Qudn tri dupe djnh nghia la vife thye tiii quyln lyc hay quyln hanh bdi ngudi ldnh dgo nhdm bao ddm phic loi eia cdc thdnh viin ttong td diuc hay eOng ddng.. Vife tim hiiu so hO hai tiud
Trang 1QUAN LYVA QUAN TRI XA HOI
TaG0CD0LYTHUYETHETH6NG
• GS, TS LE NGQC HtiNG
Vi^n Xd hpi hoc, HQC vien Chinh trf quoc gia Hd ChiMinh
• Tom tdt: Qudn If vd qudn tri xd hdi cdn co cdch tiep can If thuyit hi thing Theo cdch
tiip cdn ndy, qudn If vd qudn tri xd hdi Id mdt Heu he thong thiic hiin chdc ndng dinh hudng phdt triin bin viXng cho cd xa hdi DSng thdi, qudn If vd qudn tri xa hgi ludn hogt ddng theo nguyin If md, hdSng dieh, hop tr&i, da chiiu cgnh vd phdn trUc cdm trong mdi trudng ludn hiin dii Cdn ldm ro nhUng vdn di ndy di trdnh nhiing Ihi hi thong trong n^iin cUu, ddo tgo vd thiic hdnh qudn If vd qudn tri xd hdi trong hii cdnh mdi hiin nay
• THkhda: qudn If, qudn tri xa hgi, hi thing
1 Quan ly va quan tri xa h$i
Quinlf
Henri Fayol (1841-1925) cho rdng: "qudniy
tic Id ldp kl hoach, td chic, chi huy, phdi hpp vd
kilm tra" (Gerer, cest planifier, diriger,
coordon-ner et conttdler)'" "Qudn ly child bifn phdp vd
cdng cu eia td ehiie xa hOi.- Chue nang qudn ly
ehi tdc ddng din eon ngudi"'^' Nhung ehiie nang
dd khdng triing khdp vdi ehiic ndng "ldnh dgo"
nhu nhilu ngudi tung quan niem
Tuy nhiln, ttong thye tl hiln nay, khai nif m
"ngudi ldnh dgo", "ngudi qudn ly" dang bj hiiu
Id mdt, ddn din ttoi^ nOi dung chuong trinh dao
tgo ve khoa hpe quan ly ehi yeu ehi nlu nhung
kinh nghiem, ky ndng, biln phdp nhdm biln
"ngudi Idnh dgo", "nguoi qudn ly" thdnh tac
nhan, r^;udi phai lam thi thi ndy, phdi ing xi
thi kia ddi vdi "ngudi bj lanh dgo", "ngudi bj
qudn iy" Dilu nay khdng sai, nhin^ dang ldm eho khoa hpe vl quan ly ehi la tap hpp cdc kinh nghif m thye tiln ldnh dgo, quan ly va ddi tupng dupe ddo tgo chi ddnh eho "cdn bd lanh dgo, qudn ly" ma quln mdt mgt kia eia vdn dl la cdn phdi ddo tgo mdt each khoa hpc vl lanh dgo, qudn ly eho ed dpi ngu nhdn viin
Quitttri
Quan trj (govemance) cd ngudn gde ttong tilhg Latinh Id "gubemare", cd n ^ a Id lai, dilu khiln, ddn hudng Qudn tri la hudng ddn, chi dgo, kilm sodt mOt nhdm ngudi, mOt td ehiic hay mOt qudc gia nhdm ddp lir^ nhu cdu eia hp Qudn tri dupe djnh nghia la vife thye tiii quyln lyc hay quyln hanh bdi ngudi ldnh dgo nhdm bao ddm phic loi eia cdc thdnh viin ttong td diuc hay eOng ddng Theo nghia lOng hon, qudn ttj Id vife huy dOi^ va thye thi quyln lye nhdm mye tieu
Trang 2phdt triln hf thdng xd hOi Nhu vdy, quan ttj xd
hdi Id sy huy dOng vd thue tiii quyln lyc xd hOi
nhdm myc tieu phdt triln xa hpi, phdt triln con
nguoi Dinh nglua nay khdng tiye tilp ndi din
"quan lyxahOi" nhung bao hdm ed quan lyxdhOi
Do vgy, edn lam id nOi ham Widi nif m quan trj xd
hOi vdi nghfe bao hdm cd quan ly na hOi
Trude Ida, qudn tri thudng g ^ vdi chinh p h i
{government), chinh quyen vd c h i ylu ndi vl
quyen lye nha nude, qudn tri nhd nude Nhung
tinhOngndm 1980 din nay, nOi ham khdi nilm
quan trj dupe md rdng bao gdm: (i) qudn tri nhd
nude vdi ede chi th€ Id ede td chie va thi chl eia
nhd nude, (ii) quan tri xa hOi dan sy vdi cde td
chic phi chinh p h i vd hO gia ffinh (ui) qudn di
thi trudng, khu vyc tu nhdn vdi cdc td chic
doanh nghifp'^' Tuy nhiln, su phan biet ba logi
quan tri nay ehi mang tinh ehat tuong ddi bdi
quan tri nhd nude bao qudt tdt ca cdc khu vuc
cdng vd khu vue tu, cdc Unh vyc eia ddi sdng eon
r^udi, td chic, cOng ddng, gia fflnh vd ea nhdn
Can cu edp dd, phgm vi hogt ddng, cd thi phdn
bif t qudn tri dja phuong, quan tri qudc gia, qudn
tri khu vyc vd quan trj toan cdu Can eu Unh vyc
ddi song xa hOi, ed thi phan bif t quan tri kinh tl,
quan tri gido dye, qudn tri khoa hpc, qudn tri xd
hOi vd cde logi qudn tri khde
Xa hOi hifn tai cd nhilu biln ddi nin khdng
chi chiie nang ma quan trj vdi tinh each la mdt
tiiu hf thdng xa hOi cung biln ddi Trude kia,
quan tri ehu ylu Id qud trinh tap trung vk thuc
thi quyln lyc, quyen hanh vd quyen uy d l chi
huy, thdng tri vd kiem sodt Nhung ngay nay,
qudn tii bao gdm ca qud trinh phi tgp tnmg,
qudn ly quan h i va tgo su ddng thugn bii bdt liy
mOt hogt ddng chi huy vd kilm sodt nao ciing
bao gdm nhilu td chie, nhdm va ed nhan cd mdi
quan h§ phdn cdng, hiep tde vdi tinh edeh via la
e h i t h i vd khdch thi, ddi tirpng vd ddi tdc, ddi
t h i vd ddng minh Dae bilt, ttong quan trj nha nude hif n nay cd su bien ddi tu "eai tri, thdng ttj, chi huy, ra If nh, kilm sodt" sang "dieu tilt, phyc
vu, ho ttp vd kiln tgo, phdt triln" Theo cdch tilp can ly thuylt thi che e i a Aeemoglu vd Robinson thi tuong i n g vdi hai logi t h i c h l chinh sdch chilm dogt va dung hpp Id hai kilu qudn trj chilm dogt va qudn tti dung hpp, bao trtun Sy biln ddi quan trj xd hdi d a i ^ tuan theo xu hudng
biln ddi tii quan tri chilm dogt sang quan tq
dung hpp, bao triim thu hut tdt cd mpi ngudi
tham gia vko qud trinh kiln tgo, phdt triln
D l hiiu rd hon mdi quan hf e i a quan tri vdi qudn ly troi^ phgm vi td ehtic doanh n ^ l p , c6
t h i nghiin euu tiudng hpp hOi ddng quan tij ttong edng ty ed phdn Dilu 149 Ludt Doanh nghiep (2014) quy dinh: "HOi ddng qudn tiildeo quan quan ly cdng ty, ed todn quyln nhdn danh edng ty d l quyet djnh, thye hifn ede quyln va nghia vp e i a edng ty khdng thudc thdm quyln
e i a Dgi hOi ddng ed ddng" Nhu vdy ching to qudn tri bao ham quan ly tdng t h i cdi^ ty Troi^ edng ty ed phan, ngudi qudn ly bao gdm
cd e h i tieh hOi ddng qudn tri vd eac thdnh viin hOi ddng qudn trj, i^udi ehu so huu va nhung ngudi cd chic danh qudn ly ttong cdng ty Dilu ndy cd nghia Id "quan l y bao hdm cd "qudn tri" Tiong md hinh td ehtic quan Iy e i a edng ty c6 phdn cd "hdi ddng qudn tri" vd c h i tich hOi ddng qudn trj Id ngudi dgi dien theo phdp lugt
e i a cdng ty Dai hOi ddng ed d d i ^ ed quyln vd nghfe vy bau, miln, bai nhiem thdnh vien HOi ddng qudn tri; xem xet vd x i ly cdc vi phgm eia HOi ddng quan tri Vife xudt hifn "hOi ddng quan tri" ttong mdt td ehiic nhu edng ty cd phdn ehiing td "quan tri" Uen quan din van d l quyln s6 hiiu vd loi ich e i a cdc b i n tham gia td ehtic Tipng tdm e i a qudn ly Id thye hiln cac mye tieu ttong khudn khd da dupe qudn ttj xdc djnh
Trang 3ja
Trpng tdm eua qudn tri Id bdo dam can bdng
tdng loi ich e i a ede ben tham gia
Ddi vdi khu vuc cdng, vife do ludng, ddnh gia
ndng lyc ldnh dgo, qudn ly xde djnh 6 nhdm
ndng lue thanh phdn gdm'*': (i) nang luc dgo d i e
edng vy, (U) ndng lyc am hiiu dja phuong, (in)
ndng lue chuyin mdn, (rv) ndng lue qudn ly, dilu
hdnh, (v) n a i ^ lyc qudn tri nhdn sy vd (vi) nang
lye qudn trj ban thdn
Cdu trie sau thanh phdn ndy e i a nang lue
ldnh dgo, quan ly cho thdy quan ly bao gdm cd
qudn tri cu t h i la quan trj nhdn sy vd qudn trj
bdn thdn Riing ndng lyc thanh phdn "qudn ly,
dilu hdnh" cd 9 ndng lye, ttong dd cd "qudn trj
syth^ddi", "qudn tri tiidng tin nOibd"vd "qudn
tij ngudn lyc e i a td ehtie" Rieng ndng lyc "qudn
tri bdn thdn" bao gdm 16 ndng lyc, ttong dd ed
ndng lyc "qudn tri dp luc ttoi^ cdng vife" va
"qudn ly thdi ^an"
Vife tim hiiu so hO hai tiudng hpp qudn trj
ttong cdng ty ed phan vd qudn di ttong khung
ndng lue ldnh dgo, quan ly khu vuc hdnh chinh
edng cho thdy mdi quan he tuong tde, bd sung
ldn nhau e i a qudn ttj vdi qudn ly Tu dd ddt ra
vdn dl, mOt mdt s i dung tu ngft nay de djnh
nghia tungft Ida vd mat khdc cdn phdn bif t qudn
ttj, qudniy doanh nghifp vdi quan trj, qudniyxa
hOi Cd t b l cdn s i dung tu ngft qudn ly xd hOi
theo n^im rOng di nhdn mgnh tinh todn tbl,
tinh h i thdng d ddi tuong, phgm vi eia quan tri
xd hOi Ddng thdi, ed thi vdn dung edeh tilp egn
ly thuylt phdn hda'^' e i a Luhmann d l dinh
nghia qudn trj xa hOi Id qudn ly toan thi xa hOi
vdi tinh each Id hf thdng xd hOi phdn hda, khde
bif t hda vdi mdi tiudng Djnh nghia ndy khdng
phdn bif t qudn tti xa hOi vdi quan ly xd hdi ma
tgp tmng ldm rd dde trang e i a qudn ly xd hOi,
qudn tri xa hOi ttong dilu kif n kinh t l thi trudng
djnh hudng XHCN
2 Qudn h i xa hdi t i gdc dd ly thuyet hf th6ng
Quia tii^h0i titgdc d$ /^ thuyit b$ thing
Beitalannfy (1950) la nha khoa hpc tien phong trong viee xdy dung ly tiiuylt hf thdng tdng qudt vdi ede khdi nif m, nguyen ly ed thi dp dung eho tdt ed logi hf thdng vat ly, hf thdng smh hpc vd hf thdng xd hOi Ong dd dua ra khai nifm hf thdng
md vd hf thdi^ ddng Hf thdng md Id hf thdng ludn eoi md d l trao ddi chdt vdi mdi trudng, nhd vdy ma hf thdi^ ma sdng dOng, tiln hda, phdt trila Hf thdng ddng Id hf tiidng khIp ldn khdng ttao ddi chdtvdi mdi trudng do v ^ h f tiidng ddi^
cd xu hudng bi tan rd, phEin buy, tiiu tan Hf thdng ddng la hf tiidng vdeo, vat lyvdhflhdngmdldhf thdi^ smh hpe vd hf thdng xd hOt Cdc nguyin ly tdng qudt eia hf thdng m i gdm nguyin ly dSng kit, tif m biln, ty dilu tilt vd mOt sd nguyin ly khac Cdc nguyin ly ndy cd thi vdn dung ttong quan drj xd hOi d l bdo ddm tiln bO vd phat triln eia xd hOi vdi tmh each Id hf thdng Thi dy: theo nguyen ly ddng kit, cdn thye hien ehinh sdch khuy&i khich eae ed nhdn vd ede eo quan, td chic,
eOng ddng thye hifn nhilu logi vife \km khde
nhau, san xudt kinh doanh nhilu sdn phdm khdc nhau vdi nhilu cdng nghf khdc nhau vd tdt ca mpi ngiroi chuyen mdn hda, ehuyen nghiip hda dlu
ed till dat dupe mye tieu gidng nhau la tang thu nhdp, edi Ihifn eufc sdng ttong mdi quan hf phy thuOe ldn nhau tao n i n su doan kit hiiu ca vd cung phdt triln MOt xd hOi cham phdt triln khi cdc ca nhan ehi ed mOt edeh lam gidu, thi dy tdt cd dlu lam mdt i ^ l ndng nghiep gidng nhau, khi
dd tdt ea mpi ngudi dlu hao hao gidng nhau, thilu
sy ttao ddi, hpp tde phong phti, da d g i ^
Quin trixSbditCtgdcd01^&iuyitb$ diing
Talcott Parsons ed ddng gdp ldn trong nghien emi vd phdt triln Iy thuylt hf thdng tdng qudt
Trang 4ttong xd hpi hpc theo hudng ldy chiie ndng d l
giai thich edu trie eia hf thdng xa hdi Theo
Par-sons, bdt Vy mOt he thdng xa hOi ndo eing phdi
thye hifn it nhdt bdn ylu cdu ehuc ndng dl cd
the sinh tdn, van ddng vd phdt triln ttong mdi
trudng ludn biln ddi Dd la chic nang thich ling,
hudng dieh, dodn kit vd duy tri khudn mdu Do
vdy, he thdng xd hdi bj phan hda thanh bdn tiiu
he thdng ma mdi he thdng chuyen mdn hda vdo
thye bien mOt chie ndng Cae tiiu hf thdng ndy
tiHH^ ddi dde l|p nhung ludn tuong ldc vdi nhau
tgo thdnh mdt cdu true tuong ddi dn djnh, bin
vftr^ Din lupt nd, mdi tiiu hf thdng ed thi tilp
tye phdn hda thdnh bdn bd phdn tuong i n g vdi
bdn ehiie nang Nguyin ly phan hda hf thdng
ndy ed t b l tiep tuc diln ra tuy theo sy yeu cdu
chic ndng md mdi trudng ddi hoi Thi dy, mOt
xa hpi vdi tinh cdch la mdt h i thdng ludn ed cdu
trie gdm bdn tiiu hf thdng tuong ung vdi bdn
ehtie ndng Id (i) tiiu hf thdng kinh t l thye hifn
chic ndng thich i n g bdi^ each san xudt ra sdn
phdm edn thilt cho toan xa hfi, (u) tiiu hf thdi^
ehinh tri thye hifn chie ndng hudng dieh d l
vgeh ra myc tiiu, dudng ldi hogt dOng eho cd hf
thdng; (Ui) tiiu hf thdng phap lugt thye hifn
chic ndng dodn kit xa hOi d l tgo ra ttgt ty e i a
ca he thdng bdng edeh de ravd dam bdo eac quy
tde ung xu dupe tudn thu; (iv) tieu hf thdng vdn
hda cd ehtic ndng duy tri nhting khudn mau lir^
x i p h i hop nhdt cho ed hf thdng Mdi tiiu he
thdr^ ndy tilp tye phdn hda thdnh bdn tiiu he
thdng tuong ting vdi bdn logi ehuc nang thich
l i r ^ hudng dfch, dodn kit vd duy tri khudn m d a
Su phdn hda chie ndng - eau true eia hf tiidng
e i t h i tilp tye ldm eho hf thdng xa hpi t r i thdnh
mdt chinh the eua ede thanh phdn vd can true vd
cing phtic tgp
Vdn dyng cdch tilp can ly thuylt hf thdng
bdn ehic nang, cd tbl thdy quan tri xa hOi cd
chie ndng hudng dieh eho ca h i thdng Chic ndng hudng dieh nay cd the dupe thao tde hda
thdnh nhiing chie nang eu t b l Id: (i) thilt ke vk
td ehtie ede hogt dOng ddu vdo, hogt d^ng san xudt vd hogt dOng ddu ra cua ed he thdng; (u) xdc djnh myc tiiu chung eia ca hf thdng dam bdo edn bang Ipi ich cdc ben tham gia; (iU) xde djnh
hf gid tri, chuan muc de dam bdo su ddng bO, an
todn, ttgt ty; (iv) xdy dyng vd phdt triln van hda
e i a he thdng xd hOi Nhu vgy, vdi tinh cdeh la mOt tiiu hf thdng hudng dieh e i a he thdng xa hOi, qudn tri xd hdi thye hifn ea bdn ehic ndng
Id thich ing, hudng dich, doan kit va duy tri
khudn mdu cho ca be thdi^ nhdm dap uag cdc
ylu eau ddt la ttong mdi quan hf vdi mdi tiudng xui^ quanh
Quin trjxihdi tUgdc dd cicnguy^l^h$ tb&ngthih$tbtiba
Jamsbid Ghaiajed^hi cd ddng gdp ldn ttong nghien eiiu vd phdt trien ly thuylt he thdng tdng qudt trong qudn ly phue hop vd hon dOn® Theo Ghaiajeda^, ly thuylt hf thdng da phdt triln qua giai doan hf thdng co hpe, hf thdng smh hpc va dgt tdi dinh cao la hf thdng xd hOi Theo cdch tiep can ly thuylt hf thdng t h i hf t h i ba,
xd hdi cdn dupe hiiu nhu la mOt hf thdng xdhpi
- da tri tuf Hf thdng nay viia k l thua tdt ca cde dde trung e i a hf thdng t b l hf t h i hai la hf thdng sinh hpc - don tri tue vd hf thdng the he
t h i nhdt Id hf thdng eo hpc - khdng tri tui, via phdt triln ede dae tnmg mdi Hf thdng xa hfi ddc trung bdi su tuang tdc, phy thude ldn nhau, thich ling, tu td ehic, lua chpn, e h i dich vd nhilu dac trung khdc cua mOt he thdng ma, can bdng dOng vd phan hda vdi mdi trudng T i cde dde trung nay, Gharajed^ti lua chpn va khdi qudt dupe nam nguyen ly hf thdng t b l h i t h i
ba de ran dung ttong "qudn ly hdn dOn vd phuc hpp" Cd tbl eoi quan tri xd hOi la bdi sd, la tdng
Trang 5m
hda eac qudn ly hdn dOn vd phtie hpp, khi dd
can tim hiiu vd van dyng ndm nguyin ly hf
thdng t b l hf t h i ba md Gharajetiaghi dd nhdn
manh Dd la nguyin ly ve tinh md, tinh ehu
dich, tinh hpp ttdi, tinh da ehilu cgnh vd tinh
phan true cam e i a he thdng Day la nhung
nguyen ly he thdng tdng quat, do vdy hoan todn
ed the van dung vdo titilt ke quan trj kinh doanh
nhu Gharajed^hi dd lam va van d u i ^ ttong
nghien c i u va phdt triln qudn tri xa hOi ttong
trudng hpp dudi day Cy thi nhu sau:
(i) Nguyen ly md-cho bilt xd hOi vdi tinh cdeh
la hf thdng khdi^ khep kin md ludn md vdi mdi
tmdng xung quanh thdng qua cdc ddu vdo, ddu
la vd ede ung x i e i a hf thdng vdi mdi tradng
Nhd nguyen ly ma md hf thdng ttao ddi chat vdi
mdi trudng vd van dOng, biln ddi, phat triln
Nguyin ly md ddi hdi qudn tri xd hOi vdi tinh
cdeh la mdt tiiu hf thdng ludn md vdi cdc tiiu
he thdng tiiuOe mdi tradng ben ttong, vd ddi hdi
ca hf thdng phdi md vdi mdi trudng xung quanh
d l tim kilm ede dau vdo vd sdn xudt cde ddu ra
(u) Nguyin ly chd dinh cho hilt h i thdng xa
hOi ludn ed mye dich vd tim mpi cdeh d l dgt
mue dich ddt ra Hf thdi^xa hOi cd ehu dieh boi
vi eon ngudi cd y thiie vd hanh dOng ed c h i
dieh Do vdy, quan tri xa hdi ed ehic ndng xdc
djnh mye dich e i a ea he thdng xd hOi vd vgch la
chien lupe, hf gia tri chudn mirc, k l hogch,
chuang trinh hdnh dOng d l dgt myc dich dd
Tuy nhien, qudn tri xd hdi ttong bdi cdnh hiln
nay phdi lya chpn va xdc djnh myc dich uu tien
vd cam kit thue hifn myc dieh ttong dilu kif n
ed hgn vl cdc ngudn lyc Vdn d l nay khdng chi
Uen quan din vife phdn bif t myc dich ddi hgn,
tnmg hgn vd ngdn hgn ma edn Uln quan d i n
vife ldm id mue dich ttln cdc chiiu cgnh e i a ca
he thdng xa hpi ra eia tung bd phdn edu thdnh
ttong mdi tuong tdc phtie tgp giiia hf thdng vd
mdi trudng Thi du, quan tri kinh te c h i ylu nhdm myc dieh tang san lupng, giam ehi phi, tdng thu nhdp, tdng Im nhudn, vd do vdy ed thi sdn sang ldm d nhiim, b i y hogi mdi trudng vd lam tang Ipi Ieh cua nhdm ngudi nay va lam giai Ipi ich e i a nhdm ngudi khde Khdc vdi quan tri kinh te, qudn dj xd hdi ddi hdi quan tri kinh t l phai gdn vdi myc dich phdt triln bao triim, b i n viing vd phat triln con ngudi, ey tbl Id khuyin khieh Idm gidu gdn vdi xda ddi, gjam nghIo, bao ddm ttdt ty xd hOi, cdng bdng xd hdi vd bao vf mdi tradng
(iu) Nguyen ly da chiiu canh eho biet hf
thdng Id sy phy thude ldn nhau e i a vd sd cdc ylu
td vdi cde ehilu cgnh khdc nhau tham chi ttdi ngupc nhau; Id su tiidr^ nhat e i a cac mat ddi lap, la toan thi cae khd thi vd ede bat khd thi, Id
sy kit hpp eia ttdt ty vd hdn logn Biiu hifn id nhdt cua tinh da ehilu cgnh la tinh da ehiie nang, da edu trie vd da qud trinh eia hf thdng
xd hpi, md Ludwig von Bertalanffy gpi la nguyin
ly "ddng kit" (equiflnaUty), theo dd Id cdc qud trinh khac nhau cd the dlu ddn d ^ nhiing kit qua tuong ty nhau'" Van dyng nguyin ly da ehilu cgnh ttong qudn trixdhdi ddi hdi phai tinh din cdc muc dich khac nhau, cdc ngudn lyc, cde phuang phap, cac bien phap khac nhau dlu cd tbl dgt dupe nhiing muc dieh nhdt djnh Khi dd, quan tri xa hOi cdn hudng den vife khuyin khieh mpi ngudi phdt huy ede the mgnh khde nhau, ede ngudn lye khde nhau de dgt cdc muc dich
e i a hp md khdng phuong hgi den muc dich ehui^ e i a ca cOng ddng xd hdi Thi dy, quan tri
xd hdi gidi ed till giup mpi ngudi ndng eao ehdt lupng euOe sdng nhd phdn cdng lao dOng theo hudng chuyen mdn hda, chuyin nghifp hda va Uen tye ddi mdi, sdng tgo Theo nguyin ly ndy, quan tri xa hOi gioi khdng cd n ^ a Id ldm mpi ngudi dlu gidi lam mOt Viec gidng nhau, ma mdi
Trang 6ngudi gidi mOt vife khde nhau, tgo nin cdc logi
san phdm, eac logi hdng hda, ede logi dich vu
phong phi, da dgng
(iv) Nguyin ly hop trdi eho bilt hf thdng xa
hOi ludn cd cdc fide tinh hpp ttOi vdi tinh each
Id nhiing ddc tinh e i a hf thdng dupe hinh thdnh
t i su tuong tac, kit hpp, phdi hpp e i a cae bO
phdn can thanh nin he thdng Sic mgnh cua cd
mOt he thdng xd hOi phu thuOc vao s i c mgnh
e i a ting tiiu hf thdng vd s i c mgnh e i a sy hpp
ttfi do cac tiiu h i thdng tuong tdc, kit hpp, phdi
hpp vdi nhau tao nen Nguyen tde nay gpi y eho
qudn tri nhilu phuong tiitie de dgt hif u qua nhu
khdng chi tdp trung ndng cao trinh dO hpc vdn
hay ehuyen mdn ky thugt eia ttmg thanh vien
md edn phdi ndng eao trinh dO tuong tde, hpp
tac giua cdc thdnh viin eia td ehtic Khdng ft ca
quan chuyen mdn, co quan khoa hpc khdng
thilu ngudi tdi gidi nhung Igi hogt dOng kem
hifn qua, tham chi ylu kim vi thieu ea ehe hpp
tde, tuong tac tich cue giua cdc thdnh viin
Nguyen ly hpp ttOi eho bilt ede ddc dilm va tinh
chdt e i a mOt hf thdng ludn Id su hpp ttOi cdc
dge dilm, tinh chdt e i a cde ylu td tuong tde vdi
nhau tgo nin hf thdng dd
(v) Nguyen ly phan ttuc cam
(Counter-intu-itiveness) eho bilt hf thdng ludn chiia dung cde
ylu td bdt i^d, khd ludng, "hon dOn", "bdt dinh",
"tai biln", quan hf nhdn - qud ed tbl hi gidn
dogn ttong khdng gjan vd thdi gjan, thgm chi cd
t h i ddi ehd eho nhau Nguyen tdc hf thdng ndy
gpi y cho ldnh dgo, qudn ly khi phai boat dfng
ttong mdi ttudng Uen tye thay ddi tin khdng
dupe thy dOi^, md phai thich ling tich eye, sang
tgo, thgm chi edn phai thay ddi nhanh ehdng,
bdt ngd Ddc bif t, cdn phdi ndm ldy quy ludt, edi
dn djnh, cdi caban d l ung phd vdi vd sd cdc hif n
tupng riing le, ludn thay ddi; cdn phdi bilt "di
bdt biln ling van b i ^ "
Quin tri xa hdi td gdc dd^diuyit phin hda
Khde vdi ede cdeh tilp can ly thuylt hf thdng ndng v l cde nguyin ly tgp ttung vdo hf thdi^ vdi eac thdnh phdn, edu trie, Niklas Luhmman dua
ra ly thuylt phdn hda hf thdng, nhdn mgnh mdi quan hf giOa h i thdng va mdi trudng Ong eho rdng, hf thdi^ Id su khdc bif t e i a he thdng vdi mdi trudng'^' Van dung djnh nghia nay ed thi thdy, quan tri m hOi ed chue ndng lam rd sy khde bif t e i a hf thdng vdi mdi tmdng Thi du, qudn tri xa hOi ddi vdi Unh vyc gido dye Id vif e Idm eho Unh vuc gido dye khdc vdi cdc Unh vyc khde eia
xd hpi, khdc vdi Unh vyc kinh tl, y tl, khoa hpe mdc d i cdc linh vuc nay dlu Uen quan mat thilt vdi nhau
Cdu hdi ddt ra la lam the ndo tgo ra sy khdc bif t e i a hf thdng xd hOi vd mdi trudng? Chi ed con ngudi la cd t h i thdng qua hdnh dOng ldm thay ddi t b l gidi va ban than Tuy nhiln, nlu chi ed hdnh dOng nhu vdy tii khd cd till tao nin
xd hpi lodi ngudi vdi tinh cdch la su khdc bilt
e i a hf thdng xd hOi vdi mdi trudng Theo ly thuylt phdn hda hf thdng e i a Luhmann, hanh dOng ed ddi tupng vd khdch t b l la gidi tu nhien ehua true tilp tgo ra h i thdng xd hOi Ngay ca hdnh dOng xa hOi vdi nghia Id hudng din ngudi khde, bj dnh hudng bdi ngudi khdc ciing chua trye tiep tgo ra hf thdng xa hOi Theo Luhmann, giao tiep mdi Id logi thao tdc, hanh ddng duy nhdt ed kha ndng tao ra he thdng xd hOi vdi tinh cdeh la sy khde biet e i a hf thdng vdi mdi trudng Theo dng, hf thdng xd hdi hinh thanh khi giao tilp vd phdt ttiln t i giao tilp Bii vi giao tilp bao hdm su tuong tde e i a eae hdnh dOng e i a cdc cd nhdn, ddng thai ddi hdi cde cd nhdn phdi s i dyng ky hieu, ngdn ngft, biiu tupng d l tmyln dgt, tilp nhdn, nhdn bilt thdi^ tin vd hiiu bilt ldn nhau
Trang 7Luhmann ddi hdi qudn tri xd hOi phdi thiet ldp
dupe hf thdng truyin thdng "cdng khai, minh
bgch, ed trdeh nhiim gidi trinh" giiia cdc thdnh td
bin ttong hf thdng vd e i a ed hf thdng vdi ede hf
thdi^ khdc troi^mdi trudngxui^ quanh Thi du,
qudn tri xa hOi phai dya vdo he thdng truyin
thdng ed hieu qua trong nOi bO co quan, don vi;
ddng thdi phdi dya vdo hf tbdi^ giao tilp cd hif u
qua vdi cde ben Uln quan 6 bin ngoai he thdng
bao gdm ede tdi^ ldp nhdn ddn, cae ed nhdn, cdc
^ chic vdi cdc vj t h i va vai trd xd hfi khde nhau
Ndi each Idide, quan tri xa hOi ddihdi phdi thudng
xL^en, Uln tye, giao tilp vdi nhan dan, gdn ddn,
ldng n ^ e dan, tiiam vdn ddn, tinyin thdng din
mpi ngtroi dan d l cur^ "bilt, bdn, ldm, kilm 0:a"
d l tgo ra sukhacbiet ciahf thdngxd hOi voi mdi
tnroi^ Su khde bif t e i a h i tiidng xd hOi ndy vdi
hf thdng xa hOi khdc 6 chd hf thdng dd tao m cdi
^ vd tao ra bdng edeh ndo Theo do, quan tri xa
hOi cdn dya vdo ^ o tilp cdng khai, minh bgch,
trdeh nhiim gidi tiinh d l ndi^ cao ndng sudt, chat
lupng, hifu qud e i a cd hf thdng xa hdi Theo
nguyin ly giao tilp cd thi phan bif t quan tri xa
hOi kilu cu e h i ylu dua vao giao tilp nOi bO ben
ttoi^hfthdi^xdhOi-Trong khi do qudn tri xahOi
kilu mdi ddi hdi phai eoi trpng ed giao tilp bin
ttong vd ca giao tilp ben ngodi hf thdng xd hOi
N ^ ^ n cthi ly luan ra thuc tiln cho thdy, qudn tri
xd hOi ndng vl giao tilp ben ti^ng, nghia Id "ddng
cua" till chi cd till duy tri, cung ed nhiing ^ dd ed
ttoi^ hf thdng xd hOi- Nhung di qudn tri xd hOi
nhdm ddi mdi, sdi]^ tgo vd phat triln thi edn phdi
tdng cudng giao tilp bin ngodi vdi mdi trudng
xung quanh, nghia la "ma eia" O
(1) Wfn N ^ 6 n ciu va Dao tgo vl qudn ly: I5nft hoa
quin If, Nxb Lao ddng - Xd hOi, Hd Nfi, 2008, tt.59;
quin Jy, Nxb Dgi hpc qudc gia Ha NOi, 2010 (2) Vif n Ng^en ciu vd Ddo tao vl qudn ly: Hnh hoa
qudniy, Sdd, tt.60
(3) Anne Mette Kjaei Governance Cambridge:
Polity Press, 2004
(4) L6 Quan (Chi bign): KhungnSngluc lanh dao, quin ly khu vuc hanh chinh cdng, Nxb Dai hpc
qudc gia Ha Noi, 2016
(5) L€ Ngpc Himg: Ly thuyit xa hdi hgc hiin d0,
Nxb Dgi hpc qudc gia Hd Nfi, 2014
(6) Jamshid Gharajed^hi: Tiiduyh$ thong - Quin
If hdn dgn vaphdchop, mdtcasddio ihiitkHdin trdc kinh doanh, N:d] Khoahpc xd hpi, Hd Nfi, 2005,
tt.40-42
(7) Jamshid Gharajed^hi eho bilt Ludwig von Bertalanffydasidungkhdiraem"Ddngklt" (Equi-finaUty, don ciu cdnh, chung cufc ngang nhau) khi phdn tich tinh ty dilu tilt, ty cdn bSng eia hf thdng sdng, mi Gharajeda^ cui^ cho bi@t: Walter Buck-ley da vifn dan khdi nifm ndy eia Bertalan% dl ngupc Igi, dua ra khdi nifm tinh "da kit" (Multifi-nality, da ciu cdnh, da chung cufc) Dd Id cac ddu vdo gidng nhau nhung vdn c6 thi tgo ra ede kit eye
khdc nhau Jamshid Ghaiajeda^ Tuduyh$ thdng Quinlfhdfl ddn viphdchop, rndtcasdcho thiit kikiin true kinh doanh, Nxb Khoa hgc xd hpi, Hd NOi 2005, tt.lU; Walter Buckley: Sociology and modem systems theory New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
Ine.l967.P.60
(8) Niklas Luhmann (1977), "Differentiation of
so-ciety" in Canadian loumal of Sociology Vol 2 No
1,1977, Pp.29-53 Niklas Luhmann (1990) "The paradox of System Differentiation and the Evolu-tion of Society" in Jeffrey C Alexander and Paul
Colomy (Editors), Differentiation Ilieojy and
So-da/C/iange; Comparative andhisforicai perspec-tives, Columbia University Press, New York, 1990 Pp.409-440