used and ac

506 ANSWE R S AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIES , OUIZZES , AND MODEL TESTS

5 Two types 01 weathering win break down rock masses Inlo smaller partiCles,

Interaction between sur/ace ()(

ground water and chemicals

causes chemical weathering

Mechanical wealhering occurs

when 100:& and pressure grind

With Increased preclpilalion or lemperature

chemicals lend 10 break down las!er

The weathering 01 feldspar In granite can be caused by a 'eaclicn to acids In rain

A common example Is the wearing away 01 granite lacades on buildings

Pressure from freezing and thawing causes rocks

to expand and contract When a rock Is broken in two by physicalloroos, it

Is more vulnerable to wealhafing

1 There are two IY:Pil!I 01 mixturas- hetefOgElnaous and homogeneous Classification

2 As a fASul!, the litmus paper turns blue when the sotutiOn Is a base, Cause and Effecl

3 In contrast a coontercullure exhibHs behavior that Is contrary to the domlnan! culture, Contrast

4 The first ~ 01 sleep produces alpha wa es Sequence

5 The main IXOOftrljes 01 SOil include color, texture and structure Description and Exampl6

6 Community sefVice sh0Ud be a requirement lor graduation from the College of Education, Persua· Sion and Eva luation

7 EO( ex.amDie the Na ajo create sacred Images in colored sand in order to restore the Spiritual and physical health 01 the sick Description and ElCBmple

8 The maximum amount of water that alr can hold al a given temperah;re and pressure is known as saturation Definition

9 Whereas an objective is specific and measurable, a goal is broader and is usuaJly nol time specifiC

ComparisOfl and Contrast

10 Dutch explorers In the earty SftVftnteeoth century called the wasl coast of Australia "New Holland," a name that was used to describe the continent untit the beginning 01 the nlnAleenlh century

S6q""",,,

n Activity 7 CD 2, Track 6 Uslen to the beginning 01 a lecture in a linguistics class

Good morning Well we haVtl a lot to do today so leI's get going II you're caught up with your yollr reacflO9 assignments, you've already read lhe article on the !hree types ot language, but belore we go on with !he discussion, I, uh, want 10 take a faw miouIes to compare them Okay, standard language lirst Thai's language that's comprehended, used, and oonsidered, uh, acceptable by most speakers, 1 mean, native speakers So definitions 0/ WOI"OS end phrases In standard language • they're !ound In the

dicti0-nary They can be used in both lormal and Intormal, uh situatioos , settings, And !hIs Is

Importanl-standard language Is appropriale In both speech and writing I'd say that all 011hase characteristics

c0m-bine to make slandard language, well let's just say !hat iI's !he permanent core ot alangllage,

That brings us to colloquial tanguage which Is is ••• uh, inctudad in dictionaries but, uh,

collo-quial language is marked, and usually it's a colloquial idiom So these patterns of colloquial language are understood and used and acc&pled In informal exchanges and in well people usa them in Intormal slluatlon.s butlhey're not really considered approplale In formal settings Did I say thaI colloquial

lan-)pynqhlOO maier II

ANSWERS ANO AUOIO SCRIP T S FOR PRACTICE ACTIVITIES IN CHAPTER 3 507

9lJl198 is more prevllleniin S4lB B :::tIlhan In writing? Thai's important and the kay point in the article was that colloquial language becomes so much a part of the culture that al some poinl, it often uh evolves into standard Language SO you can compare an e!ll1ier dicti008ry with a recent dietionary and that will you can $00 how some phrases thai are mar1o:ed as colloquial language lose that desig·

nation in Later editions of the same dictionary

Okay, so you can see that colloquial idioms last a long time, eilher uh urn re maining popular in

colloquial speech Of, as I sakl, it can evolve into siandard language and become a permanent part of the language But that's ve!}, 4ilferent from slang expressions because •.• and this is the key point •• slang

is usually a temporary phenomenon It's used by some speal<ers Of groups In inlonnal situatiOns and

they're much more common In speech Itlan they are in writing Sometimes they're included In a dicti0-nary but, uh, they're always clearty rnar1ted as slang, and when you check Later editions of lhe dictionafy, quite often, the • the slang lIXpfessioo is no longer included because it's out 01 style

Now,lel's oonsider the three types of language together and uh •.• I want you to think of them on a oontinuum from most to least formal So if we do that, colloquial Language woukl have to go between standard and slang So the slang is often relegated to a temporary fad, and staOOard language oontalns the stable elements 01 the language and colloquial language has the potenlialto become a permanent part of a language, bul •.• it might not

Ilhink it's Interes1ing that most nalive speakers will use allthr" IypIitS 01 language and theyll use

That sakl, let's get out the article for today's discussion and

Not"

Standard u sage

'Permanent core

Colloquial Language

'Often evolves into standard

Slang exprassions

'Ternpomry phenomenon

definitions of words • ptvases found in dictionary 'used IonnaI + inlom'lal Situations

appropriate speech + writing

Inctuded in dlctionafy marked as colloquial idioms

more common In spsech sometimes in dictionary marked as slang used by some speallars In informal silualions ffIOIlI oommon In speech

(J Activity 8, CO 2, TrIICk 7 Uslan 10 the beginnIng of a lecture a sociology class es you read

the transcript The prolessor is discussing status and roles

Status refers 10, uh, a position in sociely or or in a group Bullhere are really two typeS 01 Stalus-ascribed status and achieved status Okay , In ascribed status the status is automa tic 50 you don' have

because 01 race Of sex Not muc:h you can do about !tIal On the other hand, achieved stalUS requires some effort, and there's a choice involved FOf Instance, a marriage partner , or the type 01 education, or,

for that matter, uh, the length of time In school WeD, these are choices, un, achievements and so they

comb!-nalion 01 all statuses that an Individual has Me, Iorexample I'm a prolessor, but I'm also a husband and

a lather, and, uh, 00, a son, since my mother is still living

ngh a r

ANSWERS AND UDIO SCRIPTS FOR PRACTICE ACTIVITIES IN CHAP TER 3 509

n Activity 9, CD 2, Tr.ck 8 Listen to some sentences from college lectures Take notes as quickly as you can

1 The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S Constitution gave women lhe righllO VOle, beginning with the elections of 1920

19 women YOIe" 920

2 In a suspension bridge, thMe BrB two tOW8fS with one or more Ile~ible cables IIrmly attached at each

suspension, 2 lowers wnlB~ cables @ ends

3 A perennial is any plMt that cootinues 10 grow for more than two years, as lor e)(8mple, trees and shrubs

perennial plant 2 yrs e~ trees shrubs

4 Famous lor Innovations In punctuation typography, and language Edward Estlln Cummings,

known to us as e.e cummings published his collected IXlBms in 1954

ee cummings -+ innovations punclualion, typo,language 1954lXlBms

5 Absolute zero, the temperature at which all substances have zero thermal energy, and thus the low-est possible temperatures, Is unaltalnatlle In practice

atlsolute zero '" temp all substances 0 thermal energy -+ lowest temps

6 Because Columbus, OhIo, Is considered a typical metropolitan area, it Is otten used for market

research to test new products

CoJumbus, 0 • typical metro -+ market research new products

7 The cacao bean was cultivated by the A%tecs not only to drink but also es currency in their society cocao bean f A%tecs '" currercy

8 The blue whale is the lafgesl known animal reaching a length of more than one hUndred leet, whlelt

is live times its size al birth

blue whale '" largest anlmal!OO' '" 5)( birth size

9 Ontario Is the heartland of Canada both geographically, and, I would say, hlstOtical1y as well

Ontario heartland Canada geograph + hist

10 Nuclear particles called hadrons, which inclucte the proton and neutron, are made from

quarl(s-very odd particles that have a slight electrical charge but that cannot exist alone in nalure

nuclear panicles", hadrons = proton • neutron t -qualt!;s = panicles slight electric charge/! nature

( ) Actlvlty 10, CD 2, Track 9 Uslen to some sentences from college lectures Take notes by

drawing diagrams

N

t A fiJamenrls the stalk 01 stamen

filament stalk (stamen

2 There are three factors that determine whether a credit applicant Is a good risk-character,

capac-ity, and capital

Credit risk

-character capacity capital

51 2 ANSWERS AN D AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIE S QUIZZES ANO MODEL TESTS

dilated

9 Theories ot prehistory and earty humans 81e constantly changing as we lake jnw arroyn! the new

evidence fom archeological finds

to Dreams may have been the Inspiration lor the Surrealists to CO!T!fI up wjth their WOfks 01 art

PRA&T1t:E AcT1V1TY 13

, The temperature In many desert regions Is 001 bot at night

3 Obsidian is 001 dull because ~ cools too quickly for aystals to form

4 Not manY musical Instruments play louder than 100 decibels or softer than 20 decibels

5 The people who have adapted to I~e at very high altitudes are usually OQIlalL

NOUNS

I In many citieS OOQp!e whq are I rying I Q Sftlilhejr !Xl!"V!s must have a license to sat up their booths in publiC areas

2 Studies show that small animals lhal Ijva 1od0Q!'$ ate a positlva Innuence In elderty people's lives

3 Staircases were an important feature 01 the palaMS where the arislQCracv lived constructed during the Baroque period

4 Global wind patterns are afteded by Ihe way thaI !he Eaah turns

5 Educaljon Iha! includes!wQ !a~uages is more common in regions where language minortties live

1 Unlike cast Iron, pure wrought iron !las no carbon

2 HypnoSis causes a heightened state 01 suggestibility In a willing participant

I The firsl primilive mammals appeared In the Triassic Period

2 Belore the lale Middle Ages glass was not a major construction material

3 Hydrogen was used as a power source for dirigibles before helium whiCh was safer

coasl 01 New Zealand

5 Store your test tubes and pipettes in the lab cabinets after you rinse them with a small amount 01

distilled water

COORDINATION

1 NOI only genes but also vif\lses are made of essential chemiCals called nucleoproteios

eilher

ANSweRS ANO AUD I O SCRIPTS fOR PRACTICE A.CT1VmeS IN CHAPTER 3 513

3 T echnlcaRy, both glass and water are considered minerals

4 Com and winter wheat are not native to the Americas

5 Elhnlcity Is usually based on race, religion, and national Origin

CAUSE

1 According to psychologists, workers lnaease productivity because 01 incentives

2 Anthropologists lXlfICIude thai flakes were used as tools 101' cutt i ng and scraping since many of

them have been found In excavations 01 Slone Age settlements

3 Plants can tum brown on the edges because 01 too much water

4 lnaeaslng the consumption a/ salt can cause higher blood pressure

5 Most 01 the roads In the interstate highway system linking roads across the country need to be repaired because they Wflfe bu i ~ in the 1930$

COMPARISON

1 Viruses have a struclure that Is ~ ke that of the first life forms that appeared on Earth thousands a/

'·' '' '' ' 90

2 The oxygen concentration in the blood is Iowet than that in the lungs

3 The Atlantic Ocean Is larger but it Is not deeper than the Indian Ocean

4 Picasso's WOtI!s during various artistic periods diller quile a Iollrom each oIhef

5 The waighl of one object cannot be the same as that of another because the gravitallonal attraction dillers from place to place on the surface 01 the Earth

CONCESSlON

1 Even though Insulin levels are close to 01' above normal in type 2 diabetes target cells cannot

respond adequately

2 The Idea 01 an engliSh language academy Is regularty proposed, but the response nas never been

very positive

3 The Jovian planets are grouped logelher: nowever, each one has had a vet'( dilleranl evolutionary

4 Even though young people enjoy an advantage for recal in vocabulary studies, otdef people appear

to be better al word rea;,gnffion

5 Although interviews are the most common strategy lor assessing job applicants they lend to have low validity

NEGATIVE

1 The geyser known as Old failhftJl has never failed to erupt on time

2 0rWy standard dialects are used as educational models In schools

3 There has never been such wide aocess to news trom so many media

4 The construction 01 a city on the ruins 01 a previous settlement Is common

5 The firS! primitive mammals did not develop untillhe Triassic Period

PASSlVE

I "is interesting that fewer mental health dlsordefs are ekp8nenced by people over the age 01 65

2 In the stringed Instruments, !he tones are produced by a bow when it is played actOSS a set 01

$irings mM of wire or !l ,

3 Gasas in the ionosphere are partly ionized by high-treqU8f1CY radiation from the Sun and oIhef

sources

4 A domed roof can be used try architects to conse noor space

5 Papyrus was used by the Egyptians to make paper sails, baskets, and clothing

51 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVmeS, OUIl2ES, AND MOOEL TESTS

"""""" Acrrmr 15

1 0 An aoimal learns how to get lood by hitting a bar

2 A Poe Is remembered more lor a poem than lor his ahort stories

3 C Everything in the universe was reduced to pure energy in one alom

4 C During lhe winter, the bear's temperature Is normal and its respiration Is regular, but it cIoes not

requirelood

5 B The board wid assume conltol only if they lose confidence in the CEO

6 A Fluctuations in the alr pressure are a result 01 changes in temperature

7 C Metabolism and ex8fCise are ways to stabilize consumption and prodoction 01 energy lor a healthy weight

8 D The child's Interest in playing with language Is encouraged by the nursery rhyme

9 B It does not matter where employees work allhelr computers

10 A The Firbolgs arrived in Ireland Irom the Mediterranean alter the Scottish people had already

settled there

1 Problem:

Edited

Paraphrase:

The paraphlase Is too much like the origil'l8l Only the subject end complement have been reversed In this ahemallve grammatical structure

Molecules that function as regulators In the transmission 01 substances across cell walls are known as proteins

Why is this beltar? Because synonyms have been substituted lor an the nontechnical vocabulaly and the subject and complemenl are reversed In an a/lemallve grammatical structure

2 Problem:

Edited

Paraphrase:

The paraphrase is no! complete Inlormation abouIthe lactory system and the eot-ton industry are no! Included

The lactory system spread across a large number 01 enterprises in addition to eol-ton manufacturing as a result of the introduction 01 steam engines

Why Is this better? Because the relationship between cause and effect has been retained using dU-ferent vocabulary and grammar

3 Problem:

Edited

Paraphrase:

The paraphrase is not correct The meaning has been changed

Small enterprises are trequently using bIoggers to compete effectively with large buSinesses that are still employing more conventional marketing strategies as weU

as some 01 the more recen1 options

Why is this better? Because lhe meaning 01 the ofigll'l8l sentence has been retained

4 Problem:

Edited

Paraphrase:

The paraphrase is 100 much like the original Too many words and phrases are the same , and the grammatical structure Is 100 Similar

Although fossilized bones may look like stone, minerals from sedimentary material fililhe spaceS

Why Is this bener? Because synonyms have boon substituted lor althe nontechnical YOCabulary and the subject and complement are raversed In an ahemallve grammatical structure

,opynqhtoo ma I

5, Problem;

Ediled

Paraphrase;

The paraptvase is Incomplete The dales are important here

About 3500 B.C., two thousand years alter wrltten symbols were Introduced In

1500 B.C., the lrs! pictographic writing system appaated simultaneously In various

regions 0/ the known WOf1d Why Is this better? BecalJS8 the chronology Is not clear without a time frame The date solves this

Edited

Paraphrase: In all like~hood , the Earth's ClJrrent atmosphere was preceded by three earlier

Why Is this better? Because copying d irectly lrom a source Is the worst klnd of plagiarism Even

when you are in a hurry be sure that you are not COfl'VWlg

Edited

Paraphrase: Alcohol depresses the central nervous system, but coHee lnaeases neural

trans-miSSion Why is thIs better? Because details are necessary lor a paraphrase to be specifie general stat

8 Problem: This paraphrase changes the meaning 01 the original statement

Edited

Paraphrase: Australia and the islands of Oceania comprise the Pacific Basin, an area !hal

Why is this better? BecalJS8 this paraphrase retains the original meaning The area is one third of

the surface of the Earth, not one third 01 the Pacific Ocean

9 Problem: The paraptvase is Incomplete It does not Identity the process as fresco painting

Edited

Paraphrase: The lime in wei plaster bonds with the colors on tne surface when the paints are

mixed lor frescos Why is thi s better'? Because the process described in the paraphrase is identified as fresoo painmg

10 Problem:

Edited

The paraphrase Is too much lke the origIl'\8l Too many words and phrases are repeated

Paraphrase: The Unl'\8ean chart used 10 classify aI biological species was Initially created 10

categorize each specimen In conformity with Its resemblance to oIher organisms Why Is this better? Because the edited paraphrase retains the meaning 01 the ortgll'\8l but the words and phrases arB different, and the grammatical structure is changed

I'IArnt:E At:rmrr 11

1 According to the professor " stock Is equity In B company, and, therefore, it represents owner · ship."