0 nyde My ndi chung, tpi pham gilt ngydi phin Idn xuit hien d cac bang phia Nam, khdng chi vi d nhu-ng bang nSy tsip trung qua ddng dan so, ma d nhu-ng vung nay con sd hu-u va SLP dung s
Trang 1TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 8(156)-2011 17
DO THI HOA VA TOI PHAM DO THI
HOANG BA THINH
TOM TAT
Toi pham la m&t hien ttkyng xa hoi song
hanh cung qua trinh phat thin Qua trinh
do thi hoa dem lai nhiiu tac dong tich cwc
nhwng cung gay nen nhwng tac dong trai
chiiu nhw 6 nhiSm moi trwang, bat binh
dang xa hdi, giao thdng, va tdi pham do thj
gia tang Sw dijng phwang phap phan tich
tai lieu, bai viit di cap din tinh lich sO cua
toi pham do thj qua tac phim cua C Mac
va Ph Angghen, tiip do giai thieu nhwng
biiu hien cua toi pham do thi a nwac My va
Canada, ddng thai lien he din toi pham do
thj a Vi$t Nam
C^eh d§y han bay thap ky, Louis Wirth cho
r i n g do thj hda eo quan he d i n tinh trang
tpi pham, roi loan nhSn each, benh tam
t h i n , t y tCp, tham nhung va tpi pham nhilu
han epng d i n g ndng thdn (Wirth, 1938, tr
23) Nhu-ng tu- lieu nghien CLPU cho t h i y , ke
tCp khi dd thj hda d i l n ra song hanh cung
cong nghiep hda d chau Au tCp t h i ky XIX,
van de tpi pham d dd thj dydng nhu ty le
thuSn vdi quy md va mat dp dan sd dd thj
1 C. M A C - P H ANGGHEN VOI V A N D ^
TOI PHAM DO THj
Trong t^c p h i m Tinh canh cua giai cip
lao dOng a Anh (1845), da c6 nhu-ng
trang v i l t v6 cung sinh dpng ve v i n de
tOi phgm d do thj Phan tich d i l u ki§n
Hoang Ba Thjnh Pho Giao su tien sT Trudng
Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi v^ NhSn van Dai hpc
Quoc gia H^ Npi
cung kho cua ngu-di lao dpng d Anh khi
dd, Angghen cho t h i y hp khdng con each l y a ehpn nap t i t han la an c i p
" S y cung kho ehl cho ngudi lao dpng
6\jfgc l y a ehpn: hpac c h i t d i n c h i t men
vi ddi, t y sat ngay, hoac la l i y nhu-ng thCp gi anh ta e i n d nai nao c6 the l i y duge, ndi t r i n g ra la an c i p Va chung ta cung khdng nen ngac nhien khi t h i y da sd thich an c i p han la chju c h i t ddi hocic
t y sat" (C Mac va Ph Angghen, 1995, tap 2, tr 476) TCP t h i ky XIX, Angghen
da nhan ra m l i quan he song hanh giu-a quy md dd thj va phat trien tpi pham
"nhu-ng thanh p h i Idn ehl tao ra nhu-ng
d i l u kien lam cho cac tdi ac da t i n tgi tCp t r y d e du sao cung d trgng thai manh nha du-gc phat t r i l n nhanh chong va
d i y du han ma thdi" (C Mac va Ph Angghen, 1995, tap 2, tr 482)
N g u d i lao dpng s i n g d cac do thj ec nhu-ng bieu hien sai lech xa hpi, va bieu hien rd ret n h i t , e y e doan n h i t cua s y coi thu-dng trat t y xa hpi la vipc pham tdi, va ty le nay d cac khu cong nghipp ( t i l n d l tao nen cac do thj) ludn cao han vung ndng thdn "ty le giu-a t i t ca cac vu pham tdi ndi chung vdi sd dan trong cac khu ndng nghiep la 1/1043 va trong cac khu cong x u d n g la 1/840; hien nay, trong toan n y d e A n h , ty le dd
gin tai 1/660 (C Mae va Ph Angghen,
1995, tap 2, tr 497)
Mac, trong bai viet Dan so, so pham tgi va
sw bin cung hoa (1859) da dua ra eon so
Trang 218 HOANG BA THjNH - DO THj H O A VA T Q I PHAM DO THj
thong ke day SLPC thuyet phijc v l moi quan
hp giu-a tpi pham va sy bin cung hda d
Anh va Oen-xg Khi so sanh so lieu ve sy
bien dpng cua dan so, so pham tdi va sy
bin cung hda, ong da di den kit iugn ring
"Tat phai c6 cai gi thdi nat ngay trong long
cua Cell ehl dp xa hpi da tang them sy giau
CO cua minh nhyng ddng thdi khdng giam
bdt sy ngheo kho, cai che dp xa hpi trong
dd so tpi pham tham chi tang nhanh han
d§n so" (C Mae va Ph Angghen, 1995,
tap 13, tr 636)
Vi vgy, khong c6 gi ngac nhien, khi ma
cong nghipp hda va dd thj hoa dien ra cung
la khi sd tdi pham d Anh tang len ding thdi
vdi sp ngydi vd san va "dan too Anh trd
thanh dan tpc c6 nhieu tdi pham nhit the
gidi" (C Mae va Ph Angghen, 1995, tap
13, tr 695)
2 TO! PHAM DO TH! TREN TH^ GlOl:
T R U - O N G HOP N y O C MY VA CANADA
Khi d l e§p den nhyng v i n d l xa hpi dd thj,
Louis Wirth (1938) cho ring do thj hda cd
quan hp d i n tinh trang tpi pham, roi loan
nhan each, bpnh tam than, ty tCp, tham
nhung va tpi pham nhieu han epng dong
ndng thdn (Wirth, 1938) Mot so nghien
CLPU kh^e de cap d i n tp nan xa hpi d cac
dd thj hay edn gpi la cac xa hpi ngim (xa
hpi den), ec the ke ra nhy: Bang nhdm
(The Gang, 1927), Ba biin vang va khu 6
chuQt (The Gold Ceast and Slum, 1929),
Gai nhay chuyen nghiep (The Taxi-Hall
Dancers), v.v
2.1 Tpi pham dd thj d nyde My
Ty Ip tpi pham d cac dd thj Idn thydng
nhilu han d cae dd thj nho, theo dd c^c
vung dd thj Idn c6 ty le nan nhan khoang
10/100.000 dan va cae thanh pho ben
ngoai vung dd thj Idn c6 ty le Id 5/100.000 dan 0 nyde My ndi chung, tpi pham gilt ngydi phin Idn xuit hien d cac bang phia Nam, khdng chi vi d nhu-ng bang nSy tsip trung qua ddng dan so, ma d nhu-ng vung nay con sd hu-u va SLP dung sung va cac
vu khf khac nhilu hgn cae nai khac (Diana Kendall, 2004)
Ty le pham tpi cygng dam dygc bac cao khac nhau theo khu vye dja ly, vdi hiu hit cac vung ddng dan thupc cae bang phia Nam chilm khoang 40% tong so trudng hgp cygng dam moi nam, tiep theo la cac bang thupc miln Trung Tay (Midwest), miln Tay, va Ddng Bic 0 t i t ea cac vung,
ty Ip cydng dam la khoang 80 ngn nhan/100.000 phu nCi- ddi vdi cac vung do
thj Idn (metropolitan areas), 77/100.000 a
cac thanh pho ben ngoai cae vung dd thj Idn, va 51/100.000 phu nu- ddi vdi cac vung ndng thdn (Diana Kendall, 2004) Xem xet mpt vai logi hinh tpi pham theo khu vye dja ly, thiy rang: so lygng cac vu tpi pham d dd thj nhieu hgn vung ngoai 6,
va d khu vye ngoai 6 sd lygng tpi pham nhilu hgn vung ndng thdn Nhy bang s6 lipu dydi day cho thiy, trong thdi gian hai nam 1999 va 2000, sd vu tdi pham d vung
dd thj thydng nhilu g i p tCp 4 Iin den 4,4 Iin so vdi vung ngoai thanh; va gip tip 16,6 Iin d i n 17 Iin so vdi vung ndng thdn
So vu tdi pham d vung ngoai thanh cung cao han vung ndng thdn tCp 3,7 Iin den 4,3 Iin Dang chu y la logi tpi phgm Sn cudp
va hanh hung ludn chilm sd lygng rit cao (xem Bang 1)
Nghien CLPU cung cho thiy, c6 mpt mCpc dO khac bipt Idn ve ty Ip tpi pham giu-a cac do
thj Nhin chung, tpi pham dac biet cao a
Trang 3H O A N G B A THjNH - DO THj H O A VA TOl PHAM DO TH| 19
cae thanh pho ngheo va nho Vi du, nam
2001 "ty le gilt ngydi d thanh phi Oakland,
California, khoang 20/100.000 cy dan Ty
le nay cao hgn nhilu so vdi ty le binh quan
toan lien bang la 6,1/100.000 cung nam
2001" (Steven va cpng sy, 2006, tr 522)
Da s i mpi ngu-di d i u quan niem cac bang
dang la san pham cua cac khu o chudt
trong cac thanh phi, cac dy an nha d thu
nhap thip Nhu-ng hien nay, heat ddng cua
bang dang dang di chuyin ve cac vung
ngoai d Mae dCj hau hit cac bang dang la
d cac thanh p h i Idn, nhu-ng chung cung
trd nen phd biln han d cae khu vye c6
quy md dan so nho (xem Hinh 1)
Bang 1 86 lugng tdi pham bao lu-c theo vung,
1999 v^ 2000
VCing
06 thj
Ngo^i thdnh
N6ng th6n
Nam
1999
2000
1999
2000
1999
2000
Lo^i tOi phgm Giet
ngiFccI
113
107
24
16
3
7
Cif&ng dSm
446
400
200
206
53
46
An
CLfap
5.609 5.234
765
929
128
148
HSnh hung 6,200 6.130 1.793 1.818
560
491
T6ng
12.368 11.844 2.782 2.969
744
692
Ngudn: Department of Law & Public Safety;
New Jersey State Police
Hinh 1 B^o Ccio cua tea an v l hogt dpng cua
cdc being dang
2.2 So sanh tdi pham do thj va ndng thdn
d Canada Theo mot nghien CLPU mdi tCp sd lieu bao cao cua canh sat Canada nam 2005, thi vin d l tdi pham khdng ehl la mpt hien tu-gng tai cae dd thj Idn nhu* d nu-dc My Nghien CCPU phat hien thiy rang cac vung
dd thi nho cd ty le tdi pham cao han ea nhu-ng vung dd thj Idn va ndng thdn rpng Idn, va ty le pham tdi gilt ngu-di cao nhat
la d cac vung ndng thdn
Ty le pham tdi d cac vung dd thj nho cao han cac vung dd thj Idn 43,2%, va cae han
d cac vung ndng thdn 58% Trong 657 tpi Bang 2 Loai hinh toi pham theo vijng cu- tru, Canada nSm 2005
Vtingnaigttitn Clct>ianhph6nli6 Ngo«l6 C<c thinh ph614n
Vung So luxyng Tyl$/100.000 din Tdng so ciic loai pham toi
Do thi Ib-n
Do thj nho N6ng thdn
1.543.869 588.136 364.713
7.305 10.461 6.626
Toi pham giet ngut/i
Do thi lo-n
Do thj nho Nong th6n
Trdm cSp
Do thj lo-n
Do thj nho Nong thon
427
95
135
24.967 2.932
756
2.0 1.7 2.5
118
52
14
D6t nhap vao nha
Do thj lo-n
Do thj nho Nong thon
162.457 51.907 43.917
769
923
798
TrC>m bcinh xe md to
Do thj lo-n D6 thj nho N6ng thon
118.160 24.849 16.873
559
442
307
Trang 420 H O A N G B A T H I N H - DO THI H O A VA TQI PHAM DO THI
pham gilt ngydi d Canada nam 2005
duge cac dja phu-gng bac cao, cd "427
tru-dng hgp d cac dd thj Idn, va 95 d cac
dd thj nho va 135 d cac vung ndng thdn
Theo ty le dan so, ty le gilt ngydi d cac
vung ndng thdn la 2,5/100.000 dan, va
thye sy cao han ty le 2,0 ddi vdi cac vung
dd thj Idn va ty le nay d cac vung dd thj
nho la 1,7" (www.statcan.gc.ca)
Tuy nhien, trdm c i p xe dap va md td kha
pho biln tai cae thanh phd Idn, han la cac
thanh p h i nho va cae vung ndng thdn Ty
le an trdm d l i vdi cac vung dd thj Idn nhilu
han hai i i n so vdi eae vung do thj nho va
gip khoang 10 i i n so vdi cac vung ndng
thdn Ty le trdm c i p md td d cac vung dd
thj Idn cao han 26,5% so vdi eae vung dd
thj nho va nhieu han 82% doi vdi cae vung
ndng thdn (xem Bang 2)
Mpt dilm dang luu y, d do thj Idn cd tpi
phgm nguy hilm (gilt ngu-di) nhieu han va
SLP dung vu khi khi pham tdi cao han d cac
dd thj nho Nam 2005, chi cd 1/3 trong so
tdi pham gilt ngu-di d ea cae vung dd thj
Idn va ndng thdn la SLP dung sung cim tay
(sung ngin, sung trudng) so vdi % tpi
pham gilt ngydi d eae vung dd thj nho
Sung ngin la vu khi dyge lya ehpn nhilu
d cac vung dd thj Idn, chilm tdi 76% cac
vu gilt ngydi cd SLP dung sung Tai cae
vung ndng thdn, sung ngin rit thjnh hanh,
65% tpi pham SLP dung sung d l gilt ngydi
(www.statean.gc.ca) Tai Quebec va
Ontario, la cac thanh phd ma d dd sd lieu
v l vu khi dygc SLP dung trong cae vu pham
tpi bao lye, khoang 1/6 cae vu nan nhan
bao lye lien quan d i n su- dung vu khi, chu
yeu la dao Vu khi dygc SLP dung thudng
xuyen hgn d cac vung dd thj Idn han so
vdi eae vung do thj nho va cac vung ndng
thdn cua hai tinh tren Khoang 1/5 nan nhan bao lye trong cae vung dd thj Idn lien quan d i n mpt loai vu khi, so vdi khoang 1/8 d cae vung do thj nho va ndng thdn Ty
le tpi pham lien quan den SLP dung vu khi d cae vung dd thj Idn thydng cao han tCp 2
d i n 3 Iin Nam 2005, "3,2% tpi pham bao lye d cac vung dd thj Idn tai Quebec va Ontaric lien quan d i n su- dung vu khi, so vdi 1,1% d cae vung dd thj nho va 1,4% d cae vung ndng thdn" (www.statean.ge.ea) Khi CO vu khi, thi sung c i m tay duge su-dung pho biln hgn ea d eae vung dd thj Idn so vdi cac vung khac "Sung cim tay dyge SLP dung trong % vu tdi pham cd su-dung sung trong eae thanh pho Idn so vdi khoang mpt nCpa d eae thanh phi nho
va 1/3 d cae vung ndng thdn" (www.stat can.ge.ea)
Tai Hpi thao "Xay dyng thanh phi Da Ning ngang t i m vdi eae thanh phd phat triln cua khu vye ASEAN va chau A", nha nghien CCPU kinh te dd thj ngu-di Anh la Jon Ccpestake da nhin manh "Cac thanh pho
cd trung binh d nhu-ng nu-dc phat triln vdi mat dp dan cy tygng doi thip (nhy d Canada va Ue) cd xu hydng dygc danh gia chit lygng sing cao hgn vi cd Igi ich tCp van hda va ca sd ha ting; trong khi it phai doi phd vdi ty le cao ve tpi pham va nan ach t i c giao thdng " (Thanh nien Online, 11/3/2011)
3 VAl NET VE TOi PHAM DO TH! ^ VIET
NAM
Vi nhu-ng ly do khac nhau ma d nude ta ITnh vye tpi pham hilm ed nhO-ng nghien CLPU xa hpi hpc nghiem tuc? Vi the, c^c cong trinh v l ITnh vye nay it dygc cong bo Trong khi dd, tren cac phyang tipn truyen thdng dai chung (nhit la eae bao thudc
Trang 5H O A N G B A THjNH - DO THI H O A V A TQI PHAM DO THI 21
nganh edng an tCp trung yang den cae tinh,
thanh phd) hang ngay d i u dya tin v l eae
vu pham tdi vdi nhu-ng loai tdi pham khac
nhau, nhit la d cac vung dd thj
Theo bSo c6o cua c^c ca quan ehCpc nang,
tinh hinh tdi pham d nyde ta v i n edn dien
biln phLPC tap Nhu-ng nam g i n day, "moi
nam phat hipn trung binh tren 70 ngan vu
pham tdi cae leai, trpng dd khoang 50 ngan
vu pham tdi v l trat ty xa hpi, tren 10 ngan
vu pham tdi v l kinh t l va g i n 10 ngan vu
pham tdi ve ma tuy" (hoilhpn.org.vn) So
vdi cac nyde trdn t h i gidi va trong khu
vye thi tinh hinh tpi pham d Viet Nam ehi d
mCpc trung binh thip, nhu-ng tinh chit phCpc
tap Dang luu y, ty le tpi pham in*^' d nude
ta cac, dac biet la trong ITnh vye tdi pham
ve kinh t l , ma tuy Tpi pham tap trung chu
ylu d "cac thanh pho, thj xa, thj trin
(chilm 70%) Cac tuyIn, dja ban tdi pham
xay ra nhilu la 5 thanh pho Idn Ha Npi, Hai
Phong, TPHCM, Da Ning, Cin Tha,
chilm 25%-30% tong sd vu pham tpi tren
tpan quoc hdng nam" (hoilhpn.org.vn)
Mdi day, Oy ban Nhan dan Thanh pho Ha
Npi tong kit thye hipn Nghj quylt 09 cua
Chinh phu va Chyang trinh Qudc gia
phdng chong tdi phgm giai doan
1998-2010 Phd chu tjeh Uy ban Nhan dan Ha
Ndi cho biet, 12 nam qua, thanh pho phat
hi^n g i n 90.000 vu pham phap hinh sy,
chu ylu xay ra tai quSn Dong Da, Hai Ba
Tryng, Ho^n Kiem v^ huypn TCP Liem
Trpng qua trinh dd thj hda ngay cang
nhanh, nhu-ng huyen mdi sap nhap vao Ha
Ndi nhy Phu Thp, Hoai DCPC, U'ng Hda,
Thach Thit, Me Linh va nhu-ng dja ban
gi^p ranh, tinh hinh tdi pham ed ehilu
hydng phu-c tgp D^ng lyu y, thdi gian qua
da xay ra nhieu vg giet ngydi the hipn sy
suy thoai v l dao dCpc, mang tinh chit t^n bao va tinh vi nhy phan th§y hay dot xac (VnExpress)
TCP khi Thu dd Ha Ndi md rpng dja gidi hanh chinh (1/8/2008), tinh chit hoat dpng cua eae leai tdi phgm tren dja ban quan Ha Ddng trd nen phCpc tap han Cac loai tdi pham coi day nhy "bai dap", sin sang dat
ve tCp cac quan ndi thanh Ngoai ra, do sy phat trien dd thj nhanh, mdi nam cd khoang 12.000 nhan khiu di cu vao qugn, trong dd cd mpt s i doi tu-gng da ciu kit vdi nhau ban dem di gay an, l^m phCpc tap them tinh hinh an ninh trat ty "Trong 9 thang'diu nam 2010, cdng an quan Ha Ddng phat hien 197 vu pham ph^p hinh sy,
da dilu tra, kham pha 128 vy, tript ph^ 25
o nhdm lu-u manh, bit 52 doi tygng hinh sy; phat hi^n 88 vu, 136 doi tygng mua ban, tang tru-, SLP dung trai phep ma tuy Han 60% sd vu tren do doi tu-gng ngoai dja ban gay ra" (hanoimoi.com.vn)
Theo Bao cao cua edng an huypn Thgch Thit (Ha Ndi), te nan xa hpi tai cac khu vye dd thj hda gia tang manh "Sau thang diu nam 2010 da tang han ea nam 2009 Cdng an Thach Thit da xu- ly 25 vu ma tuy vdi 37 ddi tygng, khdi td 16 vu vdi 20 bj can Du-a di trung tam cai nghien 31 doi tygng Ca huyen cd 282 eon nghipn cd hd
sa quan ly; 4 vu mai dcim v^ mdi gidi mai dam, 6 vy ed bgc vdi 56 doi tygng Tp nan xa hpi tap trung chii yeu d Hda Lac (Binh Yen, Thach Hda), thj trin Lien Quan, Hu-u Bing, PhCing Xa" (Bac Thdi Nay, 17/9/2010)
Theo sd lipu thong ke tCp nam 2005 den nam 2009 "tren dja ban thanh pho Mdng C^i da xay ra 556 vy phgm ph^p hinh sy, lam 21 ngydi chit, 159 ngudi bj thygng
Trang 622 HOANG BA THjNH - OO TH! HOA VA TOI PHAM OO THj
nang, tai san bj xam hai tri gia khoang
4.346 ty dong" (quangninh.gov.vn) TCP so
lieu tren cho thiy, tinh hinh hoat ddng tdi
pham hinh sy tai dja ban thanh pho Mdng
Cai diln bien phCpc tap, dac biet la tdi
pham gilt ngydi, cydp tai san, budn ban
phy nu- va tre em Dang chu y trong giai
doan g i n day, tdi pham hpat ddng ed lien
quan den hai ben bien gidi, tdi pham cd td
chLPC va tdi pham hoat ddng theo kilu xa
hpi den cd xu hu-dng tang, tinh chit tdi
pham ngay cang manh ddng, lilu ITnh
Tinh hinh tdi pham tai TPHCM cung diln
biln phLPC tap, cac quan dang phat triln dd
thj hda, cae quan ven hoac cd khu cdng
nghiep, ddng dan cu-, cd ty le tdi pham
tang cao Theo Vien Kiem sat Nhan dan
TPHCM, nam 2008, ea quan dieu tra 2 c i p
da khdi to mdi 9.027 vu g l m han 200.000
bj can, cac loai tdi khdi t l chilm ty le tang
cao la: trpm c i p tai san (34,3%), eu-dp giat
tai san (17,2%), mua ban trai phep chit ma
tuy (13,3%), danh bac va to chCpc danh bac
(6,7%) (www.tin247.com)
Dieu dang lyu y, pham tpi ngay cang tre
hda Trong tong so 11.500 bj can mdi khdi
to thi cd 1.118 ngu-di dydi 18 tuoi, chilm
ty le binh quan 9,7% d cac loai tdi nhyng d
mpt SP loai tdi rit nghiem trpng thi s i
ngydi du-di 18 tudi pham tdi lai chilm ty le
cao nhy: cydp giat tai san 17,2%, gilt
ngu-di 19,3%, cydp tai san 30,2%, hilp
dam tre em 51% Rieng nhdm tdi pham v l
tinh dye khdi t l mdi g i n 150 bj can (khdng
cd bj can nao cd tien an, tiln sy)
(www.tin247.com)
Theo so lieu thong ke cua Bd Lap ddng,
Thyang binh va Xa hpi, trong so vj thanh
nien dang dygc quan ly trong cac trydng
giao dydng va trai giam tren pham vi toan
quoc, cd mpt ty le kha Idn vj thanh nien do thj pham phap (xem Bang 3)
Bang 3 So vj thanh nien trong c^c tru-dng gi^o duo-ng va trai giam, 2003-2007 (%)
Khu vye Odthi Ndng thdn
2003 67,6 32,4
2005 50,7 49,3
2006 51.7 48,3
2007 46.2 53,8
Ngudn: http://www.ilssa.org.vn
Thdng tin tCp cac nganh chCpc nang cho thiy, dja ban gay an cung cd sy thay dli, cae quan ndi thanh tdi pham khdng tang hoac giam, nhyng cac quan dang phat triln dd thj hda, cac quan ven hoac cd khu cdng nghiep, ddng dan cy thi tpi pham tang cac "quan 7 tang g i n 150%, quan 2,
Cu Chi va quan 11 tang g i n 50%, Tan Binh va Binh Thanh tang han 30%, quan 8 tang g i n 20%, Nha Be tang gin 60%" (www.tin247.com) Nhu-ng thdng tin nay cho thiy mpt dac dilm chung ve tdi pham
dd thj tren t h i gidi, dd la cae djem giap ranh, vung ven dd, khu cdng nghiep da va dang trd thanh dja ban hoat ddng cua tdi pham Tinh trang su- dyng trai phep cac chit ma tuy, dac biet la ma tuy tdng hgp diln ra
phu-c tap d nhieu dja phyang, nhit la a
cae thanh pho Idn, mpt s i ty diem hoat ddng trpng thdi gian dai, cdng khai, trlng trgn, cd sy bao ke cua mpt so can bp ca sd Nhilu ty dilm td chCpc su- dyng ma tuy tdng hgp, an chgi thac lean trong cac nha hang, vu tru-dng, quan bar, karaoke (Ha Ndi, Hai Phdng, TPHCM, Cin The, Binh Du-ang ) "Doi tu-gng chu ylu la hoc sinh, sinh vien (85% trong ICpa tuoi 16-25,
ca biet ed doi tygng 14 tudi), cd vy hang tram doi tygng tham gia" (hoilhpn.org.vn) Bang 4 cho thiy sy gia tang loai hinh tpi pham ma tuy d nyde ta
Trang 7H O A N G B A THINH - DO THj H O A VA TQI PHAM OO THj 23
Bang 4 So vu v^ ngudi phgm tpi ma tuy d
Vipt Nam tCp nam 2000 din 2008
N§m
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Tong
So vy
Phat
hipn
10.300
12.811
14.167
12.888
12.068
11.772
9.891
8.950
12.580
105.697
Xetxu-s a tham 6.518 8.364 9.436 9.313 8.947 9.102 9.621 8.882 10.171 80.354
So ngudi pham tpi Phat
hipn 19.394 20.862 22.842 20.441 18.260 17.712 15.384 13.568 20.268 168.731
XetXLP
sa tham 9.179 10.686 12.194 12.481 11.790 12.027 13.019 11.978 13.324 106.678
Nguon: Phong Tong hgp Tea an Nhan dan Toi
cao, din theo Duang Tuylt Mi§n, 2010
Dang chu y, da sd tpi pham ma tuy d i u
dien ra d hai thanh pho dac bipt tryc thupc
trung yang; "Tai Ha Npi va TPHCM, tdi
pham ma tuy chilm tdi 52% sd vy, 51% sd
doi tygng pham tpi va 80% SP lygng ma
tuy tong hgp bj phat hipn cua ca nude"
(hoilhpn.org.vn)
Cd the nh$n xet, mpt dac diem noi bat ve
tdi pham dd thj d nyde ta la thu-dng diln
ra d cae thanh p h i Idn, la trung tam kinh
tl-xa hpi cua eae vung, miln Ben canh tdi
pham xay ra d cae quan trung tam dd thj,
thi cdc vung ven dd/gi^p ranh dd thj cung
Idi dja bdn hoat dpng cua mpt s l loai tdi
phgm Q U ^ trinh phat trien do thj da tgo
ndn nhO-ng khu "do thj ma" (nha chung cu,
bi$t thy xSy dyng xong nhyng chu nhan
chya d i n d) la dja ban hoat dpng cua cac
nhdm tpi phgm Cuoi nSm 2010, Chu tjeh
Oy ban Nhan dan thanh pho Ha Npi da ky
ban hanh Chi thj so 25/CT-UBND ng^y
2/12/2010, v l viec Tang cwang cdng tac
diu tranh phdng, chong tgi pham vd dam bao trat tw an toan xa hoi trin dja ban thanh pho Ha Noi Viec ban hanh ehi thj
nay cho thiy, tdi pham d Thu dd (va cac thanh pho Idn trong nyde) la mpt van de
xa hpi bCpc xuc, thu hut sy quan tdm cua lanh dao
4 KET LUAN Qua trinh dd thj hda diln ra nhanh khdng chi thue diy qua trinh tang mgt dp dan cy
d cac dja ban dd thj ma edn tgo dieu kipn cho cac hanh vi sai lech v^ tdi phgm d dd thj gia tang
Cd nhilu nguyen nh§n d i n d i n sy gia tang tpi pham d dd thj (mdi trydng song vdi nhilu cam do, mat dp d§n cu cao, Ceic tang Idp xa hpi da dgng; dja ban cu tru phCpc tgp, nang lye quan ly xa hpi dd thj han ehl; di cy va ty le thit nghipp dd thj cao, v.v ), cung c i n k l d i n loi song dd thj cung la mpt nguyen nhan quan trpng dan
d i n sy gia tang tpi pham dd thj
Mpt trong nhu-ng dae tru-ng cua loi song dd thj la sy "an danh" trong giao tiep (mpi ngydi it bilt v l nhau, cho du song cung ting trong khu chung cu), dgc diem nay hoan toan tu-ang phan vdi cac vung ndng thdn, nai giao tilp the hien rd tinh "hu-u danh" (mpi ngydi d i u bilt v l nhau, th^m chi bilt rd den cha me, ong ba cua ngydi nao dd) Sy phai nhat "tinh lang, nghTa xdm" trong giao tilp d loi song dd thj vd thay vdo dd la quan ni^m "ddn nhd ai, nhd niy rgng", da dan d i n xuit hipn sy "vd cam", "thd a" va tham chi d mpt bp ph§n
ey dan dd thj edn cd tam ly "sg ke x i u " (bilt ma khdng dam ndi, sg bj de dpa, t r i
Trang 824 H O A N G B A THINH - DO TH! H O A V A TQI PHAM DO THj
thu) Dd la d i l u kien thuan Igi cho s y gia
tang hanh vi sai Ipch va tpi pham xa hpi
Hien nay, edn nhieu khoang trong trong
nghien CLPU xa hpi hpc tpi pham d nude ta,
trong khi tpi pham dd thj dang d y g e xem la
d i l m ndng R i t e i n cd nhu-ng nghien CCPU
ca ly t h u y l t va thyc tien, v l tinh Kinh tpi
pham ndi chung va tpi pham trong qua
trinh dd thi hda ndi rieng Lam t i t d i l u nay,
khdng ehi gdp p h i n phat t r i l n chuyen
nganh xa hpi hpc tdi pham ma edn giup
cho cac nha quan ly xa hpi cd 6\jecfc q u y l t
sSch hgp ly han trong quan ly xa hpi d do
thj, nai duge xem la nhu-ng vung c u dan
phCpc tap, va anh hu-dng da ehilu cua do
thj hda doi vdi phat trien xa hpi •
CHU THiCH
'^* Tpi pham an: la so lugng Idn tpi pham khong
duge bao cao vdi canh sat va khong c6 trong
thing ke hinh sy chinh thCpc (F Schmallenger,
2002)
T A I LIEU THAM K H A Q
1 AdIer, Freda, Gerhard Q W Mueller,
William S Lanfer 2004 Criminology 5th
edition McGraw Hill
2 Duang Tuylt Mien (Chu bien) 2010
Giao trinh Tdi pham hoc Ha Ndi: Nxb Giao
dye Viet Nam
3. DCPC Thuan Ndi am anh miin que len phi
Bao Thdi Nay, ngay 19/7/2010
4 http://www.ilssa.org.vn
5 http://hoilhpn.org.vn
6 http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn
7 http://www.quangninh.gov.vn
8 http://www.tin247.com
9 Kendall, Diana 2004 Social Problems in
A Diverse Society 3"^ edition Allyn and
Bacon, Boston
10 Mac-Angghen 1995 Toan t$p Tap 2,
13 Ha Ndi: Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia
11 Raphael Steven and Melissa Sills 2006
A Companion to Urban Economics Blackwell
Publisher
12 Schmallenger, Frank 2002 Criminology
The University of North Carolina at Pembroke Prentice Hall Publisher
13 State of New Jersey Department of Law
& Public Safety Crime Index 1999-2000
14 Urban Crime in Canada
www.statcan.gc.ca
15 Wirth Louis 1938 Urbanism as a Way of
Life Amercan Journal of Sociology Vol 44
No.1 (Jul 1938)