lý thuyết hệ thống của niklas

Luhmann cho rang moi truang khong don gian chi bao gom cac he th6ng khac vai m6i truong ben trong gom cac bp phan cua he thong vai tinh each la mgt toan the, mpt sieu he thong supersyste

LY THUYET HE THONG CUA NIKLAS LUHMANN

VE Sii PHAN HOA CUA XA HOI'

LE NGOC HUNG'

Gioi thieu

Phien bin bing tieng Anh co le thugc loai som nhit cfla ly thuylt nay dugc nhi xa

hpi hpc ngucri Dfle ten li Niklas Luhmann^ gfli dang tren Tap chi Xd hoi hoc Canada

nim 1977 Do Ii mpt bii viet co sue nang nhu mpt "cupc each mang khoa hpc"^ trong

Iy thuyet he thong ve xa hpi voi nhan de "Sy phan boa cua xa hpi" (Differentiation of society: khic biet hoa xa hgi, phan hoa xa hgi)'' Bai viet dai 25 trang voi 32 mue giai thich a cu6i moi trang vi danh muc hon 70 tai lieu tham khao, trong do co 7 tai lieu efla ong, 5 tii lieu cua tie gia n6i tieng la TalcoU Parsons, nhung kh6ng thiy tii Heu nao cua nhung nha xa hpi hpc kinh dien nhu Kari Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Georg Simmel, cung kh6ng thay ten Ludwig von Bertalanffy, tac gia noi liing eua Iy thuylt he Ih6ngt6ng quit (1950)

1 Phan hoa h^ thong

Can ghi nhin ngay cong lao to Ion cfla Luhmann trong cong cupc bien doi co tfnh chat cich mgng he khai niem (paradigm) cua iy thuyet he th6ng qua viec ong thay thl quan niem cu, coi he thong li mpt tip hgp g6m eac bg phan va m6i quan he cfla chflng bang quan niem mai coi he th6ng nhu la sy khac biet giua he th6ng va moi truang

' GS.TS j Vi?n Xa hpi hpc Hpc vien Chinh tri Ou6c gia H6 Chi Minh

' "Nghien ciiu n^y dupc t i i trpr bai Quy phat trien khoa hpc va cong nghe Qu6c gia { NAFOSTED) trong

d l t i i m a s 6 J 3 2 - 2 0 1 l l 7 "

^ Niklas Luhmann (1927-1998) hpc luat cr Dai hpc Freiburg nam 1946 - 1949 Nam 1961, ong dan dir kh6a hpc do nhli xS hpi hpc Talcott Parsons la ngiroi huang dan khoa hpc tai Dai hpc Harvard Tii nam

1963 d^n nam 1975, ong da cho xu3t ban han 15 cong trinh khoa hpc cua minh,trong do co 2 cu6n sach dirpc chap nhgn nhu la luan an tien sT va tac gia duac coi la co du tir each nhan churc danh giao su tai Dai hpc MUnster nSm 1966 Nam 1965-1966 ong tham dir mot hpc ky ve \a hpi hpc tai Dai hpc Mijnster, nam 1968-1969 ong l^m giang vien Dsii hpc Frankfurt, sau do duoc bo nhiem giao su tai Dai hpc Bielefeld (Diic) va lam vi?c o dp cho den nam 1993 Trong thai gian nghi huu ong van tiep tuc nghien ciru va cho

xuit ban hom chyc cong trinh khoa hpc, trong do co tac pham chinh ten tiSng Dire la Die Geseilschafi der Gesellschafi d'\ch nguyen vfln sang tieng Anh la "The Society of Society" (Xa hpi ciia xa hpi) xull ban

nam 1997

' Thu§t ng& cua Thpmas Kuhn (1962) dua ra de ban ve con duong phat tri^n bit thutrng cua khoa hpc khac han con dirdng "chinh thu6ng" "binh thuong" kieu tich luy cac bang chirng, tri thirc khoa hoc'

(Thomas Kuhn (1962) Cdu Iruc cdc cudc cdch mang, Nxb Tri thuc Ha Npi, 2008)

••' Bai niy gidi thi?u iheo kieu "phan hoa he thong", nguyen van bai vigt tiSng Anh ciia Niklas Luhmann

(1977), "DifFerentialionofsocieiy" trong Ca/jtf£/(anJoj/r/7o/o/.Soao/ogi' Vol 2 No 1 1977, pp 29-53

Luhmann phe phan cich tiep can Iy thuyet kinh diln it nhit o hai diem: mgt la qui tap trung vio he th6ng mi quen moi truang, hai la ngay ci khi co noi den m6i quan he gifla cac he th6ng thi cung chi tap trung a ben trong he thong, khi xem xet cac he thong sinh thai (ecosystems) vi m6i truong thi vin coi chflng nhu Ii mgt he th6ng bao chfla mi xem nhe moi quan he vai m6i truang vi cic gioi han cung cac yeu to can thiep ben ngoai he thong Trong boi canh bien d6i he khai niem nhu vay, Luhmann da dat ra nhiem vu Ii su dung su khac biet he lh6ng vi moi truang de dua ra ly thuyet ve phan h6a he thong nham lam ro he th6ng xa hgi cua xa hgi^ Luhmann ke thua quan niem efla Talcott Parsons ve Ihofi gian theo do mgt he thong phflc lap kh6ng the dua vao m6i quan he "mgt - mgf giua cac bien ben ngoai va cac bien ben trong mi yeu cau phii co thai gian de xu ly thong tin va lira chgn cic phan trng dieu nay doi hoi phai co nhung cau true hay nhung bg phan khac thue hien nhflng phan ung do*" Cac sy kien ben ngoai doi hoi phai bien doi mgi thfl 6 ben Irong cung mot lue eo the se lam pha hfly loan bp he th6ng^, do vay sir phan hoa he th6ng la mgt bien phap kT thuat cau true de giai quyet nhung van de nhu vay cua cac he th6ng phflc tap trong cac moi truang phflc tap Nhung Luhmann cung luu y ngay la ly thuyel cua Parsons mac du co phan biet m6i truong ben ngoai va moi truang ben trong nhung van chu yeu noi den cae moi quan he lien he th6ng (intersystem) Luhmann cho rang moi truang khong don gian chi bao gom cac he th6ng khac vai m6i truong ben trong gom cac bp phan cua he thong vai tinh each la mgt toan the, mpt sieu he thong (supersystem) ma con chua dung ea cac co hpi lya chpn, bien d6i hoae lang tranh cac quan he vai cac he th6ng khac Xuat phat tfl nhung quan niem nay Luhmann djnh nghTa : sy phan hoa he th6ng (system differentiation: khac biet hoa he thong) nhu la sy tai lap lai su khie biet giua he th6ng va m6i truong ben trong cac he th6ng vi la hinh thuc phan chieu qua trinh xay dyng he thong

Khac han each tiep can Iy thuyet he thong nhu la toan the va bg phan each tilp can moi cua Luhmann phan biet hai loai m6i trucmg trong cac he th6ng dugc phan hoa: mgt

la moi truong ben ngoai chung cho tat ca cac lieu he thong va hai la m6i truang ben trong rieng cho tflng tieu he thong Theo each hieu nay moi mgt tieu he th6ng kiln tao lai toan bg he thong va lai la toan bp he th6ng duoi mgt hinh thflc dac biet cfla su khae biet giua he lliong vi moi trucmg Phan hoa he th6ng thye hien qua Irinh tai san xuii he thong trong chinh no bang each phan chia no thanh cac he th6ng ben trong vi cic m6i truang, nhung kh6ng phai la su phan huy thanh cac bg phan nho hon ma la qui trinh

Can ghi nhan cong lao ciia Luhmann trong viec phan biet xa hpi (society) voi he thfing toan xa h ^ (societal system: he th6ng toan th4 xa hpi) he th6ng xa hpi (social system), he th6ng bao chira (encompassing system) bm vi nhi^u nguai nghien ciru ly thuydt va nguoi Ihyc hanh Ihuang lan Ipn cac thuat ngu nay

*• Niklas Luhmann (1977) .SJi/.Ir 30

' Oieu nay co le tuong tu nhu sir kien neu tai ca cac khach hang co ti^n gui a ngan hang deu ciing mpt llic doi riit li^n cua hp ra khoi ngan hang thi loan bo he thong ngan hang co Ih^ bi sup d6 phd san

' Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM tr 31

ting truong bing cich tach roi ben trong vi do viy lam phflc tap len gap bpi cic quan h? cic tic dgng vi y nghia cfla nhiing gi xiy ra trong he th6ng va m6i iruang Luhmann Iiy vi du': giao due pho cap bit bupc vi giio due dgi chung li van de m6i truong khic biet doi vai he th6ng chinh tri, he th6ng kinh tl he th6ng ton giio, he th6ng y le, Luhmann chi ra mpt chflc ning cua phan h6a he th6ng la tang cuong tinh chgn lgc cfla he th6ng trong mpt the gioi v6 ban diy biln dpng va bit ngo'" Con ehflc nang chu yeu cfla he thong xa hpi Ii vfla mo rpng va vfla giim bot linh phflc tap cfla cac m6i truang ben ngoii vi ben trong sao cho cic he th6ng khac lim dugc cau Irflc dfl de ho trg cho cae ranh gioi va cae cau true chgn Ige cao ban Dieu nay c6 nghTa la sy phan hoa he thong dien ra a cap do he thong vi liep tuc xay ra a cap do cac tieu he thong, a cap dp

16 chflc va cic tuong tic cu the vai mflc dp phfle tap dii de hanh dgng lya chgn duy ly phii dinh cho cho cac bat ngof va cac co hgi chgn Ipc kilu nhu ehpn Ipc ty nhien ngoii tam kiem soit cfla nguoi hinh dpng"

/./ Cdc hinh thucph&n Itoa he thong: phan mang, phdn tdng va phan hda chm: nang

Luhmann cho rang, thuyet tien hoa chi dflng mgt phan khi cho rang su lien boa Ii qui trinh tang Ien cua sy phan boa he thong Tuy nhien cac xa hgi rat khic nhau vi do viy kho co the chi dya vio mflc do phan hoa hay phflc tap hoa de danh gia trinh do tien hoa cfla eae xa hpi Luhmann da chi ra ve mat ly thuyet va ljeh su, tien hoa ehi co the xuat hien mpt s6 hinh thue phan hoa he thong vi do la nhung hinh Ihflc ket hgp cfla hai

sy Iu5ng phan kh6ng d6i ximg nhau la luong phan he thong - moi truong va Xuong phan

binh ding - bat binh dang Dua vao nguyen ly cua Alexander Goldenweiser (1937) ve ' cac kha nang co han ve so lugng cac giai phap d6i vai cac van de ciu true, Luhmann chi

ra ba hinh thflc phan hoa he th6ng ciia cac xa hgi la phan mang phan ting, phan hoa chflc nang va cho rang ba hinh thflc do li dii de phat trien cac xa hpi rat phflc tap'^

"Niklas Luhmann(1977) St/t/ tr 31

" Luhmann kh6ng trich dan tai lieu nao cua Max Weber nhung co nhac den ten Weber a day khi luu y Luhmann (1977) .Wo', tr 32 Ly thuyet ciia Luhmann khong phii nhan hanh dpng va nguoi hanh dpng nhung h? thong cita ong khong true tiep bao gom hanh dong (action) cung khong bao gom nguoi hanh (interactions) va giao tiep (communication) Nhung ro rang la Luhmann se rSt kho co the xem xet cac tirong lac va giao tiep ma khong noi den nhung con nguai thyc hien nhung hanh vi hanh dpng tao nen hai qua trinh nay

' ' Niklas Luhmann (1977) .Wt/ tr 33 Trong phien ban tieng Anh cua Luhmann (1977) chu "phan hoa" (differentiation: khac biet hoa) dupc tai su dyng moi lan trong ba hinh thirc phan hoa he th6ng Trong phien ban tieng Anh sau nay cua Luhmann (1990) xuii hien them mpt hinh thirc phan hoa nOa la phan hinh thuc la segmentary differentiation, differentiation of center and periphery, stratificatory differentiation, functional differentiation Xem' Niklas Luhmann (1990) 'The Paradox of System Differentiation and the Evolution of Society" in trong: Jeffrey C Alexander and Paul Colomy (Eds.),

Different iai ion Theory and Social Change Comparalive and Historical Perspectives Columbia

University Press New York 1990, tr 409 - 440 Ir 423

Phdn mdng (segmentation, phan khuc phan dogn)

Theo Luhmann, trong hinh thflc niy xa hgi bj phan hoa thanh cic lieu he thong binh ding nhau, ma a day binh ding dugc hieu la nguyen Iy xay dung he thong tu chpn loc Trong cic xi hgi c6 xua do la sy thfla ke hoac thoa thugn hoac ket hgp ci hai Bat binh ding dugc hilu la kit qua cua sy khic biet do cac dieu kien moi trucmg, do vay bat binh ding khong co chflc nang he thong nhung van co inh huong quyet djnh doi voi sy khic biet CO tinh chat tien hoa cfla cac he th6ng xa hpi khae nhau

Phdn tdng (stratification)

Theo Luhmann, day la hinh thflc phan hoa xa hpi thinh cac tieu he thong bat binh ding Dilu nay xiy ra do su trflng hgp ngau nhien cua cac cap bat doi xiing la he thong/ moi truong vi binh dang/ bat binh dang vai nghTa binh dang tra thanh chuan myc doi voi giao tiep ben trong va bat binh dang la chuan myc doi voi giao tiep vdi moi truong Trong xa hgi phan tang, binh dang xiy ra giua eac eong dan cung mgt lang lap cfla xa hgi va bat binh ding xiy ra giua cic tang lop cfla xi hpi

Mac du khong vien dan Weber nhung Luhmann cung cho rang sy phan ting doi hoi

sy phan phoi khong deu cua cii vi quyen lyc noi rieng, vi sy phan ph6i bit binh ding cic kha nang giao tiep noi chung theo each cfla Luhmann Luhmann cho ring kh6ng nen qua chu trgng khia canh bat binh dang eua phan tang theo nghTa th6ng trj va boc lot nhu

xa hpi hpc mac xit vi ei xa hpi hpc tu sin van thuong nhan manh Boi vi ong cho ring binh dang cung quan trpng, tham chi con quan trgng hon voi tinh each Ii mpt nguyen Iy xae djnh ban sic cfla cae tieu he th6ng

Theo Luhmann, van de dao dfle cua binh dang vi bat binh dang Ii van de von co cfla cac xa hpi phin tang, duge dien dai theo ly thuyet ve c6ng bang nhung khong thl "giii quyet" theo nghTa nay'^ Dao dfle hoa chi co chflc nang thfl hai, tfle la cic chflc nang he

tu tucmg Van de ciu true cua cac xa hgi phan tang li viec nhan dang cic tilu he th6ng doi hoi viec xac djnh m6i truong cfla chung theo trat tu cip bac hoac sy luang phan binh ding/ bit binh dang Theo nghia nay, tang lop tren thucmg dugc nhan dien la loan the xa hpi va li muc tieu xic dinh cic vi tri cua cic ting lop khac 6 ben duoi vcri tinh cich nhu li cic bp phan va nhu la phuang tien Vin dl ciu true cua phan hoa duoi hinh Ihflc phan ting li 6 chS no kiem che tinh phflc tap cfla he lh6ng toin xa hgi vi no co thl dugc thiet che hoa ehi khi nio khong the dat dugc mpt mflc dp phflc tap cao hon, do vay, Luhmann d6ng y voi Tocqueville ring su gia tang cfla cai co xu huong cich mgng hoa cac he th6ng phan ting''' Luhmann noi din vin dl giao tilp cua cic ting lop ben

Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM tr 34

Nhirng Luhmann ghi chii ngay truang hpp ngoai I?, tham chi trai ngirac la nudc Trung Qutc c6 dai: ngirai Trung Quoc da xk thanh cong trpng viec sir dyng tilu he th6ng chuc nang giao dye d l thirc hiin

chirc^nang k^p la thu hut nguai giau vao h? thing vi th^ hien hanh iiic bay gio va h6a giai tinh phi^c tap

xa hpi bang cac chii de kinh diSn ciia giao due Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM tr 34 Nh?in x^t linh t l xihy

cua Luhmann co the gpi ra giai phap d6i vai nhirng vin d l mau thuan xung dot co thl xay ra tir phan hoa

xa hpi noi chung va phan hoa giau ngh6o n6i rieng o Viet Nam hien nay

duoi trong xa hpi phan ting: dl giy chfl y vi dl tro thanh chfl de cfla cic giao tiep quan trpng cac ting lap duoi co the phii sfl dung cic phuong tien duy nhit la mau thuan, xung dgt duoi hinh thflc cac phong trio xa hpi, cie cugc phin khang, phin flng hay khoi nghia" Cich gay chfl y nay co thl din din cie he qui la thuc diy xa hpi phil trien nhung Luhmann cung cho biet ngay Ii rit hilm khi xa hpi biln d6i bing giao tiep Tuy nhien, Luhmann cung chi ra rang trong xa hgi hien dai, eie phuong tien, kT thuat giao tiep da thay doi nhanh chong va dieu niy lim tang co hgi giao liep giija cac ting lop xa hpi vi cich thflc gay chfl y duoi hinh thfle phan ijng, phin khang cfla ting lop duoi eo

ve giim di Luhmann cung luu y rang, trong xa hgi ngay nay cac thanh vien cfla ling lop tren trof thanh nhflng nguoi duge thortg tin'^, nhung "nguoi cfla cong chflng" va hg phii biet nhung gi xiy ra ngay sau khi nhung thong tin vl hp dugc cong bo Trong mpi truong hgp, can tim hieu va trien khai y tuong nay eua Luhmann Irong viee du phong vi giii quyet cic mau thuan, xung dot xa hpi c6 the xay ra do sy phan hoa xa hgi mi cu the

cr day li do sy lac nghen giao tiep giua cac tang ldp gay ra Giai phap chung mi ta eo the rflt ra tu Iy thuyet cua Luhmann d day la can phai xem xet va eai lien each thflc vi phuong tien, kT thuit giao liep giua cac tang ldp Irong xa hgi sao cho giao tiep dugc thong suot va th6ng lin dugc minh bach, tuc la tang cudng dan chu hoa'

Phdn hoa chuc ndng (functional differentiation)

Theo Luhmann, vi tit ca cac chuc nang can thiet cua xa hpi deu phai dugc thyc hien

vi deu phu thugc lan nhau nen xa hgi ty no kho co the quyet dinh uu lien chflc nang nio Lfle do xa hgi phai sfl dung cap do thfl hai cua viec xay dung tieu he Ihong de thiet che hoa thu ly uu lien cfla eac chfle nang doi vdi mot tap hgp die biet cac moi quan he giua h? thong va moi trudng Tren cap dp nay phan hoa xa hgi bat diii tfl phin hoa eie vai, d mflc dp it nhit vi cu the nhat la phan biet hai vai, co the gpi la ludng phan vai, tgo nen cac ky vpng b6 sung nhau xung quanh mpt chflc nang: vi dii, phan hoa vai ngudi dgy vi ngudi hpc xung quanh chflc ning giao due

Phan hoa chflc ning lim thay doi sy phan bo binh dang va bat binh dang trong xa hpi

vi dilu niy the hien d cho eae tieu he th6ng chflc nang khong binh dang nhau nhung eie m6i trudng tuong ting cua chung lai binh dang nhau Do vay, nhu la mgt nghich ly

'* Theo xa h0i hpc mac xit, cac phan img nay khong chi de gay chit y ma co ig chii y l u la d l giai quylt nhOng vin d l Igi ich kinh t l

"' Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM tr 35, Ly thuyet he thong ciia Luhmann coi trpng giao tilp co le la dp

(ty) phan h6a h? thong Neu coi giao tiep nhu la doi ihoai, thi cac xS hpi ngay nay dang co xu hucmg d l cao giai quyel cac van de iranh chap va ca van de cua phat trien bang doi ihoai lire la giao tilp '^ Dieu nay c6 ve nhu ly thuyet phan hoa xS hpi lir mau ihuan voi chinh no khi ly thuylt nay cung cho rang xa hpi khb c6 the bien doi bang giao tiep, Niklas Luhmann (1977), S(?c/, tr 35

'* C6 thl coi ly thuylt phSn h6a xa hpi ciia Luhmann not chung va khai ni?m v l giao tilp cua ong noi rifing la CO so ty luSn ciia dan chu hoa xa hpi ngay nay vai cac try cpt la thong tin cong khai, minh bach, trich nhi^m giar trinh

Luhmann cho rang mgt xa hgi phan hda ehflc nang se trd thanh hoac phai to ra li mpt xa hpi binh dang vdi tinh each la mot tap hgp toin bg cac moi trudng binh dang nhau cua cac tieu he thong chuc nang bat binh dang Ljch sfl cfla xa hpi cho thay sy phan hoa chflc nang tang len bao gom su phan hoa kinh te giao due, khoa hgc da lim thay doi mo hinh Iy tudng quy chuan ve sy binh dang d the ky XVIll

Luhmann cho rang bang each phan hoa chuc nang xa hgi co the lim tang gip bpi cic die trung cfla cac quan he chflc nang vi d6ng thdi Iam tang tinh md cua cic moi Irudng ben trong ma vdi chflng, cac tieu he thong thuc hien eic chflc nang cua minh'" Xi hpi Iam tang sy phu thupc ben trong bang each phan djnh vi Ihiet che hda cac chflc nang, d6ng thdi lam giam sy phu thupc Ian nhau d ben trong bang each ndi Idng moi luong quan bfl trfl cua he th6ng va m6i trudng

Tom lai Luhmann da ap dung ly Ihuyel phan hoa he thong trong phan tich cic xa hpi

va cho thay mgt sy khac biet quan trpng gifla each tiep can ly thuyet mdi vi cu nhu sau: Quan he cua tung tieu he th6ng chflc nang rieng biet vdi xa hpi la khong dong nhit vdi quan he cua tflng tieu he th6ng vdi moi trudng xa hpi cfla nd Moi quan he cfla iflng tieu

he thong vdi moi Irudng ben trong cung khong don gian la mgt tap hgp eac quan he lien

he thong (inter-system) gifla cac he thong

L2 Cdc fie quy chieu lie tiiong: chuc ndng, bieu dien, phan chieu

Theo Luhmann, m6i mgt lieu he thong djnh hudng cac thao tic ehpn Igc cfla no vao

ba he quy chieu he thong khac nhau nhu sau ': i) dinh hudng vio he thong cfla xa hpi vdi nghTa la Ihuc hien chflc nang cua no doi vdi xa hpi; ii) djnh hudng vao cac lieu he th6ng khac trong m6i trudng ben trong cua xa hgi vdi nghTa la cac bieu diln dau vao va dau ra; iii) djnh hudng vao ban than vdi nghia la phan chieu

Cac he quy chieu he thong nay cung nhu cac tieu chuan chgn lgc ddi vdi ehflc nang, bieu dien va phan chieu la khong d6ng nhat Do vay, theo Luhmann, cic xa hgi phan hoa ehfle nang kho co the chi huy dugc bdi nhflng bg phan dan dau Vi du, cic nhom tinh hoa (elites) gi6ng nhu d cac xa hgi phan tang va cung kh6ng hgp ly hoa duge bdi cac chuoi quan he gom phuang lien va muc dich De nam bat duge linh phuc tap cau true cua cae xa hgi phan hoa chflc nang can phai d6ng thdi tinh den mpt sd he quy chieu

he lh6ng va moi trudng nhu vua neu

Luhmann cho rang, sy phan hoa chuc nang doi hoi cac tieu he th6ng phii ed nang luc phan hoa va tai ket hgp chuc nang, bieu dien va phan chieu"^ Day la each duy nhii mi cae tieu he th6ng co the dat dugc su ly ehu thao tic nhu la eac he lh6ng - trong - moi trudng - eua chung ma he qua quan trpng dugc ky vgng d day la cac ciu true thdi gian

'"Niklas Luhmann {\911),SM tr 36

-"Niklas Luhmann (\911).SM, tr 36

^' Niklas Luhmann (1977), Sd'f/, tr 36

NiklasLuhmann(1977),Sd't:/, tr 37

ciia xi hgi Trong do dinh hudng bilu dien chfl ylu nham vio thdi tuong Iai djnh hudng

phin chieu nham vio thdi qua khfl va djnh hudng ehflc nang nham vio thdi hien tai Luhmann lay vi du ve he thong giao duc^'*: chflc nang cfla giao due li xa hgi hoa cac ci nhin cho phu hgp vdi moi trudng cfla cic he th6ng xa hgi tuong lai su bieu dien cfla no

li chuin bj nghe nghiep cho mgi ngudi d thdi hien tai vi giao due nhan van Ii sy phin chieu ban sac da duge hinh thinh trong Ijch sfl tfle Ii thdi qui khu

Theo thuyet chflc nang co dien vi quy chuin, xa hgi luon co mpt tap hgp nhat dinh cic vin de "ton tgi" d cap dp loan xa hgi vi cac vin de nay nhu la eac yeu cau chflc ning doi hoi "phii dugc giii quyet" dl xa hgi tilp tuc s6ng sot^'' Tuy nhien Luhmann cho rang sy phin hda chflc nang co kha nang thay the cae vin de d cip do toan xa hpi bang cic vin de d cap cac tieu he thong, nhung khong don gian bang each fly quyen hay phi lap trung hoa cac trich nhiem mi bang each phan hda eic he quy chieu ehflc nang, bieu dien vi phan chieu cfla cic tieu he th6ng Ong phat hien thay cac tieu he thong rii khac nhau ve nang lyc phin hoa va do vay c6 kha nang lya chgn hoae thay the cac chfle nang, bieu dien va phan chieu mgt each rat khac nhau vi du: tieu he thong nghe thual eo the sfl dung sy phan chieu thay cho chflc nang va bieu dien^^ Tu nhung phan lich niy, Luhmann ket luan: phan hoa chflc nang co tic dpng chpn Igc doi vdi cac ehflc nang vol nghTa Ii thuc day phat trien chfle nang nay va kiem che cac chuc nang khac, do vay anh hudng din su lien hoa eua cac xa hpi

2 Cic quan diem tien hda

Luhmann ip dung quan diem tien hoa trong phan biet va phan tich ba hinh thuc phan hoa cin efl vao cac luong phan he th6ng va m6i trudng, binh dang va bai binh dang de chi ra rang cac xa hpi khac nhau khong don gian la do sy khac biet ve hinh thfle phan hoa Iheo kieu ludng phan ** Bdi vi cac hinh thuc phan hoa gom phan mang, phan tang

va phan hoa chflc nang khong loai tru nhau ma con bao ham nhau theo kieu lien hoa nhung vdi nhflng ban ehe nhat djnh Vi du eac xa hpi phan ming co the phit triln su phin tang nhung chi dudi hinh thflc "to chfle kieu kim ty thap" cac xa hgi nay phan hoa cac linh hu6ng vi cic vai gia dinh lien quan tdi chfle nang nhung kh6ng co kha nang phil trien cac he Ihong xa hpi ben vung xung quanh cac chuc nang cu the Trong khi do cic xa hgi phan tang phai sfl dung sy phan mang bdi vi eae lang Idp duge tao bdi eac

-' Niklas Luhmann {1977) SM tr 39

" Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM tr 39 Luhmann khong neu ro ten tac gia ciia thuyet chirc nang nay nhung c6 t h l quy chtlu den Talcott Parsons lac gia cua ly thuylt ve he thdng xa hpi phan hoa thanh cac tieu h^ Ihdng AGIL do cAc yeu cau chirc nSng (functional imperatives) tuong ung la thich nohi

(Adapiatton), huang dich (Goal-anainmeni) hoi nhap (Integration) va duy tri khuon mau lan

(Latent-pattern maintanance) TalcotI Parsons (1951) The Social System, Glencoe Illinois* Free Press Xem them LfiNgpc Himg (2013) Ly ihiiyei xa hgt hoc hien MiM\h Dai hoc Qiidc gia Ha Npi, tr 131-158

•' Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM tr 39

-"Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM tr 40

gia dinh va cac ca nhan Su phan tang phu thugc vio su phan mang nhung no chi su dimg su phan mang d cap do thfl hai cfla su phan hda khi xic djnh sy binh dang cua cac tieu he thdng va m6i trudng ben trong cfla cac nhdm vi thl Su phan tang cung tuong thich vdi sy phan hoa chuc nang d cap do cic vai cu the va d cip dp cac he thdng vai, vi

du cac to chflc lao dgng, ton giio hay hanh chinh

Luhmann chi ra rang, sy phan hoa chflc nang phu thugc vao sy phan mang ben trong cie tieu he thong chflc nang Ong neu mgt vi du ro nhat d day la he thong chinh trj: ngay ea he thong toan cau cua xa hgi trong the gidi ngay nay cung khong thay doi dugc mpi thyc te la chflc nang chinh Irj can phai cd nen tang lanh thd de ra cac quyet djnh Cling nhu de thyc thi cac quy tac ddng thuan va dan chu Do vay, he thdng chi'nh trj bi phan hoa theo lanh th6 tuc la phan mang thanh cac nha nudc chinh trj khdng phai vdi tinh each la "tin du" cua Ijch su ma ro rang vdi tinh each la dieu kien tien quyel de thuc hien cac chflc nang cu the cua nd

Sy phan tang ciing phai thay doi hinh thuc va ngi dung cua no de thich nghi vdi xa hpi phan hoa chuc nang cung nhu de tiep thu su phe phan cua cac nha xa hpi hpc mac xi't vi cac nha xa hpi hpc tu san" Luhmann cho biet: phan tang kh6ng cdn la hinh thflc hang dau cfla su phan hda xa hgi va khong con dong khung d he thong phan chia dang cap ma bien doi sang he th6ng phan tang giai cap md, lien tuc dugc tai san xuat dudi tic dpng efla phan hoa chflc nang ma sy khac nhau giua xa hgi "tu ban chu nghia" va "xa hpi chfl nghia" chu yeu la d mflc do can thiep eua bp may to chflc hanh ehinh Luhmann rut ra ket luan ve sy tang dan mfle dp phue tap cac moi trudng cua cac tieu he th6ng va mflc dp tuong Ihich cua hinh thfle phan hoa trong qua trinh phit trien tfl xa hpi phan mang sang xa hpi phan tang va sang xa hpi phan hoa chflc nang, trong dd mfle dp luong thich phu thupc vao muc do phuc tap cfla cac moi trudng ben trong cua cac lieu

he thong Do vay, theo quan diem tien hoa, phan hoa he th6ng la yeu l6 tao ra sy bien d6i, chgn Ipc, on djnh cac ket qua tien hoa va do vay xac dinh cac dieu kien cho sy lien hoa tiep theo

3 Cac dieu kien va cac tac dong phu cua su phan hoa he thong

Theo Luhmann, cac hinh thuc phan hoa phu thugc vao cac dieu kien cau true khae nhau va do vay co the tao ra cac tac dpng phu khac nhau the hien d^': Ranh gidi he th6ng; quy mo; cau trfle thdi gian; va cap dp ky vgng

-' Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM tr, 41

Day la lan thir hai trong bai viet nay Luhmann vira phan btet, vira k i t hop xa hpi hpc mdc xit vdi xa hpi hpc tu san khi ban ve sy phan tang

Luhmann khong giai thich ro han, nhung co the hieu ring a xa hpi xa hpi chii nghTa, sy can thiep theo kieu phan phoi lai bai ban tay hitu hinh ciia co quan quan ly hanh chinh nha nuac co ve manh va Iheo

kieu binh quan chu nghTa vcri mire do rQ rang hon la a xa hpi tu ban chii nghTa

^"Niklas Luhmann (1977) SM tr 42

" Niklas Luhmann (1977), SM, tr 42

Ve cdc ranh giai he thdng, bit ky mgt hinh thflc phin hoa nio cung bao ham cic

ranh gidi cfla he thong bi phin hoa Cac ranh gidi phan dinh moi trudng ben trong vi thiet lap cac quan he chgn Igc gifla cae moi trudng ben trong vi ben ngoii Cae ranh gidi khong ngin chin mi xflc tiln sy hgp tic vi mau thuan xuyen qua ranh gidi Luhmann neu vi du: quan niem c6 dien cfla Trung Quoc phin biet van minh vdi da man ngogi lai vi to ra uu lien cho van hoa vi quin sy, irong khi do quan niem chiu Au ve bien gidi phan biet cic he thdng phap luit va chinh trj lai cd xu hudng chinh Irj hoa cic quan he ben ngoai

Ve quy mo he thong Luhmann cho rang khai niem nay noi den so lugng eae yeu to

cua he thong mi cic moi quan he giua chung tao thanh he thong Do vay, sy md rgng eie ranh gidi he th6ng la each lam tang quy mo cua he thong, nhung do kh6ng phii li eieh duy nhat LTU the cfla quy m6 khong nam d nang lyc hien thyc hoa tat ca cac quan

he CO the co gifla cic yeu to ma d co hpi chpn lgc nhiing quan he quan trpng nhat Do viy, ling quy m6 co nghTa la tang tinh ehpn lgc Cung vdi mflc do phan hoa tang dan, quy mo cfla he th6ng va tinh chpn Ipc cua he th6ng cung lang len Cac ly thuyet xa hpi hpc khic nhau co xu hudng lua chpn khac nhau cae bien dan so va giao tiep khi giai quyet van de tang quy mo eua he thong ma theo Luhmann la can phai ket hgp ca hai loai bien nay Cae bien dan so noi den mflc lang trudng cua dan so va la cac bien ben ngoai bdi vi cac ea nhan la eic he thong hflu ca - tam ly thupc ve moi trudng cua he lh6ng giao tiep xa hpi Chi co cac bien giao tiep mdi lien quan den cac qua trinh ben trong cua cie he Ihong xa hpi Do vay mgt eong dong eo mat dp dan so thap van co the co mat do giao tiep cao, tuc la van c6 quy mo ldn va ngugc lai

Theo Luhmann giao tiep vdi mat dp cao^^ dugc phat trien theo ba budc, tu giao lilp

CO the sang giao tiep Idi noi, sang giao tiep viet va giao tiep dai chiing Giao lilp dai chflng khong don gian la each l6l nhat de giai quyet cac van de giao liep ma no co anh hudng chgn Igc d6i vdi hiu nhu tat ca cac tieu he th6ng va toan bp he thong bdi vi mpt khi Ihong lin duge eong bo dai ehflng thi ngay lap tuc hinh thanh tri thuc chung, co sin, gin eho ma hinh dpng phai dya vao bat chap cac y kien eo thyc su thay d6i hay khong Giao liep dai ehflng anh hudng den eau trfle ihdi gian, den cac khung thdi gian cua su trii nghiem vi hinh dpng do su phan chieu xa hpi cua viec phai tinh den nhiing gi ma ngudi khie biet Luhmann phat hien ra van de eua giao tiep dai ehflng khong phai li vin

de th6ng nhit eic y kien mi li van de co lai eua Ihdi gian lam giim cae co hpi d cae

'^ Dilu nay gpi nh6 quan ni?m ciia Emile Durkheim ve mat dp dao dirc "morai density", hay mat dp nSng dpng "dynamic density" bieu ihj cac moi quan h? xa hoi day dSc, cac trao doi tich cyc va m6i tuong quan

divi.iion of lahoiir in society London' Macmillan Press, 1984 ir 201

tieu he th6ng chuc nang khac, do vay )eu cau kiem soit chinh trj doi vdi giao tiep dgi chflng khong chi la yeu cau vi sy dong thuan nhieu hon ma con li yeu cau phai gifl cho dugc mgt tuong Iai md day khuyen khich

Ve cdc cdu true thai gian, phan h6a chflc nang Iam thay d6i hien thyc cua thdi hien

tai bang thdi ndi tiep nhau eua cac sy kien va cac hanh dgng khac nhau va nhu the li thdi gian hda tinh phue tap cua he thong noi ehung va moi trudng ben trong noi rieng Theo Luhmann, cac quan niem ve thdi gian va pham vi thdi gian da thay d6i nhu sau: vao dau the ky XVII bat dau dien ra sy thay d6i quan niem ve thdi hien tai theo hudng quy gian no vao thdi tuc khac ma thieu sy lien tyc vdn cd va phu Ihudc vao cae nguyen nhan thfl cap cung sy no luc cua con ngudi trong viec bao t6n, duy Iri n6 Den nfla sau the ky XVlll mdi co cac thfl nghiem thay d6i pham vi cua thdi qua khfl va thdi tuong Iai, d6ng thdi kien tao Iai thdi hien tai thanh diem xuat phat tham chi la thdi diem quyet dinh giua cac thdi qua khfl va cac thdi tuong Iai rat khac nhau Cung trong hai the ky nay da dien ra sy chuyen hoa xa hgi chau Au tu xa hgi phan tang sang xa hgi phan hoa chflc nang M6i tuong quan cua cac cau true thdi gian va cae hinh thflc phan hoa efla xa hpi dugc Iy thuyel phan hoa cua Luhmann giai thich bang each chi ra tinh phflc lap tang len cua cac moi trudng ben trong vi cac he qua cua sy hgi nhap va giao tiep lien he thong Noi each khac, sy phan hoa chuc nang dan den su tach biet viec tao ra van de ra khoi viec giai quyet van de vdi nghTa la van de khong con dugc giai quyet bdi mgt he thong tao ra no nua ma phai dugc chuyen cho mpt he thong khac dugc trang bj va ehuyen m6n hoa de giai quyet Dieu nay cung co nghTa la sy phu thugc lin nhau dugc gian tiep hoa thong qua thdi gian va ip lyc thdi gian tang len khi cac xa hgi phan hoa chuc nang can nhieu thdi gian hon nhung lai co it thdi gian hon, qua khfl va tuong Iai phflc lap hon, gan ket vdi nhau hon nhung pham vi thdi gian lai thu hep hon so vdi cac

xa hpi phan tang va xa hgi phan mang"^"^

Ve cdc cdp do ky vong, Luhmann eho rang eac ap luc thdi gian gay anh hudng die

biet den cau true the hien d ch6 lam tang toe do bien doi cau true va ban nua lam Ihay doi cac ky vpng ve eae cau true cua cupc song hang ngay Rat khd phan biet mgt ky vgng nay vdi mgt ky vgng khac bdi vi cac ky vgng xuat hien trong nhung tinh hu6ng

cu the va thudng gan vdi nhau thanh tflng nhom Do vay, Ihudng la cac ca nhan phai biet gii phii tra cua mgt ky vpng trudc khi co the ra quyet dinh nim gifl hay tu bo mpt

ky vpng

Theo Luhmann cac ky vgng eua hanh vi con ngudi co the dugc xac djnh bdi cac he

Luhmann dua ra mot nhan xet dang chii y la ket qua cua sy bien doi cau triic thdi gian do sir phan h6a chiic nSng gay ra la trong ddi song hang ngay, ap lyc thdi gian tang len va cac cupc hen gap dupc uu tien

hon cac gia trj (khac), Nikias Luhmann (1977), SM tr 45-46