Skysqaoors are representative 01 the International Style of architecture.. Produce restatements Learning to identify possibilities !Of alternative structures will improve your paraphras
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o ActIvIty 12, CD 2, Track 10
1 Because light travels laster than sound, lightning appears to precede thunder
2 Congress respected Jefferson because 01 his intelligence and creativity
3 The lower teeth in crocodiles protrude when their mouths are closed
4 Some sponges resemble plants
5 The first census was arcomplisbed In Great Britain in 1801
6 People who have exoerienced a traumatic event may have recurring images 01 it
7 In algebra, letters and other symbols represent numbers
8 During periods 01 stress or excitement, the heart rate Increases and airways to the lungs become dilated
9 Theories 01 prehistory and earty humans are constantly changing as we COt'lslder the new evidence from archeological finds
10 Dreams may have been the inspiration for the Surrealists to create their works of art
Make an explanation
Sometimes even native speakers cannot retrieve a word from memory when they are
para-phrasing, especially when they are speaking When this happens to you, there are several
ways to compensate for the word that has slipped your mind Make an explanation
P1w:ncAL STRATHY
If it is an adjective, you can use an opposite adjective with tna word not For example, if a
syn-onym for the adjective I8rge slips your mind, you can say, not small The sum was not small If
il is a verb, you can use a gener al verb Instead 01 a specific synonym For example, if you
lor-get the synonym lor the verb rely on, you can say, USB, which is a very general verb that
includes many meanings Earty Itaders used barter instead of money to exchange goods If it
is a noun you can describe the noun with a descriptive phrase or clause For example, if you
forget the synonym for the noun farme r or if the word farmerslips your mind, you can describe
it by saying, the p6fS()(J who engages in agricul ture
These compensatory strategies are used to get out ola problem when you are speaking
They should be used as a last resort instead of Slopping when you are speaking
besk lIeI matcr<ale
Trang 2PARAPHRASING 83
I'IAcnt:E Aumn 13
Did you understand? Try to restate each sentence that you may see in a textbook by explain-ing the meaning instead 01 substituting a synonym for the underlined WOld The lirsl one is
completed to give you an example Example answers are recorded on Track 11 01 the audio
and also printed i n Chapter 7 on page 512
The Constitution guarantees that private homes will not be searched without a warran! The ConstiMion guarantees that private homes wiI not be searched without written authorizaIjoo
( ) Activity 13, CD 2 Track 11
ADJECTIVES
Use an opposite
The second movement 01 a symphony is usually S!a!t
The second movement 01 a symphony is usually not last
1 The temperature in many desert regions is CQIs:1 at night
2 Facial expressions may be COfTVTlOO across cultures
3 Obsidian is ~ because it cools too quickly for crystals to form
4 £mY musical instruments play louder than 100 decibels Of softer !han 20 decibels
5 The people who have adapted to tile at very high altitudes are usually slxld
NOUNS
Use a phrase
Skysqaoors are representative 01 the International Style of architecture
Tail buildings are representative 0I1he International Style 01 architecture
1 In many cities, vendors must have a license to set up their booths in public places
2 Studies show that small Qills are a positive influence in elderly people's lives
3 Staircases were an important feature of the palaces constructed during the Baroque
periOd
Trang 31M ACADEMIC SKILLS
4 Global wind patterns are affected by the Earth's rotation
5 Bitingual education is more common in regions where language minorities live
VERB S
Use a general vert)
","",
Many managers emoloy teams to accomplish complex goals
Many managers J.ISJt teams to accomplish complex goals
t Unlike cast iron, pure wrought iron contains no carbon
2 Hypnosis achieves a heightel'led state of suggestibility in a willing participant
3 Productivity increases when fewer employees are required to ar,!";ocnp!isb the work
4 Normally, the plasma in human blood constitutes 50-60 percent of the total blood volume
5 Three lourths 01 the goods manufactured in Canada lor export are sold to the United
Slates
USE ALTERIlATIVE GRAMMATICAL mUCTQIIES
Sb.",I to Use
Produce restatements
Read and lsten lor meaning
Edit problem paraphrases
Produce restatements
Learning to identify possibilities !Of alternative structures will improve your paraphrasing skills
the same words and phrases Later in this chapter, you will use restatements with synonyms to
PIAcnc:AL STUrny
Study the examples of restatements in each of the categories below Learn to make
restate-ments using alternative structures When you can usa both synonyms and alternative
stnIC-hJres you will be able to paraphrase appropriately For now, locus on alternative structures
bas ttet mat na
Trang 4Chronology
Coordination
Cause
Comparison
Conoe""'"
Negatives
Passives
CHRONOLOGY
Original:
Restatement:
COORDINATION
Original:
Restatement:
CAUSE
Original:
Restatement:
COMPARISON
Original:
PARAPHRASING is
before/after/during not only-but alsolneither-nor/not-butlboth-andlas well as
simHarnikelthe sameldiflerfdifferentlmorelless although/even though/despitelln spite oflbut/Whereas
not + un-/not ooceInot oneJvery rarelylvety seldom
BE + past participle
of slavery in the Un~ed States
Belore the Republican party was formed in 1854 , in part 10 oppose the
spread of slavery In the United States, the Missouri Compromise !\ad
Byzantine art consisted not only of oriental style but also of Greek ideas ItIat maintained its popularity for more than eleven centuries
boltl oriental style and Greek ideas
In the classic experiment in operant conditioning, Pavlov's dog salivated
when he hean:I a bell because he associated the SOIJnd with food
Since Pavlov's dog associated the SOIJnd of a bell with being fed, he salivated when he heard it in the classic experiment in operant condi-tioning
As a conductor of neat and electricity, aluminum e)(ceoos all metals
e)(cept siiver, copper, and gold
Sitver, copper, and gold are better oonductors of heat and electricity than alumioom is
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CONCESSION
Original:
Restatement:
NEGATIVE
Original:
Restatement:
PASSIVE
Original:
Restatement:
I'utTICEEn&ISE14
Despite the great differences In size, shape, and function, ali human celis have the same lorty-si~ chromosomes
Although the lorty-si~ chromosomes are the same in ali human celis, there are dilf9fe~ in the size, s.hep6, end function
It is not illegal in some cultures to be married to more than one woman at the same time, but the monogamous relationship is the most common
In some cultures, it is legal to be married to several women at once , but
it is more common to be married to just one woman
The explosive properties 01 nitroglycerin, later one 01 the components 01
dynamite, were discovered by Ascanio Sobrero, an Italian chemistry professor_
Italian chemistry professof Ascanio Sobrero discovered that nitroglyc-erin, later used in the production of dynamite, had explosive properties
Did you understand? Try to restate each sentence that you may see In a textbook by writing an
atternative grammatical Slructure Make changes to the grammar bul do not make changes in
the meaning 01 the sentence The first one lor each structure is completed to give you an
example Example answers are printed In Chapter 7 on pages 5t2-513
CHRONOLOGY
EXAMI't.E
Chronology:
Chronology
Restatement:
After the death of Queen Mary In 1558, her hall-sister Elizabeth ascended the throne 0 1 England
Before Elizabeth ascended the throne of England In 1558, her hall-sister Mary ruled
t Not until the Triassic PeriOd did the first primitive mammals appear
2 Glass became a major oonstruction material during the lale Middle Ages
yne! matcr<B~
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3 Helium replaced hydrogen as a power source for dirigibles because it was safer
4 The Moriori people settled the Chatham Islands off the coast of New Zealand long before the Europeans arrived In 1 791
5 Always rinse your test tubes and pipettes with a small amount of distilled water before you store them In the lab co.bfrlCtS
COORDINATION
E "
Cooruinalion;
Coordination
Restatement;
Belore the intnxluction or the musical staff, =mposan;; presorved their
wor1c not only by writing ~ down but also by teaching it to a younger musician
Belore the introduction 01 the musical staff, oomposers preserved their
wor1c by teaching it to a younger musician, not by writing a book
1 Both genes and viruses are made of essential chemicals called nucleoprotelns
2 Successful managers neither proceed without a plan nor Ignore opportunities thai arise
3 Technically, not only glass but also water are considered minerals
4 Neither com nor winter wneat are native to the Americas
5 Ethilicity is usually based on race and religion as well as national origin
CAUSE
E m "
Cause:
Cause
Restatement;
The diesel engine thai runs on oil is more efficient than most other engines because ~ converts rrKlfe of the uselul energy stored in the rue!
The diesel engine runs more efficiently than most other engines because 01 the olt th.at CO!"IlIerts more useful energy
1 Psychologists suggest that Incentives cause workers to increase productillity
2 Because many Makes have been found In ellcavations 01 Stone Age settlements, anthro-pologists conclude that they were used as lools fOf cutting and scrapng
tt61 matenala
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3 Too much water can cause plants to tum brown on the edges
4 Blood pressure can become elevated as a result 01 increased salt consumption
5 Since the interstate highway system linking roads across the counlry was buill in the
19305, most 01 the roads in the system need to be repaired
C OMPARISON
""'PlE
Comparison:
Comparison
Restatement:
Although they are smaller in size, for the most part, chipmunks are like most other ground squirrels
Chipmunks are mostly like other ground squirrels e_cept for their smaller size
t Virusas and the first life forms that appeared on Earth millions of years ago have a similar structure
2 The lungs have a higher olCYgen concentration than the blood does
4 Picasso's work was not the same during various artistic periods
5 The difference in the gravitational attraction 01 various places on the Earth's surface is lhe reason that the weight of objects is not the same
CONCESSION
Concession:
Concession
Restatement:
Although oil paint tends 10 yellow with age, tempera colors retain their vibrancy lor centuries
Oil palnl lends to yellow with age, but tempera colors retain their vibrancy for centuries
1 Whereas insulin levels are close to Of above normal in type 2 diabetes, target cells cannot
respond adequately
2 Although the idea 01 an English language academy is regularly proposed, the response