Has anyone here heard cof the Erie Canal or know where itis located?. hy when To address your first question; the Erie Canal play.. They'e ‘essential for-conducting -business=-You might
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‘small insects with soft off-white bodies They live in colonies, either in old, damp trees or-mounded earth,
‘with different white ants performing different duties
‘The king.snd queen white ants ere solely responsible
for reproduction while soldier ants protect the nest
‘Swarmer white ants, otherwise known 9s alates, are future king.and queen white ants of other colonies, as
they are bom with reproductive, organs And finally, the worker white ants are responsible for a number of tasks within the colony, such as buliding and maintaining the
‘est, finding food, feeding and grooming, and caring for
the young
“The other day.1 gave.a lecture conceming the history
Cf theater architecture initially, we identified ancient
Greece as the origin of drama and then went on to
discuss the architecture of Greek amphitheaters We listed the qualities of amphitheater desion, for example, that an amphitheater is round in shape and open-sied
‘There was a round platform for the orchestra, and the audience was seated on high wooden stands: that
were built into the hillside The seating arrangement allowed for better sound and sight quality during the Performance We then skipped ahead in ime and:saw that theater architecture had evolved The modern theater we used as an example was Shakespeare's Globe Theater in London, England The Globe Theater
was octagonal in shape with wooden seating three
‘stores high and pit in the mil, infront of the stage,
‘which was for standing room ony On stage, there were various trapdoors and riggings to aid with props and
‘special eflects during the performance
\W1: Hello, Professor Adams, | was wondering If you
‘could help me for a minute
\W2: Certainly, Heather Conte on'in What Gan help you wit?
Wt: Well, awe chosen to-wite about Shekespeare's Play A Midsummer Night's Dream forthe iterature project you assigned, but jem having @ ite trouble finding souroes for my essay
We: AhLA Midsummer Night's Dream, my favorite
‘Shakespeare comedy | am glad you have, chosen that play Before we talk about sources, why don't
‘you tell me what aspect of the drama you are goino
4© wlle about? That may help us in our search for
‘source material
'WJ: Wel, | especially ike A Midsummer Night's Drea
as it is'a wedding play Í eleo ke many of the characters in the play, especially the weaver Bottom, and how he convinces:his friends to out
‘on their own play in the enchanted woods | uess
| just don't know how to combine these elements into one idea
\W2: One idea would be not only to read the play, 2s you
‘have done, but also to.4ook at it through anther
‘medium | suggest you-go.to.988.2.production ot the play and also see jt:on fm There was a flim version of A Midsummer's: Night Dream done in
1989 bự the director-Michael Hotiman | wouls
‘suggest you familierize yourself with both the
‘written and visual material ofthe play before you
‘begin Now, after you have:done that you can decide how you wish to narrow your focus You
‘mentioned the:aspect of mariage in the play
‘Wis Yes, | was thinking that maybe | could talk about the treatment of women during those times
in relationship to the marriages in the play, 25
‘marriages were decided by the father, and if the daughter did got obey and marry her father's choice of husband, then she could be put to deatn .er Sent to a nunnery under Athenian Law
W2: That sounds like an excellent avenue to follow in terms of an-essay One book that, | would highiy recommend is called A Midsummer Night's
‘Dream Manual/Study Guide This book is {ui\ of information, not only about the play but aiso about
‘Shakespeare It has a timeline and many cross references What it also contains, which would be
‘of considerable help to yau, is @ bibliography, which
"với ist even more sources regarding the play
Wt: That sounds lke the perfect reference book for my oxsay!
'W2: Another thing ! would suagest is to look online
‘and:in the-encyclopedia,,even, regarding the issue of marriage and.the treatment of women
‘during Elizabethan times, This way you will have
Trang 2‘some factual information about marriage tradition
to compare-to'the themes of marriage and the {treatment of women in the play
Wi: Thank you'so much, Piofessor Adams! Now I not
‘only ‘have the play to take information from, but | also have a fim to watch, @ new book to order, and
‘ideas On howto look up more information online andiin'the encyolopedia
\W2: You aựe very weloome, Heather And geod tuck on your essay Hook forward to reading it!
W: Now, class, wehave been discussing the Great Lakes in:North America,-and'no lecture on this subject would be-complete without mentioning the Erie Canal Has anyone here heard cof the Erie Canal
or know where itis located?
Mi The Erie: Canalis @-system of waterways; correct?
as a film ‘Running through New York State?
one in \W: Veg; thats: comrect There are:four main waterways:
| would that run throughy New York State ~ the Erie, the
both the ‘Champlain, the Oswego, and the Cayuga-Seneca ~
slore you which are connected by a five-hundred-and-twenty-
, you can four-mile system of canals What is most important
loous You ‘about the Erie Canal, however, is that it allows boats
lay, 10 pass from the Hudson iverinto Lake Ere, one of
talk about the five Great Lakes
se times |: When was the canal but and why?
be play, as Ws Well, let's take your second question first Can
and if the ‘anyone tell me why it would be advantageous to
father’s hhave the Hudson River connect ta the: Graat Lakes?
£ to destn © Well, it would be important for shipping because
‘the Hudson River empties into the Attantic Ocean,
0 follow in ‘90 It would mean that imports and exports oould be
ld ighly ‘transported through the waterways all the way from
r Night's the East Coast of America to the Midwest
kis full of '/: Exeslient That is one of the main reasons that
also about ‘the canal was’bullt Another reason was that
ny Gf085- it was another method of transportation for
would-be the migration of American settlers westward
hy when To address your first question; the Erie Canal
play was:proposed-by the governor of New York;
for my Dewitt Clinton, around 1818 The idea: was
dismissed at first and dubbed *Clinton’s look online Foly” because the project seemed impossible What
arding the Clinton was proposing was to:build a canal that
of women would cut through three hundred and sixty-three
wil awe miles of wilderness When finished some seven
years tater in 1825, the Erie Canal had eighteen
‘aqueduct and eighty-three locks
‘Mi What exactly is a lock?
W:A lock is a pleve of engineofig In @ canal system that allows for a boat to go either uphil or downhill
‘This is why there are-s0 many locks in the Erie Canal
‘sysetn ~ eghty-three — because Lake Erie as five
hundred and shty-eight fest higher in elevation than the Hudieon River
'M: Fe hundred and siaty-elght fest higher! You mean 2 Big shÍp can go that far phlf or downhif?
'W: There are some length and height restrietione A vessel up to three hundred feet long and forty feet wide can pass through the canal system; however, there are bridge clearance restrictions of ffteen and
‘a half te twenty fest in height: Still this allows for
{just about any boat or barge to 90 through the Erie -Canal
_ÌM: lẽ the system sữữl used for imports and exports?
W: Well, transportation hạs come « long way in the last one hundredt and ify-some year, We can naw
‘transport goods by truck or plane, even by railroad
The Erie Canal is now mainly used for pleasure
‘and recreation It is a tourist hotspot, with many
‘eat sites along the way, There are quaint inns and
‘waterway restaurants along the way as well as canal museums and beautiful scenery to take In as you
‘travel through the canal system
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MỸ: Pardeep, how is your design going? May Lee it?
M2: Oh, su Here you are
photographs for? | just want to see the business
‘card you designed Thet's what this assignment is all about
to.do something more elaborate | want to.design a
‘cover page fora car magazine So that's why I 1 have all these photos of classic car | love old cars and | think they'd make @ very nice cover page
‘But im just not sure which ones to choose
‘Mic Pardeep, | think you misunderstood what this assignment is all about And it looks like you're iready doing too much work, All you have to dots design a simple, basic business.card
‘M2: Yes, | know, but | decided to do something different and more beneficial even if that means doing extra
1M: Well, save that for another assignment You'll get plenty of opportunity later on-to-cheose your own project You're getting too tar ahead of yoursett
(Mo: Maybe, but anyone can make.a business.card, anc they all look the-same.-Also,-a business card isn't much of a marketing tool
Mi:Oh, | disagree with you They're very valuabie marketing tools and ub, business people need them for networking anc:establishing contacts You
‘might have @.customer that insists.on a speciic
‘design, and it would be-emibarrassing if you couldn't
‘design @ card, according to:the purchaser's requirements Business cards are very besic, but
‘they're also very important, so that's why we're doing this for our first assignment
Mã: Oh, t-didn’t think about that had: the impression business cards warenot too important
Mi: You're not ooking atthe whole picture Business cards are not just there for marketing They'e
‘essential for-conducting -business=-You might be busy during a meeting or:conterence, perhaps simultaneously talking to several people, many of whom:are potential-customers, and you'll want
‘to-maintain contact with them.-There might not
‘be enough time to exchange:names and phone
‘numbers, but if you have'some business cards,
‘you'lhat feast be able to maintain your contacts
‘andi:develop further business relationships Aico business cards need a variety of designs so that when people collect several cards, yours will be
‘easy to:identiy So that's why it's important for you to-develop a unique design
‘M2: Okay, I didn’t think about that So after we design
a business card, may I wark ona magazine cover?
(Mt: No, not yet Our second assignment willbe another business card assignment For now, | just want you'to keep things: simple and think of ways to design basic business cards But next month, |
‘give everyone an opportunity to design their own product, and, of course, for your final project, you can do whatever you want
M2: Okay So you just want us to design a basic
‘business card ls that MI: Yes, and.-next time, we'll do a more elaborate design
M2: Okay, no
wa
wa
w
w
Wi
w
a
Trang 4WI: Hi I'm just checking to see if my schedule and
‘course outlines are available, We: Your name, please?
W1: Yes, t'm Nanoy
'9/2: Oh Nancy, | have a package for you This package has everything you'll need: your schedule, your Psychology syllabus, a campus map, a coupon
‘book, your name tag for the orientation program, your orientation itinerary, and
W1: Oh, Lwon't be here forthe orientation,
\W2: Sure, you wil, Orientation day is the most enjoyable
‘day on campus, You'll mest a lot of people, get a tour of the facilities, meet some of your professors,
‘and receive valuable information about le here
at the university By the way, there's a variety
f festivities the free dinner, followed by the Orientation night party
WI: Tknow But | won't be going
W2: Why not? You don't have to worry about the costs
They're already included in your student activity leo
'M1: Yes, but the orientation festivities are during the final week of summer vacation | worked all
‘Summer, 80 orientation week is my only chance
to go on vacation I've already paid for my airline ticket I'm going to Quebec City and Niagara Falls
(2: Aw that's too bad The program has a lt to offer
{t's great that you get to go to Canada, but I’m Worried thet perhaps you'll have seme difficulty adjusting to life on campus,
1: Wel, think I be okay My older brother graduated from this university, so I'm already famifiar with the campus here Uh when | return from my trip,
‘my brother can show me around if necessary And
‘another thing I'm a transfer student ve already
‘completed two years of university, so | don't need the orientation as much as the freshmen do
Well, you should take this package just in case |
‘think some of will be of use, W092 Ths,
'2:1 really hope you have @ good trip envy you ve
‘Never been to Canada Anyway, since you won't
‘be attending orientation, is there anything | can do
toryou?
Could you find out what textbooks (ll need and who my professors are?
‘We: Okay try to gather whatever information | can
When are you feaving for your vacation? 2 W1: Two weeks from today
2: Okay Maybe | can even arrange for you to meet some of your professors betore you leave for Canada
WI: Thai would be great, W2: Also, you'll have to get a brary card That's usualy done on orientation day If you'd tke, Il arange for you fo come and get your photo before you leave,
‘and then you won't have to do it when you return ftom Canada,
W1: Okay, | think be back here next week So I'l talk toyouthen
W2: Sure, you have a nice day
Wi: Thanks You, too!
W: Hi Can can I come in?
M: Most certainly! Come on in | wasn't expecting
‘anyone this early Just a minute, and 1'| clear my Sofa so you can sit down Okay, there we are
M: Now forgive me | recognize your face, and | know you're in my Psych 420 class, but | don't remember your name,
W:m Michele
IM: Yes! I'm sony, Michail 1; Ite no problem, 1M: So, how are your classes going?
\W: Everything is fine, | Just thought let you know that {"m looking for a job in France
M: France! That's wonderfull | spent two years there when | was in high school
WE Yos, you've sald that a few times in class, so that's
\why 1 arn mentioning i to you
.M: Can you speak French?
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3V: Oh, yeah tn fact, Ie already been to France foved {kell ove with every efement of French society
‘Mz What kind of job are you looking fr?
We Wet, Fm mostly interested in working at a bank
McA bank Wow! Are you sure you want 10 do that?
Banking is a very complicated business, especialy in Europe The last time | was there, meta few people
all Have you studied banking?
\Wé Ys In fact, psychology isnot my major My major is
‘commerce Prior to this semester, hoán taken any banking courses, but right now I'm taking a course
In European banking
‘Ms Well, that’s good Y'm sorry, but | don't really know anyone in the Industry Hf id, fd hook you up with them Mostof the people | know in Europe are inthe social sciences
tved In France Well, not really | was in Paris for six weeks, but | stayed in a dormitory I'm.thinking of
‘maybe moving there and then looking for @ job Do
yous have any suggestions as to where} could stay?
‘And rn also wondering if you have any advice on
Wall, those ere very good questions But,
five years When I lived there, | was stil teen and didn't have to worry about finding a place Oh,
hold onl | have an idea Ihave a friend: | actually met him when | lived there, and his major was the same
‘a8 yours, and now he's @ businessman He stit has amily living in France, and he spends most of his time there His daughter is your age, and she's living there He also does a lot of business there."Ithink he
‘would be glad to help you out And I'm sure if you talk to him, he can give you some good ideas and
hook you up with some people Maybe you can meet his daughter
‘Oh, sure that would be great
Here's his business card His name is Frank
Thanks
But you don't have to call him, 1 tak to him, and then the piext time we meet, Pi let you know the best way for you to contact him,
Ws Shay Pl tall bo you abut it net wale
M:Exeuee me, Miss Ì can't let you in This isa high security building, and nobody is allowed in without can ID card,
|W: know, but Jost my purse, and | have no idea where tie My {D card was in.my purse,
Mc Ym sony, There's nothing can do about
YW But I traveled a long way to get here, and | really need to.go in
‘Mo fm sorry, | can't let:you in without your iD card
W:1 know | know, but {lost my purse, and my ID card was in my purse, and !traveled a tong way to 9!
here: Look! | really need to retrieve:an important fle Inside the building, and'tm in-a big hurry This is very urgent Ihave to attend real important meeting M: Sormy | just can’t let you'in
\W: Look! Don’t you recognize me? I've already been in here many times
Mi: Yes, but | have strict orders not to let anybody in without proper identification!
W: Please!
M: Sorry leant do that
\W: Well, what Is proper identification?
\M: ttyou don't have your ID, you at least need to show
me your driver's license Then | could let you go Into the main foyer and arrange for you to make ø
‘temporary 1D card until ou get a new one,
We Oh, come on! | can't do that! My ID card is in my stupid purse, and | have no idea where itis Maybe
‘someone stole it
‘Me Wel, then, get your passport!
W.tcon't M: Why not?
|W: Because my passport is in the dormitory!
(Mi: Welt, then just go to the-dormitory, and get your passport!
Wt can’t can't get into the dormitory without my ID card
M: Then 1 can't help you
\W.: Oh, please don’t say that! You have to help met AM: There's nothing | can do | know you I've seen you here many times, but I'm simply not allowed to let
‘you In without proper identification
W: Okay, wait! | have-an idea | just remembered
something Can | just give you my ID number?
M: Him dont know
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Is a high
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W: Look! My- fiend willbe picking me up in a minute, How about you jet her in with her {D card and let
‘me go in with her (| ghve you my IO number Is that
‘okay?
Mi Where's your frend | don’t see her?
W: She's going to pick me up She'll be-here ina minuto,
Mi Okay Un, if she has proper identification, ri let you
do that
1W: Oh, thankcyoul 1 realy appreciate this
Ms All ight Un, what 'm displaying now, uh, on the screen is, uh, 89 you can see, yet ancther poem
Please follow along as | read it to you:
‘My heart leaps up when | behold
A rainbow inthe sy:
‘So was it when my ite began;
‘Soi it now [am @ man;
‘So be it when 1 shall grow old:
Orlet me diet
A chilis father ofthe Man!
1 could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety
1/1: Wow! That's beautitul poem, W2: Wondertut
(is Whats it about?
'I:Ifs about rainbows how much he loves
rainbows and how his love for rainbows and nature transcends time
Mi Okay Now tell me who wrote it?
1/2: Wel, it doesn’t sound tke Oryden or Pope, i; Realy?
‘2: Yes, the first three poems we discussed were
satires, but his one is something different ts more about feelings and nature I's more emotional Good observation That's because it was written
by Wiliam Wordsworth Prior to Wordsworth, the
‘major poets were busy writing, ub, satirical verses, But this poem is different than the other ones we
ust looked at because by the time Wordsworth came along at the end of the 18th century, postry in-England had entered a new phase and, uh,
‘Rew genre: romanticism
Wt: But what exactly lø romanticism?
M: It Was @ back-to-nature movement Posts such
‘88 Wordsworth described nature as a healing anc
‘spiritual force and they wrote very vividly ebout
it Their themes included walking slong tha saa, rowing across a lake, ascending a mountain, and admiring a rainbow
W2: What's the name of that poem?
Mz Should | tel you, oF can you quess?
we: Beautitul rainbows?
M: Not quite But you're close! it's merely called Rainbow
We: Oh, very simple,
‘Mi ‘The romanticists typically wrote about the joy they derived from nature and its besuty A perfect
‘example is Rainbow
ke
‘And why is that?
Wt: Because | love nature And a rainbow is one of
‘those things that everyone admires and gets
‘excited about i's pure t's a symbol of sunshine
‘and hope And Wordsworth's attitude seems down
to Earth Did he write many poems?
Mc Sure in fact, | encourage you to read some You
‘should read On the Banks of a Rocky Stream and
To the Cuckoo, and in a moment, we'll ook at To &
Buttery Al ot these poems typify the genre They Stress emotion, aesthetic experience, and the awe
‘of nature, Prior to the romanticists, the emphasis
‘was more on truth and feason, The romanticists became tired of that So they uh, they-diamiased 'eason and embraced beauty, describing how
it made them fesi mora peaceful, Wordeworth
‘himself lived in @lake-area whore he epent most of
‘his adulthood enjoying nature His love for nature:
‘undoubtedly influenced his writing style
@
21
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‘You probably teamed in middie schoo! that the Nile River is the-tongest river in-the world and:it's the oracle
of civilization But, more impressive; is the Amazon River, the second longest river‘in-the world As you know, | have spent a lot of:time working along both of these rivers, doing research, fiming, ahd sometimes just relaxing I you ever get a chance to visit one of these rivers, go for it However, if you have to choose between Visiting the Amazon or visting the Nil, then you should definitely Vist the Amazon in my-opinion, W's way more interesting than the Nile! in fact, it's the most interesting place I've been to, and I've been everywhere, including all seven continents in my opinion, i's more interesting than regular tourist destinations such as the Swiss Alps
‘and the Himalayas
‘The main reason why | think i's 80 interesting is that the Amazon delta is the iargest tropical rain forest in the world And where there's rain forest, thers’ iif, Plenty
Of itt The Nile flows mostly through dry desert, where there's litle widife or plant life Meanwhile, there's more life in the Amazon than in any other place in the world
For example, there sre 500 species of mammals, one third of the world's bied population, hundreds of reptiles,
“175 diferent kinds of lizards, up to 300 million types
of insects, and immense vegetation The trees are so
‘dense that they form a canopy The basin contains the Earth's richest and most varied ecosystem It will startle
‘your senses your sight, your hearing, and your sense
of smi Let me briefly describe for you some of the impressive
‘creatures you'l!'sse on the video next week The frst is the jaguar, Its the largest and most powerful cat in the
‘western hemisphere, it measures up to six feet in length land weighs up to 350 pounds Their powerful jaws can Cchish @ turtle shell | heard three of them roar one night
as | was paddling in a stream @ few hundred meters away, The sound was electrifying, though chiling: As you! leam, they prefer to do thelr hunting at night, near the river and its streams In the river, there are giant otters over six feet long, twenty species of piranha, and 300-pound dolphins And not far away is the world's largest snake, the anaconda
‘Aa | alluded to a moment ago, the Amazon basin is
thick with vegetation, including very dense forest of
“ai! e9, By far the most amazing-thing in the basin is the tre8top world The canopy, as scientists call It, Is nine times bigger than Texas: and home to millions of undiscovered species it consists of trees, shrubs, vines,
‘and other plants and covers much of the forest 80%
Of the forest's food is found in the canopy Most of the,
2
plants and animals fve.on the trees’ branches Many of the trees aựe T80 feot tal, with canopies exceeding 60 fect The trees have narrow trurks and; therefore, can
‘be described as top-heavy Some scientists believe this canopy alone may contain haf of the world's species!
‘Among these species isthe harpy eagle, which has
2 six or sever-foot wingspan and is perhaps the most powerful bird in the world t's big enough to carry 2 full-grown monkey and then eat it There isthe Macay parrot, considered by many to be'the largest and most beaut of ts species The video wil itustrate what talking about
by M: I'm surprised by how fie my stucents know about native culture Aithough it's the oldest culture in
‘North America, most people know very itie about
k
WE Woll, Isn't that because the native culture thet
‘existed prior to 1900, the type you see in the
‘movies, has disappeared? Dict these people cive
up their oki ways and become totally assimilated into mainstream culture?
`: _ No, not at alt That's a popular misconception
W2: Well, Lonce visited a native community, and it looked the same as any other community, The housing, schools, and buildings were the same,
‘And the people were dressed the same, You te not ooking close enough
‘What do you mean?
‘They've retained alt of their old culture
WT: Well, they don’t have long hair, and they don't wear deerskins anymore They don’t use bows anc
‘arrows And they don't have powwows anymore IM: You're tilt corect and half wrong They don't use
‘bows and arrows, and they don’t wear deerskins,
‘but many of them sill have long hair, and they sti have pomwows,
They do?
Sure!
What exactly is a powwow?
‘A very good question, and [m glad you asked it
‘Take @ look at these photas Fm going to pass a few photos out You guys just pass them around
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‘These are photos from powwow Basically, a Powwow is a gathering of Native Americans or native Canadians, usually from the same tribe
‘Some of them are only for community leaders while others are for a variety of participants These photos are from one of the bigger powwows In many of the photos, you can see native people, having @ good time These are often major socializing events with singing and traditional dancing, and in one photo, you can see a man playing a drum Often the powwows have booths Where you.can buy food, supplies, arts, and crafts
‘Some of the foods indigenous
\W1: Do they stil do the rain dance like you've seen them in some Westerns?
M: "No, not a rain dance Sut there are many others,
‘such ao the round-dance, the craw hop, the gourd dance, the ow! dance, and the snake and butfaio
‘dance In the snake and buffalo dance, the dancers Imitate the motions of a snake and then later, the movements of a herd of buffalo Most of these dances, such as the horse stealing song, are played with drum music There are also various dance competitions where dancers are dressed (n traditional attire, similar to what you see in the Photos Most of these dances originate from the
‘Glory days of the plains indians in Canada ‘and the US., when people lived at one-with nature It also
‘oxpiaine the theme behind most of these songs
\W: How tong do they last?
Ms Powwows vary in duration, trom half'a day toa wook
\W: How big are these events?
MM: Again, the total varies, but i's possible that you
‘oul have up to a thousand people in attendance
Some of these are very formal events, organized by
‘committees a year in advance and have sponsors, Promoters, masters of ceremonies, arena directors, Judges and so on Have | answered your
‘question?
\Wa: Yes, thank you tn fact; want to learn more about
‘native food | dient know they had special food
MM: Oh; that's good And Ï'm happy you asked bout Powwows They're @ good example of how the native people stil retain alot oftheir culture, and in
‘act; t's a way of continuing their cuture
Until ebout 100 years ago, the American chestnut tree
‘was an important tree spread throughout the forests
Of the eastern United States and in aouthern Canada
t was @ majestic hardwood, belonging to the beech
‘and oak tree family Some of these trees reached up to
150 fect tall and were three meters in diameter They were a valuable source of timber Also, they were &
‘wonderful supply of nuts, which fell to the ground in the fall, providing plenty of food for deer, bears, and
‘other animats At one time, these trees numbered in the hundreds of mitions
But, by the 1940s, these trees were virally extinct!
‘This was the result of a disease that had accidentally
‘been imported to North America between 1900 and
1808 After that, it quickly spread through the forests, wiping out the American chestnut trees By the way, when people sell roasted chestnuts in the United States, those chestnuts are not from the U.S They're Imported,
Anyway, getting back to the disease itis called the
‘chestnut bight, a fungal disease that affects the bark of the chestnut trees Sometimes it's called chestnut bark isease Normally, the fungus will enter a wound in the tree and then get-under the bark and grow Gradually,
it goes around the trunk, branch, or twig and kills the
‘cambium Now, cambium is the tissue that divides the bark trom the wood It also forms those rings you're ll familiar with | mean the annual rings that go around the tree's wood, making It possible for you determine the age of the tree The fungal infection causes the tree trunk to split: Once the cambium is cut, the iree will die However, the tree's root system is quite resistant 1o the blight ‘Sprouts will develop at the base of the tree, and, therefore, several small American chestnut trees stil exist But they are only shoots from existing bases That's because before they can reproduce, the disease will eventually attack and infect the tree again
\ties, and then the process starts again Are there any questions?
‘No-questions? Okay then, it continue, Although the
‘American chestnut tree is all but extinct, i's not totaly
‘extinet Efforts are now being made not only to thwart its extinction but aiso to revive the tree One is 2 breeding Plan conducted by the American Chestnut Foundation
Iti known that Japanese trees and some Chinese trees
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‘are resistant tothe fungus Even when they're infected, thay rarely đe This is because they have two genes that re resistant to chestnut blight The foundation
made simple hybrids of susceptible American trees with
‘Asian trees, The results showed that the hyfrids carried
at least two genes resistant to chestnut blight Then they started back-orossing, where the partialy resistant hybrid trees were then crossed with the susceptible
‘American trees One fourth of the progeny inherited bath of the resistant genes and was therefore resistant
‘These.are then crossed with the American trees This
‘back-oroasing process wil be repeated over and over
‘so that the percentage of American genes:in the hybrids increases and insures passage of the resistance genes
Eventualy a final croas wil be made between a pair of trees carrying two resistant genes One out of sixteen
of these trees will have four resistance genes, making
them fully resistant to the blight fungus in short, the
‘oundation is breeding the trees for resistance to blight
lts goal is to reintroduce, within the next few decades the bight-resistant American chestnut tre tothe forests
‘of eastom North America
Last week, we talked about the Amazon River | Indicated to you that, although it isn’t the largest river
in the world, its basin is the largest one in the world, ind it's also home to the world's largest tropical rain
‘forest Also, i's very rich with life, containing more ite than any other place on Earth The Amazon is home to
500 species of mammals, one third of the world's bird population, hundreds of reptiles, 175 different kinds of lizards, up to 200 milion types of insects; and immense vegetation The tees are so dense that their tops form
@ canopy The Amazon is home to such creatures
‘88 the jaguar, the most powerlul cat in the western hemisphere, 20 species of piranha, 300-pound dolphins, and the anaconda The treetop canopy is nine times bigger than Texas and home to milions of undiscovered
species Some scientists believe this canopy alone may
‘contain half of the world's species!
Okay, during our last class, we began to discuss «
‘new form of poetry; romahticism And we also read
2 beautiful poem, Rainbow, by Wiliam Wordsworth
\who ushered in the romanticist movement in the late 18th century The emphasis among these posts was
on nature The romanticists were & back-to-nature
‘movement Their poems were not concerned about politics, current events, or with truth and reason They
‘wrote about the mountains, the rivers, and the sea: They
‘tied to capture nature's besuty and did it very vividly Wordsworth himself really enjoyed the outdoors and
‘spending his time in natural surroundings rather than in .a bo ch
Mi: Professor Robertson!
M2: Bany, what are you doing on this bus?
M1: 'm going home, M2: Me too But first | have to.get off at the subway station How are you doing?
MÌ: Em fine Tomorrow, tm: going to a job interview
M2: A job interview? What for?
.M3: So Lcan get ajob after | graduate,
‘M2: Whaat kind of job?
(Mi: 'm looking for a teaching job
M2: Oh, Barry, are you sure you want to do that? Your
‘iting is 89 good You have too much potential."
‘sure you can get into any graduate school if you want to
‘Mi: fm not sure 4 can afford to go.to graduate school W's to0 expensive
M2: Too expensivel What are you talking about? You
‘can get a full scholarship! It won't cost you a dime!
'M1: Whạt do you mean’?
(2: Barry, Barry, Barry! I've been teaching at this university for twelve years In those twelve years,
Trang 10T've only met one student that could write better
‘than you, and now he's a bestselling author
‘M1: You really think 'm that good?
Mo: Suret Why don't you enter some of your poems'or essays in a competition? in about six weeks from now, there'l be @ wrting conference right here in town I have two writing competitions one for students and one for everyorie else And as |
‘aid before, you're one ofthe best ve ever seen
think the first prize for students is œ full scholarship
‘to a top university Second prize might be a full
‘scholarship to a mid-level university, and the third Prize is probably @ partial scholarship Furthermore, the conference wil get you alot of exposure, and it wal be a great way to meet alot ofthe top writers in this community and some other influential people 1 think the mayors gol tobe there t00, 80 be a wonderful opportunity for you
M1: So how do I get into one of these conferences?
‘Me: Well, est you need a sponsor
Mt: A sponsor? How do get a sponsor?
M2: Don't worry about that I necessary, '! sponsor you mysett
it: You wit?
M2: No, I won't ae ff you don't mind, Fá The to
‘show some people your last essay fs that okay?
Mĩ: Sư,
‘M2: Okay, well, in that case, send It to me by e-mail As 3o s artshowfng your essay to people, there
‘quickly be a lot interest in sponsoting you
Mis ean ator to gota graduate school, what should
t study?
Me: Anything ust sẽ lohg ae you 4ø keep writing
't cour be English; journalism, history, oF even political science Bt Keep on wetting! You have a Git, 90 make the mast oft
Mi Okay, here's your stop: 1 end you my ebtay just
88 So0n as | get home
Mo! You do that eke card
ts Thanks,
During the 1990s, America was in the middle of the Great Depression if one of us were to take a time
‘machine baick to the United Sates of the 1930s, t would have fooked tke @ third world nation compared to what
Ít le today: Despite the harshness of the era, it was also'2 time of giganticiarchitectural and engineering accomplishments The Empire State Building, the
Hoover Dam, and the Golden Gate Bridge were al!
‘erected during this period These achievements were impressive, even by today's standards We don't have much time left today, s0 1 begin by talking about one of these, the Hoover Dam, and then next
‘weak we can discuss some of the other architectural
‘accomplishments ofthe 1830s
What m showing you on the screen now is a series,
‘f photos of the Hoover Dam, Some were taken before the dam was completed and then some others after its completion The creators of the Hoover Dam Wanted to build a modem facade, and they wanted
to make the whole thing aesthetically pleasing The dam's original design was very functional, but it was Unbalanced with massive sagies It had been designed
by engineers, and, therefore, it wasn’t modern or good- looking To acquire a more modern and pleasant look, Gordon Kaufman, an architect from Los Angeles, was hired, andi most of his suggestions were subsequently implemented He simpitied the design, giving it the
‘modern and pleasing appearance that had been
‘sought He replaced the four unequal towers and the
‘overhanging balcony with 2 series of observation niches
‘and towers that were very belanced You can see them
in this phote I'm showing to you now, rising from the
‘wall as they continue upward with no interference
Now if you look to where Fm pointing, you can see that the new design emphasized a series of small vertical shadows and larger shadows from the elevator and tity towers Kaufman treated this as part of the dam’s face Also, the four large towers, which you see, uh,
up here, are reminiscent of @ building we just looked
at last week, the Los Angeles Times Building, with its
‘cutback comers But in tis case, the comers and the
‘towers have a simpler look More modem! The two inner
‘towers were public entrances to the dam, and the outer
‘ones were for utities and public washrooms
By the: way, the two inner towers contained an
‘omament: Here is This was the onty ornament on the-dam i's a large, concrete panel depicting various
‘subjects; including Irigation, flood control, and some
‘of the history of the area The sculpture was a semi-
‘classical cubist work, As you might have already
‘guessed; thie Is an Art Deco sculpture, the modern style
of art and architecture popular throughout the 19208
‘and 308 Putting small ornaments:on buildings was typical of the Art Deoo style
‘Now, a6 | think 1 mentioned eater, the Hoover Dam
‘was ino minor undertaking First, in 1980 or 1931, they
‘had to installa town of houses and the infrastructure