Cdu Gidy, HdNoi Tom tat: Bai viSt dinh phan 1 gidi thieu ly thuyet hf thfing t6ng quat cua Ludwig von Bertalanffy nguySn v?n, day du, su tron v?n, su toan the va cac khai niem thudng bi
Trang 1'/Ly thuyet he thong tong quat va phan hoa xa hpi:
Tu Ludwig von Bertalanffy din Talcott Parsons
Le Ngoc Hung*
Hgc vien Chinh tri qudc gia Ho Chi Minh Hodng Qudc Viet NghTa Tdn Cdu Gidy, HdNoi
Tom tat: Bai viSt dinh phan 1 gidi thieu ly thuyet hf thfing t6ng quat cua Ludwig von Bertalanffy nguySn v?n, day du, su tron v?n, su toan the) va cac khai niem thudng bi hieu sai nhu "co the"
phan ciia nd, Phan 2 gidi thieu ly thuyit he thdng xa hgi l6ng quat cua Talcott Parsons mh 6ng phat
trien thanh ly thuyet xa hgi hoc tdng quat ve sir "phan hoa cau true" ciia hf thong, "sir phan hoa
thong tong quit niy dku nhan m ^ h cac thugc tinh cua he thong mo, he thong song nhir tinh tir
dieu tiet, tu to churc rat can dugc phat huy de doi pho vdi nhihig riii ro nhu sir v6 cam, v6 trach
nhifm cd the xay Uong qua trinh phan hda va biin ddi xi hdi
Tu- khda: ly thuyet, hf thong, hf thong tdng quat, he thdng xa hgi, chuc nang, cau true, phan hoa
xa hgi, phan hda cau true, phan hda chiic n^ng, XS hgi hgc
1 L y t h u y e t hf t h o n g t d n g q u a t
1.1 Giai thieu
Nguoi cd cong khoi x u o n g ly thuyet nay la
L u d w i g ' v o n Bertalanffy (1901 ~ 1972) nha sinh
vat hpc ngiroi A o noi liSng ngay tii ban De
c u o n g [ 1 ] ' Iy thuydt he th6ng tong qudt
DT.: 84-904110197
Email: huna^hh a gmail com Nghien ciru nay 6ugc tai
tre boi Qaf phat trien khoa h^c va cong ngh| quoc gia
(NAFOSTCD) trong dfi tai mS sd 13.2-2011.17
' Ban Be cuong nay dai 32 trang tap chi nhung trong file
hon 10 trang (mgc 4-7) trinh bay mgc cac each dien d^t
<)uat ciia Bertalanfly' co ket cau npi dung gdm 12 mgc la:
hrong tiT trong khoa hgc (3) L:f thuyet he thdng tdng quat,
(General System Theory) ma ong phac thao va cong b6 lan dau trong mpt bai viet b ^ g tieng Anh dang tren tap chi triet hpc ve khoa hpc ciia Anh so ra thang 8 nam 1950
Bertalanffy eho biSt ong phat trien iy thuyet
he thong tong quat trong bdi canh cac khoa hpc d3 vucrt qua thoi dai nghien ciiu cac doi t u p n g bang each phan tich chiing thanh cac don vj so
d i n g CO the dupc xem x6t mpt cdch doc lap voi nhau va b u o c vao thai ky eua n h i h ^ vSn de moi n h u van de "to chu'c" (organization) va '"su toan v e n " (wholeness, su nguyfen ven, day du, nguyen c h i t , trpn ven, toan thg) Bertalanfly lay
(Equifinality) (10) Cac loai hinh ket, (11) Catamorphosis
va Anamorphosis (12) Tinh ifaong nhat ciia khoa bpc, PhSn "Ly thuyit he thdng tdng quat" 6 day gidi thi?u npi
Trang 2\i du tir cac khoa hoc cu the la tam K hoc va
kinh te hpc n h u sau Truoc kia mon tam l\' co
dien K' giai cac hien tupng tam tri bang each
phan chia no thanh nhung don vi so dang n h u
cam giac va cac nguyen Hi tam l \ Nhung lam
ly hoc hien dai Gestalt (Gestalt co nghia la
hinh dang), cho thay sir ton lai %a tinh uu viel
ciia cac Ihirc the tam ly khong phai la tong so
hay su tong hgp don gian cua cac don vi so
dang ma la nhung chinh the tam h', cau triic
lam ly hay ""hinh" duoc goi la '"Gestalt" bi chi
phoi boi cac qu> luat dpng luc hoc
Theo Bertalanffy, khoa hpc \ a hpi nhu kinh
le hoc cung irai qua tinh trang na>; truoc kia
kinh le hpc co dien coi \ a hoi la tong so cac ca
nhan vcri tinh each nhu la cac ngu>'en ni xa hpi,
ngay nay kinh te hpc hien dai coi mpt \ a hpi
mpt nen kinh te ha\ mpi quoc gia la mot chinh
the CO kha nang djrJi doat doi cac bp phan ciia
no" De minh chimg Bertalanffy da \'ien dan
cuon sach " D u o n g ve no le" cua Fridrich Ha\ ek
(1944) cho biet cai tu tuong ve sir loan the co
the bi lam dung de tao ra nen tang l>' luan ciia
che dp toan tri voi cac hinh thirc khac nhau ciia
chu nghia tap the va ke hoach hoa chong lai sir
canh tranh ma hau qua ciia no ihuong la tham
hpa doi voi dai song ciia cac ca nhan[2-3]."
Theo Bertalanffy cac khoa hpc hien dai deu tten den mot nguyen I\ c h u n g ve su toan ven nang dpng ma ta co the gpi la he thong nang dpng O n g con phat hien thay cac khoa hpc hien dai khac nhau deu tim thay nhimg quy luat giong nhau tuong t u nhau (isomorphic laws) Dieu nay co nghia la cac su vat va hien tupng kliac nhau trong the gidi v6 co, the gioi hiiu co
va the gioi xa hpi the gicri con ngucri deu bi quy dinh boi mpt so quy luat giong nhau tuong tu nhau Tir d o Bertalanffy dat cau hoi \ e nguon goc ciia sir giong nhau na>: tai sao lai nhu vay?
1.2 Ngudn goc dia cdc quy lugt gidng nliau
Bertalanffy' chi ra ba nguyen nhan hay ba nguon goc cua tinh hinh nay n h u sau: thir nhal ong neu mpt vi du de hieu la trong ngon ngir hang ngay, chi voi mpi so Iupng co han cac so
do t u duy nhung cac s o do nay d u g c ap dung rrong rat nhieu cac tinh huong thuc te khac nhau Noi mpt each don gian la cac each dien ngon v6 ciing phong phii da dang hang ngay \ a ngay ca cac dien ngon khoa lipc deu co chung mpt so mau cau mau ngiJ phap mpt s6 quy tac
' Bertalanffy' nhae den quy luat cua Pareto ve phan
phdi thu nhap irong mdi quoc gia trich dan sach cua
Pareio \ e chinh tri kinh ti hpc nam 1897 nhirng
khong trich dan nha tarn ly hpc nao ve Gestalt
Benalanfh' (1950) Sdd Tr l'37
' F A Hayek (1944) Dudng v^ no le Nxb Tri
Thiic Ha Noi 2009 Hayek da nhan manh ring dng
phe phan loai ke hoach hoa nham chdng iai canh
no la \a\ dung nen kmh ti chi hu\, nin kinh te theo
cac loai ke hoach hda va cang khong phi phan loai
Hayek neu M du: che do loan tri o Ditc nam 1938
thi hien a chd chinh quyin trung uong va dia
phuong cua nudc nay da true tiip kiim soat 53"b thu
nhap qudc dan va gian tiep kiim soat tit ca doi song kinh ti qudc gia Hayek chi ra rang trong xa hgi loan
tn, chinh phu ddc doan quan ly tat ca cac linh w c cLing cua san xuat Hayek viet cau kit cudn sach nay nhu sau "Nguyen tic thi \an thi, hdm nay cflng nhu trong thi ky XIX chinh sach tiin bd duy nhit van
la: tu do cho moi ca nhan" Xem F \ Hayek (1944) Dudng \4 no li Nxb Tri Thirc Ha Noi
2009 Tr i l l 138 155 387 Diiu nay ggi nhd quan diim cua Marx va Engets vi mdt xa hdi mdi
do cua mdi ngudi la dieu kiin cho su phat trien tu do cua tit ca mgi ngudi Karl Marx va Fridrich Engels
(1948) Tinen ngon cua dang cdng san trong C Mac va Ph Ang-Ghen Todn lap Tdp 4 Nxb Chinh
Trang 3[4] Dong thoi, co the thiy rSt nhieu each lap
luan khdc nhau trong cac khoa hpc, nhung diu
gifing nhau o mpt s6 each lap luan logic hinh
thiic Thu hai, theo ong, the gioi khong qud h6n
dpn hay qud phiic tap nen co the cho phep dp
dung dupc cac so d6 hay cdc khuon mdu tu duy
[5] , Thii ba, ong cho rdng nguyen nhan quan
trpng nhit lam xuit hifin cdc quy luat gi6ng
nhau trong tat ca cdc khoa hpc Id do cae quy
luat do chi dp dyng chung, tong qudt cho cac
phiic hgp hay cdc he thdng nhat dinh ma khong
phu thupc vao ban chat cua h^ thong va loai
thuc the nhdt djnh liSn quan Noi each khdc, tdt
ea cac khoa hpe khdc nhau deu gifing nhau o
cho la nghien ciiu "cac h? thong" Do vay,
Bertalanffy cho rang co cac quy luat he thdng
tong qudt (general system laws) dp dyng cho
bdt ky mpt loai he thdng nao md khong phu
thugc vao cdc dac diSm cu th6 ctia he thong va
ciing khong phu thugc vao eac yeu t6 co lien
quan'
* Cac dien ngdn t^t su vh dien ngdn khoa hgc cung
CO chung nhung quy tic nhat dinh ma con ngudi
thiet lap, sii dung de thiet lap va duy tri khdng chi
cac trd choi ngdn ngii ma chfnh la cac quan he XEi
hgi,
^ Mac diJ Ludwig von Berialanffy' cd nhan manh mdt
thugc tfnh dac tnrng cua h? thdng sdng, he thong md
la sir lien tuc bien ddi va tiem biens den trang thai dn
Nhung cd le Bertalanffy chua de y den den nguyen
1^ "bat toan" va "bit djnh" cho biit the gidi rat phiic
tap vdi rit nhiiu bien ddi, khong dn dinh, khdng
toan v?n, nhieu nii ro, nhieu tai bien, bat ngd, khd
xac dinh kho ludng, Xem F, David Peat (2005),
6 v i vi|c nay Bertalanffy cho biit liic bdy gid dang
cd cac no lire cua cac nha khoa hpc dm kiem cac
sieu cau true, cac nguyen ly va cac md hinh chung
khac nhau, nhu nhdm dieu khien hgc cua N Wiener,
nhom ngiJ nghTa hgc d^i cuong cua Korzybski va
nay van chua dugc neu rd, ciing chua dugrc nghiin
ciiu mpt each h? thdng va chua dat dupc kit qua
1.3 Ddi tuang, chuc ndng, nhiem vu Ddi tugng Bertalanffy coi ly thuyet h^
thong ^ n g quat (general system theoiy) la mpt
bp mon khoa hpc co ban, mdi thugc ITnh vuc logic-toan hgc^ vdi doi tugng nghien ciiu la dien dat va dien dich cdc nguyen ly c6 hieu lire doi voi "cdc h? thong" (systems) noi ehung, "hf thong tong quat" (general system) Ma cdc nguyen ly nay la chung, tong qudt khong phy thugc vdo bdn chat ciia cdc yeu to cau thanh hay cau tnic ciia cdc thanh phdn vd cua toan the cdc thanh phan vol moi truong
Chuc ndng, nhiem vu Theo Bertalanffy,
khoa hgc c6 nhiem vy lam rQ cac quy luat d6i voi cdc ting Idp khac nhau ciia hien thuc [6]^,
Ly thuyet he thong tong qudt Iam ro cde quy luat CO tbS dp dyng eho tat cd cdc he thong trong cdc ITnh vuc nghien ciiu, trong d6 vdt fy hgc chi la mOt tnrong hgp, noi chinh xac la mpt phan lop ciia hien thyc, Ly thuyet he thong tong qudt khong phdi Id t^p hpp cae bieu thiic, cdc phuong trinh hay cdc cdch gidi quyet md bao gdm ede van de va cdc khai ni§m mdi nhu: "co khi boa" (mechanization), tap trung hoa (centralization), cd tinh (individuality), bp phgn din diu (leading part), canh tranh (competition)
vd nhieu khai niem khdc Cdc khdi ni?m nay kh6ng quen thupc vdi cdc khoa hpc ty nhien
mong mudn Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1950) "An Outline of General System Theory" The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science Vol I, No 2 (Aug., 1950) Page 138
' Cd le vi v3y ma Bertalanffy da danh hem 10 trang, tiirc la hon m$t phin ba dung lugng ciia ban De cuong 30 trang di trinh bay cac cdng thiic loan hge ciia ly thuyit h? thdng tdng quat ciia mmh
^ Dieu nay ggi nhd din quan diem ciia Hegel ma thirc ma nhan thiic, mgt each tucmg ling, cung phai trai qua cac vdng khdu, tire la cdc budc, cac giai doan, cac qua trinh dd de dat din chdn ly Xem V.I
Trang 4nhu vgit ly hpc, boa hpc nhimg lai rat co bdn va
quan trpng doi vdi eac khoa hpc sinh hpc, tdm
ly hgc va x3 hgi hgc, tiic la cdc khoa hpe ve the
gioi song, the gioi con nguoi, th^ gioi xa hgi
Theo Bertalanffy, ly thuyet he thfing tong
qudt la mpt hpc thuyet khoa hpc moi vi "su
todn ven" (wholeness, su nguyen chdt, sy
nguyen v?n, day dii, sy trgn ven, sy loan the) va
cdc khdi niem thuong hi hieu sai nhu "co the"
(organism), "tuong tdc" (interaction) vd ve quan
ni^m rdng tinh todn the Ion hem tong so cac bg
phdn ciia no Ve mat diln ngon, ly thuyet he
th6ng tdng qudt co khd ndng dien dat, trinh bay
cdc quy Iuat vd eae dinh nghTa ve cac khdi niem
cua no mgt each dinh lugng duoi dang cdc cong
thiic todn hpc, vdt ly hpe ma Bertalanffy dd the
hi?n ngay trong bdn de cirong ty thuyet nay'
1 4 Cdc lii tiidng ddng vd md
Mpt ngi dung eo bdn ciia ly thuyet he thong
tong quat Id sy phat hien va lam rd d§e diem,
tinh chat ciia cdc he thong dong vd cdc h? th6ng
mcr Bertalanffy dinh n^Ta: mpt h? thdng dong
la khi hf thong khong co vat chat nao xdm nhdp
vdo hay khong co vat chdt ndo ra thodt ra khoi
no Mgt h? thong mo la khi he thong cd dong
vao vd ddng ra vd nho vay co sy biin d6i ciia
cae vjit chit hgp thanh Voi djnh nghia nhu v|y,
h? thdng ddng la doi tugng nghidn ciiu chu ylu
Ly thuyet hi thdng long quat theo Bertalanffy cdn
Id phuong phap luan va phucmg ti^n, cdng cu di
h? thdng tir linh vyc nay sang ITnh v\rc khac ma
khdng phai idp lai cdc nghien cihi, l&p l^i cdc phat
kien hay l§p l^i phat minh vi chinh cdc nguyen ly
dd Dhng thoi, nhd viic dua ra cac tiiu chuin chfnh
xac, IjJ thuyet h? thdng tdng quat co thi giiip phdng,
chdng dugc sy quy ddng gian don, may mdc, hdi
thyc tien khi ap dung cdc nguyen ly tdng quat tir ITnh
eua vdt ly hgc va hoa hgc v6 co Con he thong
mo la d6i tupng nghien ciiu chu ylu cua cde khoa hpc ve cdc he th6ng sdng, cua khoa hpe xa hpi vd khoa hpc nhan van
Cae he thong mo co cdc ddc tnmg ciia he thSng s6ng, ciia eo the song the hien o cac hien tuong ciia su song nhu su trao doi chit, sy tdng tnrong, sy phdt trien, su kich thich, su hung phan, v.v Cdc he thong song la hf thong mo ddc trung boi sir bien doi lien tyc He thong dong cung bien doi nhung nhdt dinh phdi tien den trang thai can bang (equilibrium), trang thai diing im (stationary state), khong chuyen dgng
o do thdnh phan cau tao cua n6 kh6ng thay doi, theo quy Iuat cua nhiet dpng lyc hpc He thong
mo cung CO the dat toi trang thai can bang, diing im trong nhiing dieu kien nhat dinh, nhung ngay cd trong trang thdi nhu vay no van duy tri sy bien doi lien tyc voi cac dong chdy vdo vd chdy ra cua cdc vat chat Bertalanffy gpi tr^ng thdi nay ctia he thong mo Id trang thai 6n dinh (steady state) va cd thi hiiu don gidn day
Id cdn bdng ndng dpng khdc vol can bdng diing
1 5 S^r khdc biit giita hi ifiong ddng vd ma: linh ddng kit va tiem biin
Tinh ddng kit (Equifinality) Bertalanffy chi
ra mpt khac bipt co ban niia ciia h? th6ng v6 eo
vd h? thdng s6ng bang cdch sii dyng khdi niem tinh ddng kit (Equifinality, kit thiic tucmg duong) Theo ong, trong da s6 cdc hf thdng v^t
Iy, hf thong v6 co, he thfing dong, tr^ng thai cuoi cung ciia chiing dugc quy dinh boi cae dieu kifn khoi dau hay trang thdi luc diu Vi
du, sy chuyen dgng cua mpt hf thdng hdnh tinh ndo dd toi mpt vi tri tai mgt thfifi diem t ndo do luon bi quy djnh boi vi tri ciia n6 d mgt thdi diim to Diiu ndy cd nghia la bat ky mdt thay
Trang 5huong toi trang thdi cuoi cung cua hf thfing vd
tri vd giac, he thfing dong
Ddi vcri hf thdng sdng, he thdng md tinh
hinh hodn todn khdc: trang thdi cudi ciing cd the
xuit hifn hj cdc dilu kifn khoi diu khdc nhau
va thdng qua nhirng cdch thiic khac nhau Dfii
vdi he thdng md, he thfing sdng, kit cyc nhu
nhau CO thi xuat hifn tir nhilu dilu kien khdi
dau khdc nhau Hien tugng, hdnh vi nhu vdy
dugc Bertalanffy ggi la tinh ding kit
(Equifinality), Hien tuprng ddng kit nay rit it
khi tim thiy trong the gidi co hgc, thi gidi vd
CO Trong cdc hf thdng mo, do qud tnnh trao
ddi vdt chit diln ra lien tyc vdi moi tnrdng cho
den khi dat tdi trang thdi 6n dinh, nen trang thai
dn dinh ndy khong phu thudc vao cac dilu kifn
khdi ddu ma phu thuOc vdo cde dilu kifn ciia
qud trinh dan den ket cue Tuy nhien, dac trung
nay ciia co the sdng cung eo gidi ban do tinh
bdt toan, khdng hodn thif n cua hf thfing md ciia
CO the sdng va do trat ty thii bdc ciia ciu tao ciia
CO thi song Vi du dien hinh d ddy Id trudng
hgp ung thu khi mgt khdi u xuat hifn nhu mpt
CO thf dpc l§p nd cd the se phd hiiy toan bp co
thi ma khoi u dd la mOt bO phpn
Tinh tiim biin (anamorphosis) Bertalanffy
phdt hifn ra m^t khdc bift nu'a giiia hf thong
md va he thdng ddng, giOa hf thfing sfing vd hf
thdng vd tri vd gidc Dd id tinh tiem bien
(anamorphis, da hinh thdi, bien thai ky di), su
chuyen tiep sang cdc trang thai tr^t ty cao hon
va su phdn hda cao hon d hf thdng md, he
thdng song Trong khi o he thdng vd co, hf
thdng ddng lufin xdy ra sy chuyen tiep sang
tr^ng thai mat trdt ty, hon loan va suy thodi, xda
nhda su khdc biet Bertalanffy ggi hifn tugng
qua dp nhu vdy d hf thfing md, he thdng sdng Id
sy tipm biin (anamorphosis, tinh tifm bien) [1]
theo thudt ngO cua R Woltereck
Theo Bertalanffy, trong he thong ddng, he
gpi Id entropy duong va ldm eho he thdng hi rdi lo&n, tan vd, phdn ra Nhung trong he thdng
mo, entropy bj gidm di, cdn gpi la entropy dm
va sy chuyen hda, sy tiem bien den trang thai hdn tap vd phiic tap gin liln vdi sy phdn tach, chia tach, phan hda mgt he th6ng nhdt the ban dau thdnh cdc he thong bd phdn phong phii, da dang, phirc t?p Do vdy, cd the coi phdn hda la mdt thugc tinh dac trung ciia hf thdng md, he thong sdng Khi bdn vl nhiing dieu ndy Bertalanffy nhdn mpnh rang cdc nguyen ly ciia
he thdng md nhu tinh ddng kit (equifinality), tinh tiem bien (anamorphosis), sy ty dieu tiet regulation), ty nhdn bdn (self-multiplication) Id nhthig ddc dilm sfing ciia cdc hien tugng sfing, hf thong sdng Tit cd nhOng ddc diem ndy dugc hieu nhu Id cac bang chumg eua hpc thuyet ve sy song (vitalism, sy sdng ludn) vugt ra khdi pham vi ciia ITnh vyc vat Iy hpc vd trd thdnh nhiing vdn de tnmg tdm ciia sinh vdt hpc,
1.6 Tinh thong nhdt cita khoa hgc vd su phdn hda cdc tdng lap cita hiin time
Bertalanffy dat tfn cho muc cudi ciing, mye thii 12 ciia bdn De cucmg ly thuyet hf thdng tdng qudt cua dng Id "sy thong nhat ciia khoa hge" Trong do ong trinh bay tdm tdt mdt sd y chinh cua de cuong vd Iam r6 y tudng ve cdc quy ludt gidng nhau, tuong ty nhau trong cdc ITnh vuc khoa hgc khac nhau vd dif u ndy dupc dng coi Id bdng chimg cho sy thdng nhat eiia khoa hpc (the Unity of Science)
Cdc bdng chiing cho biet cd cdc quy ludt nhdt dinh dugc dp dyng cho cdc he thdng ndi chung ma khfing phy thufic vdo ban chat ciia cdc he thfing vd cdc thuc thS ciia hf thong chiing td rang cd cdc quy ludt vd quan nifm tuong m nhau xudt hifn ddc lap vdi nhau trong cac ITnh vyc khoa hpc vd dieu ndy tao ra sy
Trang 6song song, tuong ducmg ro ret trong sy phat
trien hien da\ ciia cdc khoa hgc ndy Vi du, cdc
khai niem nhu toan thi, tdng sd, co gidi hda,
tap trung hda, trdt tu thii bac trang thai diing im
vd trang thdi dn djnh, ding kit (equifinality),
tiem bien, v.v diu dupc tim thiy trong eac ITnh
vyc khdc nhau ciia khoa hgc ty nhien cung nhu
trong tam Iy hpc va xa hgi hpc, Sy thfing nhit
nay cd nghia Id thi gidi voi tinh cdch Id todn the
cdc hien tugng quan sdt dugc [7]'" cd tinh dfing
dpng cdu tnic the hien 6 sy gidng nhau, tuong
ty nhau eiia cdc quy ludt va cdc so dd khdi niem
tim thay trong cdc cap dp, cdc ting ldp khdc
nhau cua hifn thyc,
Theo Bertalanffy, su thdng nhit ciia khoa
hpc khdng phai dugc ban cho, gan cho bdng
viec quy gidn khong tudng ciia tit ca cdc khoa
hgc vl vdt Iy hpe vd hda hpc, ma dugc tao bdi
cdc dong dang cau tnic ciia cdc cdp dp cdc tdng
ldp khdc nhau cua hifn thire (I] Diiu ndy gpi
nhd quan diem cua hge thuyit Marx vi sy
thfing nhit eiia cdc khoa hgc do sy thong nhit
ciia thi gidi quy dinh Bertalanffy neu rd su
thfing nhit nay cd trdt ty thii bae ciia cdc hf
thdng tii hf thdng vat ly vd he tfidng hda hpc
din cac he thong sinh vdt hpc vd hf thdng xa
hdi hpc Tu day cd the hieu cae hf thdng eung
phdn hda thdnh cde tdng Idp theo trdt tu thii bdc
md khoa hpc nghien ciiu ve he thfing thupc cdc
tdng Idp thii b|c cung tao thanh trdt tu thir bac
ciia cdc khoa hpe
Vdi ly thuyit he thong tfing qudt,
Bertalanffy mudn phd bd quan diem co gioi hda
ve sy thfing nhit cua khoa hgc ma mgt bilu
hien Iy thuyet cua nd Id vifc quy tit cd CM; hien
Quan nifm the gidi la cac hien tugng quan sat
dirge ggi nhd den dinh nghia cua Lenin: vat chdt la
^ 1 pham trii triit hgc diing de chi thyc tai khach
quan, dugc dem l^i cho con ngudi trong cam giac,
dugc cam giac cua chung ta chep lai, chup lai, phan
anh va tdn tai khdng If thugc vao cam giac
tupng ve cac td hgp gdm cac don vi, thanh phdn hda hpc - vat ly hgc so ddng Bieu hien thyc tien cLia quan diem co gidi hda nay Id sy thdng tri khdng kiem sodt cila cdng nghe vat ly hgc da ddn den cac cugc khiing hoang tham khdc trong thdi dai ndy" Tuy nhifn, khi bac bd quan difm
eo gicri hda ndy Bertalanffy ciing khfing mudn thay the no bdng mgt quan diem khdc, quan difm sinh hpc luan {biologism, chii n ^ a sinh vat hgc), theo dd tit cd cac hien tugng tam Iy hpc, xa hdi hpc vd van hda deu dugc quy ve eac hifn tuong sinh hpc Vdi Iy thuyet he thdng tong qudt Bertalanffy mudn nhin manh su ddng dpng cdu tnic cua eac ting Idp khdc nhau cua hifn thyc, ddng thdi khdng dinh sy tu chu, ty tri
vd sy nam giii cdc quy ludt rieng cua tiing ting ldp dd Bertalanffy tin ring viec nghien cuu ly thuyet he tbdng tdng qudt la mdt buoc tiln quan trgng den su tbdng nhdt eiia khoa hpc, Nhimg
cd nhieu cdu hdi vd vdn de dpt ra trong dd, dng chi ra mdt vin de trung tdm ciia khoa hpc hien dai Id van dl vl sy tircmg tdc nang d^ng (dynamic interaction) trong cdc ITnh vuc cua hien thyc md cdc nguyen ly tdng qudt ciia nd nhat djnh dugc xdc dinh boi Iy thuyit he thfing
2 Ly thuyet x3 hgi hgc t6ng quat vl phan bda xa bpi
2.1 Vdn de vd cdu hdi nghiin ctiu
Tir mgt gdc dp khdc, nhung cCing tien din ly thuyet hf thfing tong quat Id cdch tilp can Iy thuyit hf thdng xd hgi vl phdn hda xd hdi do nhd xd hdi hgc ngiroi MJ la Talcott Parsons khdi xudng Ong trinh bdy ly thuyet nay trong
11 Dieu nay co thi ggi nhd din su kien bi diam cua phd cua NTiat Ban, Hiroshima ngay 6 thdng 8 nam
1945 vd Nagasaki, Nliat Ban ngay 9 thang 8 nam
Trang 7cudn sdch "Hf thdng xa hgi" gdm 12 chirong
day gdn 580 trang xuat bdn nam 1951, trong dd
dng ddnh hai chuong lien tiep Id ehucmg IV vd
V de bdn vl sy phdn hda cau tnic vd su phdn
hda tren thyc te Parsons dd phat trien ly thuyet
he thdng xa hpi thdnh ly thuyet xd hgi hge tdng
qudt ve su "phan hda cau tnic" ciia hf thdng,
"sy phan hda ben trong ciia cac hf thfing xd
hpi" [8] vd CO the ggi ly thuyet ciia ong Id "Ly
thuyet he thfing xa hpi ve phdn hda cdu tnic",
Cdu hdi nghien curu Id: cac xa hdi duoc tao
bdi nhirng thanh phdn ndo vd eac thdnh phan dd
cd mdi quan he vdi nhau nhu the nao? Talcott
Parsons dua ra ly thuyet hf thdng xd hdi ve
phan hoa cau tnic (structural differentiation)
trong dd sy phdn hda cua he thdng xd hdi the
hifn d hai chieu canh Mgt Id su phdn hoa cdc
vai tir do ddt ra van de nghifn ciru ve sy phdn
bd cdc vai trong hf thfing xd hfii va cdch phdi
hgp hay doan ket eac vai dd Parsons coi hf
thfing cdc vai dugc phdn hda ndy Id cau tnic x2
hpi theo nghTa hep [8] Ndi each khdc theo
nghTa h?p, cau tnic xd hgi Id he thong cac vai xd
h0i dugc phdn hda Hai Id, voi mdt cau tnie vai
da cho, vdn de dat ra la cdc ySu td di ddng cd
the dugc phan bd nhu thi ndo Qud trinh phdn
bfi cdc thii cd gid trj trong he thdng cac vai
dugc Parsons ggi la su phdn phat (allocation)
[8] Qua trinh phdn phat lien quan tdi ba vin dl
Id: (1) chi dinh mgi ngudi vao cdc vai, hay phan
vai, (2) phdn phdt cac phuong tifn, (3) phdn
phdt phdn thudng
Theo Iy thuyit hf thdng xa hdi ciia Parsons,
phdn hda xa hgi la sy phan chia mdt don vi hay
m$t ciu tnic trong hf thfing xa hdi ra thdnh hai
ho$e hon hai don vi hodc eiu tnic khdc bift
nhau vl cdc dac diem va chiic ndng ciia chiing
dfii voi hf thfing, Theo Parsons, hf thdng xa hdi
(social system) xet ve mat thanh phdn cdu triic
cua nd la hf thdng bi phdn hda hong dd cdi bi
[8], Do vdy, mpt nghien ciiu ve sy phdn hda hf thdng xa hdi can phdi Idm ro cdch thirc phan boa cac vai xd hpi trong hf thong, vdi ^ nghTa nay he thong xa hdi Id ciu tnic xd hdi vdi tinh cdch Id he thdng cdc vai xa hpi
Nhif m vy tiep theo d ddy, tir gdc dp nghien eiiu phan hda xa hdi vl hf thdng xd hgi la tim hieu xem cdch thiic md cdc cd nhdn, cdc phuong tifn va cdc phdn thudng khuyen khich dugc phan bo nhu the nao cho cdc vai xd hdi vd cac
vi the xd hdi Mot vi du cd the de hieu d ddy Id
de xdy dyng mdt dpi bdng dd vifc can lam trude khi ddo tao, huan luyfn eac cdu thii Id phai xdc dinh xem dpi bdng dd cd cdu tnic gdm eac vj trt nao va moi vi tri do can phai lam gi nic Id vai xd hdi ndo rdi sau dd mdi tuyen chpn ngudi cau thii de b6 tri hg vao timg vi tri nhdm thyc hien nhihig vai nhat djnh Su phdn hda cua
he thdng xa hdi khfing chi Id phan cdng Iao d^ng hay bfi tri ngudi vdo cdu tnic vai xd hpi nhu vira neu ma cdn bao gfim ed su phdn hda hay phdn bd eac ngudn lyc vd cdc phdn thudng khuyen khich cho cdc vj tri va cac vai ciia hf thdng do Cd the can ghi nhdn rd Id ddi vdri Parsons, cdu tnic xa hdi theo nghTa h?p la hf thdng cdc vai xd h^i hay cdu tnic v^ xd hdi Tir ddy, phdn hda xd hgi cQng can dupc hifu theo nghTa hep td phdn hda cac vai xa hgi vcri sy phan bd cac cd nhdn vdo cdc vi tri va cac vai x3 hgi trong he thdng xa hdi Phan hda ehung bao gdm cd phdn hda xd hpi va phan bfi, phan chia cdc ngudn luc, cdc phuong tien va eac phan thudng khuyen khich
2.2 Khdi niim "hi thdng xa hgi"
Parsons khong vien ddn Bertalanffy khi trinh bay "He thdng xd hpi" nhung van co the coi cdch tiep cpn ciia Parsons Id sy phdt trien ly thuyet he thfing tfing qudt trong xa hdi hpc, Dieu nay the hifn rd trong quan nifm ciia
Trang 8I L.VHimg Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN Khoa hgc XS hpi va Nhdn vdn Tgp 30 Sd 3 (2014) 51-62
Parsons vl hf thdng xd bdi va no Iuc ciia dng
trong vifc xay dung ly thuyit Idng quat ve hdnh
ddng va I\' thu>lt tdng qudt trong xd hdi hpe
[8-10], Theo Parsons, cac hf thdng xd hpi Id cdc hf
thdng md vdi cdc qua trinh trao ddi phiic tap
vdi cdc he thdng mfii trudng xung quanh [9,
11-14], Cac hf thfing xung quanh tao nen mdi
trudng true tiep ciia he thdng xd hgi bao gdm
cac he thong van hda, nhan each, hanh vi vd cdc
tiiu hf thdng khdc ciia co thi vd thdng qua co
tbi Id mdi trudng vdt chit Tuong ty nhu vdy,
cde hf thdng xd hdi dugc phan hoa cdu tnic
thdnh nhilu tieu hf thdng ma mdi tieu he thdng
do la mgt hf thfing md thyc hien chuc nSng
nhdt djnh trong qud trinh lien tuc trao ddi vdi
cae tieu hf thfing xung quanh ciia mgi hf thfing
Idn hem '
2 3 Phdn hda cdu true
Parsons cho rang phdn hda cau tnic
(structural differentiation) bao gdm sy tdi tfi
chiic (reorganization, sy tfi chiic lai) thyc sy
eua he thfing vd do vay bao gfim sy biln dfii edu
tnic ciJa cdc tiiu he thdng khae nhau va moi
quan hf eiia chiing vdi nhau [11], Tuy nhien
Parsons luu y ring sy phan hda cdu tnic chii
yiu Id sy td chiic vd tai td chiic cdc thanh phdn
cau tnic eua he thdng tire la su phdn hda ben
trong ciia hf thdng, phan bifl v6i su phan hda
bfn ngodi the hifn sy tfi chiic vd tdi td chiic cdc
hf thdng vd mdi quan hf ciia chiing vdi nhau
Phdn hda cdu trOc ciia hi thdng tdng qudt
ve hdnh dgng Cach tiep can Iy thuyit he thdng
tdng quat ve hdnh dgng cua Parsons ebo biet hf
'^ Parsons coi "cau tnic" nhu Id "'hf tbdng" va djnh
nghTa nd Id mgt tap hop cac hiin tugng phu thugc
lan nhau ma tap hgp nay dinh hinh khudn mau nhat
djnh vd cd tinh dn dmh theo thoi gjan Do vdy, phan
hda cau tnic xd hgi cQng la phan hda he thdng xa
thfing hanh ddng bi phan hda cdu tnic thanh cdc tiiu hf thdng bao gdm hf thdng hanh vi, he thdng nhan each, hf thdng xS hgi vd he thdng van hda Nhu vpy, vcri tinh each la he thdng md,
hf thdng xd hgi Uen tyc quan he, trao ddi, tuong tdc vdi mdi tnrdng tryc tiep cua nd gdm cdc he thdng hanh vi, nhdn each va vdn hd2L Parsons cho bilt: xet tren chilu canh kiem soat hay trat ty thu bpc cua cac quan he kiem sodt, hf thfing hanh dpng bj phan hda cdu triic thanh cdc thanh phin he thfing hay cac tieu hf thfing tuong tdc vdi nhau theo mpt trdt ty thii bdc kilm sodt nhit dinh tu tren xufing dudi Id
hf thdng vdn hda - xd hgi - nhdn cdch - hanh
vi, Cy the Id he thong hdnh vi kilm sodt cac qud trinh sinh Iy - giai phdu ciia co the sinh hpe vcri mdi tnrdng vat chit Din lugt nd, he thong hdnh vi bi kilm sodt boi he thong nhdn cdch, he tbdng ndy bi kiem sodt bdri he thdng d vi tri c ^ hon Id hf thdng xd hpi va den lugt nd he thdng x3 hgi hi kiem sodt boi he thdng vdn hda, Nhu vdy trong trdt tu thii bpc cdc quan hf kiem sodt,
hf thdng hdnh vi d vi tri thdp nhdt, tiep din id
he thdng nhan each, tiep den la he thdng xd hgi
vd be thdng van hda d vi tri cao nhdt
Phdn hda cdu true ciia he thong xa hgi
Cdch tilp cpn ly thuyit hf thfing tdng qudt ciia Parsons dp dung trong nghien ciru he thfing xd hgi cho biet mpt sd quy ludt nhu sau Tren chieu cpnh chiic ndng, sy phdn hda cdu trdc ciia
he thdng xd hpi bi quy dinh boi cdc yeu cdu chiic ndng d^t ra ddi vcri cd he thdng vd do vdy tuong ling vdi cac yeu ciu chiic ndng do he thdng hi phdn hda ciu tnic ra cdc thanh phdn
ma moi thdnh phdn thuc hifn mdt chiic ndng nhat dinh Ndi cdch khac, do cac yfu cau chiic nang nhit dinh ma he thdng bi phdn hda ciu tnic thdnh eac tieu he thong hay cac thanh phan cua he thdng md moi thdnh phin thyc hien mfit chiic ndng nhit dinh va moi thanh phin dd cd moi quan hf nhdt djnh vdi cac thdnh phan khdc
Trang 9Theo Parsons cd thi hinh dung sy phdn hda
cau tnic cua he thdng xS hgi trong mgt khung
hay hf tga dp hai chieu chirc ndng Tren mdt
chieu nay chiic ndng bj phdn hda thdnh chiic
nang ben trong, hudng nfii va chirc nang ben
ngoai, huong ngopi Tren mgt chilu khac chiie
nang bi phdn hda thdnh chiic nang phuong tien,
cdng cu va chiic ndng muc tieu, muc dich Sy
ket hgp hai chieu chiic ndng ndy tao nen mdt hf
tpa dg gdm bdn chiic ndng hay bon yeu cdu
chijc ndng dugc Parsons Idn lugt dai ten Id
AGIL, cy the nhu sau [10]: 1) ehiic nang
"huoTig ngoai - phuong tien" hay chirc nang
thich nghi, ky hieu la A (Adaptation, thich
ling); 2) chiic ndng "hudng ngoai - muc dich"
hay "hudng dich" ky hieu Id G
(Goal-attainment, dat muc tif u); 3) chiic ndng "hudng
ngi - muc dich" hay chiie ndng "dodn kit" ky
hieu Id I (Integration, hgi nhap); 4) chiic ndng
"hudng ndi-phuong tien" hay chirc nang duy tri
khudn mau Idn ky hifu Id L (Latent
pattern-maintenance)
Doi vdi bdn yeu ciu chiic ndng nay he
thdng xd h$i bi phan hda cdu tnic thdnh cdc
thdnh phdn hf thdng hay bdn tiiu hf thfing
chuyen mdn hda mgt cdch tuong iing doi voi
tiing chiic ndng Cy thi Id hf thong xa hgi bj
phdn hda thanh 1) tieu hf thdng kinh te chuyen
thyc hifn chiic ndng sdn xuat, kinh doanh hang
hda df dam bdo thich irng cua hf thong, 2) tieu
hf thfing chirUi tri chuyfn thuc hifn chirc nang
lanh dao, qudn ly hic la ra quyet djnh vd tfi ehiic
thyc hien quylt dinh nhdm dat duge muc tieu
ciia cd hf thdng, 3) tiiu hf thdng phdp ludt
chuyen thyc hien chiic ndng gdn ket dodn ket,
hdi nhap cdc bd phin ciia hf thong xd hdi va
gidi quylt cdc mau thudn, xung dgt nhdm dam
bdo sy dn djnh trpt ty cua cd he thfing, 4) tieu
hf thong vdn hda chuyen thyc hien chiic ndng
duy tri ciing cfi cac kinh nghifm, tri thiic va
ra nhu cdu, dgng eo, ddng luc thiic ddy cd hf thong hopt dgng
Chirc ndng duy tri khuon mdu Ign (L) He
thfing can phai thyc hifn ehiic nang nay de ddm bdo duy tri tinh dn dinh ciia cdc khudn mdu van hda vd xac dinh cau tnic cua he thdng Chiic ndng ndy cd hai mat: mdt la khudn mau chudn mye vd hai la trang thdi thiet chS hda Tii gdc
do ca nhdn thanh vien ciia he thdng xd hdi, chiic ndng nay the hien d sy cam ket thai d0, dpng co ciia ca nhan hong viec chdp hdnh cac khudn mdu chudn mye nhdt dinh va dieu ndy bao gdm qua trinh nhap npi (internalization) va xd hdi boa (socialization) tiic Id hgc tap cdc khudn mau chudn mye va bien chiing thanh mfit phan ciia cdu tnic nhan each Tii gdc do cdu tnic, chiic ndng ndy bi phdn hda de tach bift khdi cae chiic ndng khdc eiia hf tiidng nhung vdn ddm bdo sy can bdng vdi cdc chiic ndng khdc, dfing thdi ddm bdo trdt ty thii bdc kiem sodt ciia ndi vdi cdc chiic ndng khdc, md tryc tiep nhat la chiic ndng hudng dich
Chuc ndng huang dich (G) Chiic ndng ndy
true tiep lien quan tdi cdu tnic, co che vd qud trinh dien ra trong mdi quan hf eiia hf thdng vdi mdi tnrdng Trong qua trinh trao doi vdi mdi truong tit ylu nay sirdi van df mat can bdng gifia nhu edu ciia hf thfing vdi kha ndng ddp iing cua mfii trudng ddn den muc dich phai thiet Idp trpng thai can bdng, thda mdn, dap iing nhu cdu cua he thdng trong mdi tuong tdc, trao ddi vdi mdi tnrdng Ddi vdi he thong, nhieu van
dl ndy sinh trong mdi tuong tac vdi mdi tnrdng
do v^y muc dich cua hf didng hi phdn hda thdnh nhilu muc dieh khdc nhau theo trat ty thii bdc uu ti£n nhat djnh Dieu nay cd nghTa la chirc nang hudng dich cung bj phan hda cdu triic thanh hf thdng cdc chiic ndng hudng dich cdn eir vao thir ty uu tien ciia cdc muc dich doi voi hf thdng
Trang 10Chuc ndng thich ung (.A) Chiic ndng ndy
doi hdi hf thdng phai cung cap, sii dung cdc
phuong tien khdc nhau de thyc hifn muc dich
ciia hf thdng Vi cac muc dich da dang, phong
phii vd bj phdn hda thdnh cac thii tu im tifn nen
cdc phuong tifn de dat muc tieu ciing dupc
phdn hda tuong iing
Chitc ndng dodn kit (I) Chiic ndng nay
xudt hifn khi cdc he thfing bi phdn hda vd phan
chia thdnh cac bp phpn chiic ndng ddc lap vdi
nhau va tir dd ddt ra van de phai ket hpp, doan
ket cac bp phdn do tiic la cdc tiiu he thdng
thanh mdt hf thong, ma moi bg phdn dd vdi
tinh each Id mdt tieu he thdng md vira duy tri
ranh gidi, tinb ddc lap vd vira tu diiu tilt dl
thich ling voi nhau tao thdnh mgt he thdng todn
vpn
Phdn hda cdu triic vd phdn hda chuc ndng
Trong mgt xd hdi phan hoa d trinh do cao, chire
ndng duy tri khuon mau Idn dugc chuyen mon
hda va tpp trung vdo hf thdng vdn hda vdi cae
Id chiic tuong iing Chiie ndng hudng dich duge
chuyen mdn boa vd tpp trung d hf thfing chinh
trj voi cdc td chiic tuong iing Chiic ndng doan
kit tap trung d hf thdng phdp ludt vdi cdc td
ehiic, bg mdy qudn ly, tda an, phdp ly ehuyen
nghif p Chirc ndng thich iing dugc ehuyen mdn
hda vd tpp trung vdo hf thdng kinh te vdi cdc tfi
chuc kinh te nhdt dinh Nhu vpy phdn hda cdu
true eiia hf thfing bao gdm phdn hda chiic nang
ciia hf thong ddn den edu tnic gom cac tiiu he
thfing chirc ndng gin ket vd tucmg tae vdi nhau
tao thdnh mpt hf thong todn ven Parsons cho
rdng cd the quy cae yeu cdu chiic nang song edn
ddt ra dfii vcri bat k"\' mdt he thdng xd hgi ndo vl
bdn Iopi chiic nang co ban la chiic nang
Bdn chiic ndng nay phdn hda ciu tnic theo
trpt ty thir bpc kiem soat hanh ddng cCia he
thdng Ian luot Id LIGA: (1) chiie ndng duy tri
khudn mau I$n (L: latent pattern maintenance)
(2) ehiic ndng dodn kit, hgi nh|p (1:
Integration), (3) chiic nang hudng dich (G: Goal - Attainment), (4) chiic ndng thich iing (A: Adaptation)'^
Sy phdn hda xd hpi khdng diing Ipi d cdp dp
hf thdng todn xd hpi (societal system) ma tiep tyc dien ra tren cap do tifu hf thdng trong dd mdi mgt tieu he thdng cuta xd hoi hi phdn hda ciu tnic thdnh cac bg phpn tuong iing vdi bdn yeu cau chiic ndng Vi du trong he thfing kinh tl dien ra sy phan hda cau tnic tao thanh ting Idp giau vd ting Idp ngheo vd cdc ting ldp trung gjan viing vdi bd phdn chuyfn san xudt kinh doanh, bp phan chuyen td chiic, qudn ly; bd phdn ehuyen bdi duong, ddo tao va bg phdn chuyen ve gidi quyet cdc van de an todn, trdt ty kinh te'''
Mpt so tac gid gpi Iy thuyet ciia Parsons Id
Iy thuyit tien hda vl phan hda chiic ndng boi vi
Xet tren chieu canh kiem sodt, quy ludt trat ty thii bdc kiem soat cua hf thfing tdng quat vi hanh dgng
CO the ap dung cho he thdng x3 hgi Theo quy luat ndy, cac tieu hf thong cua hf thdng tdng quat vi thanh cdc tieu he thong co vj tri nhdt djnh trong trat lyc nhu sau Hf thdng thyc hien chiJc n3ng duy tri thii bac kiem soat Tiip din la hf thing hgi nhap hay dodn kit (I), thii ba la hf Adng hudng dieh (G) va cudi cung, d vi tri thip nhit la he thdng diich ung kiem sodt cua he thdng xa hgi Id mgt cdu true diiu khiin tir tren xufing dudi lin lugt Id LIGA, ddi nguae vdi trat t^r thii bac chiic nang hay ciu tnic -churc nSng Id AGIL
" Parsons phan bift cac cip dp ciia hi thong x3 hdi, do^vdy mgt each tuong ini| c6 the thiy sy phdn hoa dien ra tren cdc cap dg tir cap dd vi md nhu phan hoa
d hi thdng hanh vi the hien d sy phan hda ciu true cde vai xa hgi ciia cdc ca nhdn din phan hda cac vai trong td chuc, din cip df vT md la phdn hda eac he gia tri, chuan mye xd hgi hf jgia tri ehuin muc van hda, din phan hda cde he thdng xa hdi oia xa hdi