Nham xay dUng cdsdlihoa hgc phuc vu cong tdc quy hogch moi trudng TP, nghien cufu SUdc thUc Men vdi muc tieu xdc dinh SUphdt trien vd bien dgng If hong gian cda do thi Ba Ndng tir ndm
Trang 1/Sl]f DUNG ANH LANDSAT DA THdl NGHIEN ClJfU DIEN BIEN
QUY HOACH BAO VE MOI TRUCJNG 0 6 THI
D^NG TRUNG TO
Viin Chien lUdc, Chinh sach TN&MT
TRtfONG QUANG HAI, NGUYEN THI THU HA, NGUYfiN THI MAI NGAN
TrUdng Dai bgc Khoa hoc TU nhiin, Bai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi
TP Ba NSng Sang trong tien trinh xay dung quy /loacb BVMT huimg tdi hinh
dnh TP "than thiin vdi moi tn/dng" Nham xay dUng cdsdlihoa hgc phuc vu
cong tdc quy hogch moi trudng TP, nghien cufu SUdc thUc Men vdi muc tieu xdc
dinh SUphdt trien vd bien dgng If hong gian cda do thi Ba Ndng tir ndm 1990
-2015 sit dung dnh ve tinh LANDSAT da thdi Bang phuang phdp phdn logi co
ki4m dinh dua vdo bdn do Men trgng suf dung ddt cda TP ndm 2010, bien dgng
khdng gian do thi vd cdc hop phan cda dd thf trong 6 qudn ngi thdnh qua thdi
gian dd dUdc Idm ro Cu the, khu vUc nghien cdu dd mdrgng tir4.485 ha (ndm
1990) len 8.634 ha (ndm 2014), khdng gian do thi chuyen tir phdt trien d cdc
qudn phia bdc nhu Lien Chieu, Thanh Khe d thgp kf 90 sang phdt trien mgnh d
cdc qudn phia nam trong nhufng ndm gdn ddy Kit qud cho thdysUchuyin ddi
mgnh me ti/dien tich cdy xanh sang dien tich nhd dvd ddt xdy dung, ddc biet Id
vdo giai dogn 2005-2010 Theo do, dien tich khdng gian xanh tren ddu ngUdi
cda TP dd vd dang suy gidm nhanh trong thdi gian qua, tiT39 m'/ngudi (2005)
xuong con 15,36 m'/ngUdi (2014)
Da Nang is developing environmental
protection planning toward an
environmentally friendly city To provide
scientific foundation for environmental
protection planning, this study is conducted with
an objective of identifying spacial development
and change In Da Nang from 1990 to 2015,
using LANDSATE real time sattelite images
Using reviewed classification and land use
maps of the city of 2010 data, spacial changes
in the cities and its suburbs have been clarified
Specifically, a scope of the study has expanded
from 4,485 ha (1990) to 8,643 ha (2014) Urban
space development has changed from focusing
on northern districts such as Lien Chieu and
Thanh Khe in 1990s to sourthern districts in
recent years The study shows that tree areas
have been converted to house and building,
especially in period 2005-2010 As a result,
an green area per capita has been decreased
rapidly recently from 39 mVcapita (2005) to
15.36 mVcapita (2014)
I M O DAU Luat BVMT nam 2014, tai Bieu 9, Khoan 1 quy dinh mpt n6i dung cd b ^ cia quy hoach BVMT la" Danh gia hien trang moi trUdng, dU bao xu thi dien bien moi tnidng "; Dilu nay dupc hieu rang
de CO cd sd khoa hpc chp quy hpach BVMT can phai nghien cijcu SU biln d^ng cira cac thanh phan moi trudng, cac dang tai nguyen theo khong gian
va thdi gian phat trien do thi, tii do dii bao xu the dien bien moi tnidng trong ky quy hoach n h ^ dUa
ra phUdng an quy hoach tot nhat va giai phap dap ijtng chinh xac Cp nhieu phUdng phap khac nhau
de thuc hien nhiem vu, trpt^ do phdong phap vien tham - GIS la cdng cu chii dao
Da Nang la TP tnic thupc Trung Uong, trpng thdi ky dpi mdi cp tpc dp phat trien rat nhanh, til mpt dp thi nhp be tnldc kia ciia tinh Quang Nam, ngay nay da trd thanh TP cong nghiep, hien dai vdi
ca sd ha tang dp thi khang trang, nam trpng tdp
dau ciia ca nUdc Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh phat trien, viec khai thac qua miic cac dang tai nguyen dat, nudc, riing da lam nay sinh nhOng van de mpi trudng biic xiic, bilu hiln d cac chi sp nhii ty 11 di?n tich cay xanh, dien tich mat nUdc, miic dO bl tpng
Trang 20 NGHIEN CtfU
hda, thay doi trfldng nhiet dd mat dat , ed the
can trd sfl phat trien ben vflng cua chinh thinh
phd nay Nghien cflu di^n bien TN&MT theo
khdng gian do thi nham theo ddi bi^n ddng
khdng gian cfla he sinh thai dd thi, kien true
TP qua tflng giai doan la mot trong nhflng giai
phip quan trpng giup cho edng tic quan ly dd
thi ed hieu qui trflde mat ciing nhfl liu dii theo
quy hoach mdi trUdng TP
Vien thim la mdt cdng cy manh va hien
dai, cung cap d c dfl Ueu khdng gian tdng
quan va da thdi gian di dflpc flng dyng nhieu
tren the gidi nhfl Masek et aL (1998); USGS
(1999); Zhang and Guindon (2005); Milos et
al (2012) d Viet Nam, sfl dung vi^n tham
di nghiSn cflu qui trinh dd thi hda va cac inh
hfldng cua chung den mdi trfldng do thi da
dflpc ti^n hinh trong mdt sd nghien cflu t|p
trung tai cac TP Hi Npi (Pham Ngpe Dang va
nnk, 2000; Pham Bach Viet, 2008) vi TP Hd
Chi Minh (Tran Thi Vin vi nnk, 201 la,b) Bai
viet tap tnmg phan tich sfl chuyen ddi tfl di^n
tieh ldp phu thfle vit sang dien tich be mat be
tdng hda trong qui trinb md rpng dd thi 25
nam qua nham tao dflng can cfl thfle tien eho
quy hoaeh BVMT TP D i Ning de de xuat eae
giai phip khdng gian mdi trfldng phu hpp eho
TP, hudng tdi phat trien Da Nang "TP thin
thi^n vdi mdi trUdng"
II PHirONG P H A P N G H I £ N CtfU
2.1 Gidi han vimg n^ien ciiu
Vung nghien cflu dUpe lUa chpn la 6 quin
npi dd Da Ning, bao gdm: Lien Chieu, Thanh
Khe, Hii Chiu, Son Tri, Ngu Hanh Spn vi
Cam L?, cd tdng dien tieh la 24.449 ha vdi
sd din li 848.995 ngUdi (Tdng eye Thdng ke,
2012) (Hinhl)
2.2 DS lieu dnh sH dung
Dfl heu inh ve tinh dflpc sfl dyng trong
nghien cflu la eae anh LANDSAT TM, ETM va
OLI da qua xfl li d d p dp IA, do phan giai 30m,
h? quy chieu UTM (WGS 84), mui 49 Anh
dflpc thu vao d e ngay mua khd 7/7/1990 (TM);
5/7/1995 (TM); 7/5/2000 (ETM); 13/5/2005
(TM); 12/6/2010 (TM); 22/5/2014 (OLI) vdi dp
miy phu thap (< 10%), ed th^ phan biet ro eie
ddi tflpng ldp phu be mat
2.3 PhUdngphdp ky thudt
• Phuang phdp xie ly dnh:
Cie anh Landsat dflpc hieu chinh khi
quyen, loai bd nhieu va tang do net Sau dd
tien hanh phin loai ldp phd mat dat tren anh
• Hinh 1 Sfl do vi tri viing nghien cHu trong TP Dd Ndng
bang thuat toin phan lo^
ed Idem dinh khoang cieh tdi thieu Dfla tren die trflng phin X9 phd eua cac loai ddi tflpng ket hpp can cfl vao bin
do hien tr?ng sfl dung dat TP
Da Nang nam 2010, nam loai ldp phu ehinh dflpc xae dinh,
do la: Cac cdng trinh xay dflng (nha cfla, dfldng giao thdng, cae khu edng nghiep vdi be mat l i be tdng n&n edn gpi la mat khdng tham); Tham thfle vit/ciy xanh (rflng, dit trdng lua/hoa mau, eay xanh cdng cdng); M^t nfldc (cie khu vfle sdng, hd, ao); Khu vfle dang xiy dflng (cac khu cdng nghiep, khu dd thi, khu tii dinh cfl dang xay dflng vdi be mat dflpe dd bfi tdng vi cdng trinh xay dflng mat dd thip);
Khu vfle dat trdng (cac khu vfle dat trdng, ddi trpc, dat ao
hd bi san lap hoac cic khu vfle
giai tda ehfla dflpc xay dUng)
He sd Kappa di dinh gia dp
ehinh xie eua phep phin lo^i lan Iflpt li: 0,75; 0,78; 0.74;
0,70; 0,80; 0,90 ddi vdi inh cua cac nam 1990,1995,2000, 2005,2010 vi 2014
• PhUdng phdp tinh todn bien ddng:
Cic ket qua phan loai anh dupc chuyen thanh eie ldp dfl heu trong ArcGIS PhflPng phip chdng chap va tinh toin
bien ddng dfla vao bd cdng cu phan tieh khdng gian dflpc sfl dyng de hien thi sP dd phin bd va tinh toan ma tran ehuyen ddi cac ldp phu TP Di NSng theo cie khoing thdi gian 5 nam
III KET QUA
VA THAO LUAN
3.1 SU md rdng khong gian dd thi Dd Nang giai doan 1990 - 2015
Cac dd thi dflpc thinh lip
vi phit trien thdng qua qua trinh dd thi hda, tfle la qui trinh phit trien v^ kinh te, xi hdi, van hda va khdng gian kien true Thdng thfldng d eic khu vfle dd thj, cic qu^n hoac eae dpn v; hinh ehinh cap quan dflpe sfl dyng lam don vi nen ting Tuy nhifin, cae qu^n thfldng cd chifiu hfldng hinh thinh cic ranh gidi hanh ehinh b i t di bat dich, do dd khdng phan anh
dflpe xu the bien ddng khdng
gian thUe sU cua vung trung tam do thi Trong nghien cflu niy, sfl gia tang cic khdng gian tap trung vdi m | t dd cao dan cu va eac edng trinh xiy dung dflpe bifiu thi eho dd thi hda Kfit qua phan loai tfl inh LANDSAT cho thiy, sfl gia tang lien tyc di?n tich nhi d
vi cic cdng trinh bfi tdng hda
Trang 3_i
Cfafi^ii
^m Bk nut khSng tham/ ^ ^^^ trong/dat san l^p ^ ^ Ciy xanh
nha da thi B l MItnudc ^ L ^ DSt dang xSy dpng
A Hinh 2 Phdn bo khong gian cdcldp phu cd ban cua TP Dd Ndng giai doctn 1990-2015
khu vfle nghien cflu tfl 4.485 ha (nim 1990)
den 5.232 ha (2000, tang 9,04%) va 5.647 ha
(2005, ting 7,34%), sau do dot ngpt ting eao
8.634 ha (2014, ting 4%) (Hinh 2)
Theo khdng gian, ed th^ thay dd thi hda xiy
ra diu tifin d qu^n Thanh Khe va phia bie quin
Hai Chau trong nhflng nam dau thip ky 90, sau
dd md rpng d mflc dp tap trung eao dan ra eae
vung xung quanh Tfl nam 2010 den nay, dd
thj hoa dien ra manh me hon d khu vfle phia
ddng nam quan Lien Chieu va tay nam quan
Son Tri Kfit qua phan lo?i eho thay, trong 25
nim qua eac ldp phu cP bin eua Di Ning ed sfl
biln ddng rd ret theo khdng gian dd thi vdi bieu
hi^n gia tang manh cic vflng dat dang san lip
di tifin hanh xay dflng tai khu vfle phia nam TP
Tfl dd cho phep dfl bao qua trinh dd thj hda se
dien ra manh me tai eie quin Cam Lfi vi Ngii
Hinh Son trong thdi gian tdi
3.2 Bien dpng cdc ldp phu lien quan Mn
hien trang svt dung Mt
Bien ddng difin tieh eic ldp dat phu CP ban (Hinh 3) cua khu vfle nghifin cflu thdi
ky 1995 - 2000 la giai doan
cd boat ddng xiy dUng dien
ra m^nh me nhat vdi dien tich mat dat xiy dUng Ifin tdi 2.823 ha (nam 1995) va 2.202
ha (nam 2000), chifim tU 9,0%
dfin 11,5% tdng dien tich viing Den nam 2014, difin tich dat dang xay dUng lai ting tfl 300 ha len tren 1.000
ha, die biet tap trung tgi 2 quin Cam Le vi Ngfl Hinh Son, bao hieu mdt thdi ky do thi hda mdi d D i Nang
NgUpc vdi sfl phat trien
ve dat nhi d, dat cdng trinh
da xiy dflng li sU suy giam lien tuc dien tich ldp phu thfle vit: tfl 16.000 ha (nam
1995) xudng 9.000 ha (nam 2014) Du trong ph^m vi 6 quan trung tam cua TP D i Nang, Idp phd thfle vit van chiem ty 1? cao (37%, nam 2014) nhd ed phin rUng dupe bio tdn khi tdt d phia bac quin Lien Chieu (deo Hii Van) vi d bin dio Son Tra, thi phan ldn cae dien tich ldp phfl thpc v|t d phia tiy quin Lien Chieu va Cam L? (trflde
l i dit ndng nghifip) da bi chuyen doi thanh dat nha d
dd thi vi dit xiy dflng (Hinh 2) Nhfl vay, trong vdng 25 nim qua, ty lfi difin tieh thim thfle vat cua khu vfle nghien eflu Hfin tye giim, die bifit giam nhanh trong giai doan
2005 - 2014, tfl 56% xudng edn 37% (Hinh 3)
• B ^ m$t kbong thiim/iiliit dd Ihi V'Bit dacg xay dtmg
*Qit tidng/d^t san Up
• CayxaDh
• Mat nuoc
Dien tich mat nfldc nhin chung khdng ed thay ddi nhilu, dao ddng trong khoang 1.300 -2.700 ha phy thupc
va thdi gian thu anh
vi che dp thuy van -hii van cua vung
L Hinh 3 Bien ddng diin tich cdc ldp phii erf bdn cua TP Dd Ndng giai doan 1990 - 2015
Trang 4Bang 1 Ma tran ty le bien dpng dien tich cac Idp phii TP Da Nai^
nam 2014 ra 1990
1 $ l $ l 0 p 1 l i ^ p h A t l i a y 66* (%]
E
z
Thuc vat
Nha d d o thi
Mat ni/dc
Cat trang/dSt san Up
Gang xay d^fng
TtSng 1%)
T6ng thay doi (%)
N i m 1 9 9 0 1 T1iUCv|t
53,607 22.411 0,968
19347 3,667
100
46393
N h i 6 d 6 thj
7352 68,488 0^04 20,899 2^58
100
31312
Mat nudc 2,605 17,493 67,841 9,940 2,121
100 32,159
D M
2,245 37,861 0.146 41,699 18,049
100 S8301
Dang xay
2371 54/187 0,490 34.823 8,229
100 91,771
Bing 1 bieu dien sfl ehuyen ddi cua ldp
phfl thfle vat sang cac ldp phu khic cua vung
nghien cflu trong 25 nam qua, trong dd dac
bifit la sfl chuyen ddi tfl ldp phu thfle vit sang
dat nha d dd thi (22,4%) va dat san lap mat
bing (19,3%) Trong khi dd, tong ty lfi difin
tich 4 Idp phu edn lai chuyen doi thanh ldp
phu thUe vit ehi li 14,8% Diy la sfl ehuyen
ddi ding luu y vi nd minh ehflng rang qua
trinh dd thi hda da lam thay ddi dang ke eic
dieu kifin sinh thii dd thi, dupc thfi hifin qua
vific bien ddi khdng gian be mat cua ldp phu
tfl cae he sinh thai tfl nhifin sang mdi trUdng
chiu tic ddng bdi con ngUdL
Hinh 4 the hien sfl ehuyen ddi khdng
gian ldp phu thUe vit sang eie l o ^ ldp phu
khic trong giai doan 1990 - 2015 cua TP Da
Nang Theo dd, sfl bien ddi khdng gian ldp
phu thuc vit d bin dio Son Tra va deo Hii
Van li khdng dang ke, trong khi dd difin tieh
• r "
-rS::
" • ' ^
" " ^ ^ ^ ^
/ f 1
9^^ Ii
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ = ^ " ^ - ^ 1 =
thim thfle vat ehuyen ddi sang dat nha dd thi tip trung phin ldn d phia ddng quan Lien Chieu va phia nam qu4n Hii Chiu, quan Thanh Khe Phan chuyen ddi tfl ldp phfl thfle vit thinh dat dang xiy dUng hoae dat trdng tap trung chu yeu d quan Ngu Hinh Son vi quan Cam Le
3.3 Bien dpng cht so
khdng gian mdi trUdng cua
TP
Theo eie nghifin eflu xiy dflng ehi sd chat Iflpng mdi trfldng dd thi tai Viet Nam (Tran Quang Ldc vi Pham Khac Lifiu, 2012) chi sd "dien tieh cay xanh/dau ngUdi" la mdt chi sd quan trpng trong vific danh gii chat Iflpng mdi trfldng va quy hoaeh khdng gian dd thi Dfla vio cic sd Ueu thdng kfi dan so
vung nghien eflu (ehi tinh
sd din cd hp khau) cd the nhin thay, chi sd "dien tieh cay xanh/dau ngfldi" cua khu vfle da suy giam nghiem trpng tfl nam 1995 la 39 m-/ ngUdi giam xudng cdn 23,5 mVngUdi (nam 2005), 18 m-/ ngfldi (nam 2010) va 15,36 m^/ngUdi (nam 2014) (Hinh 5) Theo tieu chuan thiet ke quy hoach cay xanh sfl dung trong cae dd thi cua nUdc ta (TCXDVN 9257:2012) thi ty lfi niy da giam xuong dudi mfle tieu chuan cho dd thi loai I va II: 20,4 - 24,5 m'/ ngfldi Trong khi dd, dien tich dat cay xanh tinh trong tieu chuan la dien li^"l~ dai trong ciy xanh cdng cpng (chi bao gdm eay xanh dfldng phd, cay xanh edng vien, vfldn hoa) edn trong bii viet niy dien tieh nay dflpe tinh bang tong difin tieh ldp phu thfle vit trong TP (bao gdm ei 2 phan rflng da neu d tren) Nhfl vay, de tien den xay dflng TP "thin thifin vdi mdi trfldng" bd sung dien tieh dat trdng cay xanh la mdt trong nhflng ndi dung quan trpng eua quy ho^eh BVMT cua TP Da Nang
Gia ting nhanh dat d dd thi, ddng thdi giim manh
ty lfi cay xanh cfla TP giy ra
IWO 1995 2000 200S MIO 2014
^ K Dt«ii lidi bJ n f l U n « dVbi
^ ^ H TCxn:xDVU92S7J0\2'ridmiibciyiMihaaamyi,4.24j„f/^^^
i Hinh 4 Bien ddng khong gian Idpphu thUc ^ ^'"^ 5 Bien dgng khong gian tndi trudng TP Dd Ndnggiai vdt cua TR Dd Ndnggiai doan 1990 -2015 ^°^" ^^90 - 2015
Trang 5nhilu tae dpng xau de^n chat lUpng
mdi trudng sdng Sfl md rdng va gia
tang mat dd be mat khdng tham keo
theo cie hau qua nhfl tang nhiet dp
khdng khi eua thanh pho do hien
tupng bflc xa nhiet eua bfi tdng;
gia tang chat thai va van de ehdn
lip, xfl ly chat thii d cac khu nha
dd thi tap trung eao; gia tang ngap
lut; suy giam chat Iflpng vi khdi
lupng ngudn nfldc ngam do mat bl
mat thim nflde tu nhifin Cay xanh
cd vai trd dac biet trong viee dieu
chinh vi khi b^u cua dd thi do hip
thy anh sang, giim nhifit dd, giim
CO^, tang efldng dp am Sfl suy
giim dien tich cay xanh do thi se
lam cho khdng khi them ngdt ngat,
d nhiem khdi byi cd nguy cP phat
tan va lan truyin manh me hPn Do
vay, quy hoaeh BVMT do thi ndi
ehung va quy hoaeh BVMT TP D i
Nang ndi neng can phai dfla tren cP
sd bien dpng cua nhflng dien tich
nay nham xiy dflng giai phap can
bang sinh thii, bao ve eanh quan va mdi trUdng dd thi
IV KET L U A N
Qua trinh dd thi hda nhanh ludn gay ra nhieu van de ve mdi trfldng va sinh thii, bai viet nay nghien cflu sfl phat trien khdng gian do thi va sfl biln ddng eua ldp phu trfin dia ban TP Da Nang trong
25 nim gan diy 0ng dyng edng nghe viln tham, trong do sfl dyng anh ve tinh LANDSAT dl nghiin cflu bien ddng khdng gian
dd thi D i Nang cho kit qua cd do chinh xae cao, tfl do tao ra CO sd khoa hpe cho viee quy hoach BVMT TP, hudng din phat trien TP "than thien vdi mdi trUdng" Cie kit qua thu dflpc cho thay, trong
25 nam qua, khdng gian
do thi Da Ning dflpc md rdng gap 2 lan, tfl 4.485 ha vio nam 1990 din 8.634 ha vao nam 2014 Biln ddng khdng gian cae ldp phu chinh trong TP cho thay, 41,7 % dien tieh dat trdng ciy xanh da bi chuyen doi thanh dat xay dflng va nha
d dd thi, trong khi ty 11 ciy xanh dflpc phue hdi ehi
la 14,8 % He qua la chi
sd diln tich eiy xanh tren dau ngfldi cua TP da giim xudng dudi mflc TCXDVN 9257:2012 De trd thanh
TP xanh, thin thiln vdl mdi trUdng, trong quy hoaeh BVMT Da Nang nhat thiet phai chfl trpng din sU biln dpng eua eae khdng gian nham phit triln TP theo hfldng ben vflngB
TAILI$U THAM KHAO
Cue Thong ke TP BA Nang Niin gidm thong ke 2012
Pham Bach Viet, 2008 SCt dung ky thudt viin thdm vd GIS xdc dmh xu hudngphdt tri^n khong gian do thi TP Ho Chi Mink Tap chiKhoa hgc Trdi ddt & Moi trUdng Tap 13, So Ml, 2010,14-25
Pham Ngoc Ddng, Nguyen Dinh DUdng vd nnk, 2000 "Ddnh gid diin biin mdi trUdng Hd Not den ndm 2010,
2020 vd dS xuat cdc gidi phdp cdi thiin moi trUdng" Bdo cdo tong kit Di tdi KHCN 07.11 thudc ChUdng trinh Khoa hgc Nhd nUdc KHCN07 (1996-2000) LUu tra tai B6 KH&CN, 2000
Trdn Quang Loc vd Pham Khac Lieu, 2012 Nghien ciiu xdy dUng chi so chdt lUOng moi trUdng do thi (UEQI) vd
dp dungcho mdtsSdo thi tai VietNam Tap chikhoa hoc, Dat hoc Hue, TSp 74B, 865, (2012), 93-102
Tliu chudn quSc gia TCVN 9257:2012 ve Quy hoach cdy xanh siC dyng cong cdng trong cdc do thi - tieu chuan thiit ke
Trdn Thi Vdn, Hodng Thdi Lan, Le Vdn Trung 2011a Nghiin cUu thay dot nhiet do bi mat dd thi dudi tdc ddng cua qud trinh dd thi hda d TP H6 Chi Minh bangphUdngphdp viin thdm Tap chi Cdc Khoa hoc vi Trdi Ddt 9-2011, 33(3), 347-359
Trdn Thi Vdn, 2011 b Ung dung vien thdm vd GIS gidm sdt do th; hoa TP Hd Chi Minh the hiin qua cdc mdt
khdng thdm Tap chi Phdt trien KH&CN, tdp 14, sdMl -2011 65-77
Masek, J G., Undsay, F.E.& Coward, S N (1998) Dynamics of urban growth in the Washington DC
metropolitan area, 1973-1996 from LANDSAT observations Int J Remote sensing 2000, vol 21, No 18
3473-3486
Moeller M S., Remote sensingfyr the monitoring of urban growth patterns
Zhang Z & Guindon, B, (2005) Using LANDS AT data to assess land use conversion impacts arising from
urbanization: the Canadian context URS 2005, Session: Urban Development and Growth Patterns