JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF IINUE Education Science, 2013, Vol, 58, No 4, pp, 34 44 This paper is available online at hllp //stdb,hnue edu vn LEARNING ECOSYSTEM HE SINH THAI HOC TAP NHIN Ti; Li THUYET HOC T[.]
Trang 1Education Science, 2013, Vol, 58, No 4, pp, 34-44
This paper is available online at hllp://stdb,hnue edu.vn
LEARNING ECOSYSTEM - HE SINH THAI HOC TAP
NHIN T i ; Li THUYET HOC TAP KE i' NOl VA Ll THUYET HE THONG
Nguyfin Manh Hung
Trung tdm Cdng nghe Tbung lin, Truimg Dgt bgc Supbani Hd Nui
Tom tat L.i thiiyll hoc lap kit ndi (Connectivism) md ra each nhin mdi ve hoc
lap dua viio cic kit noi ma khdng dua vao noi dung; va sU van ddng cuia in thflc kit ndi (connective knowledge), Khai niem mdi trudng sinh thai hoc tap (Learning Ecology) md rong moi IrUtfng lioe tap cd dien theo trUdng ldp ra mdi trUbng rong Idn hdn vdi tap hop cae he thing li luan phuong phap hoc tap trien khai hpc tap nhb sU ket ndi vdi internet Biii viet phal tnen mo hinh niiy vii de xuat md hinh he smh thai hoc tap mdi, do la mang cac he thdng lac nhan hoc tap tri thflc hoc tap, cdng nghe hoc tap va ngii canh hpc tap
TU khda: Li thuyet hoc tap kit ndi (connectivism), mdi trUdng sinh thai hoc tap
(leaming ecology), he sinh thai hoc tap (learning ecosystem)
1 Md dau
Giao due ndi chung va hoc tap ndi rieng tfl trfldc ldi nay va Irong tfldng lai ludn lii
dl tai nong cua ca xa hdi, nhll la trong thdi ki thdng tin md nhu hien nay Hoc tap ldt ludn
la tieu chi phin dau cho lit ca cac ca nhan Irong xa hdi Trong thdi ki xa hdi hoa hoc tap
va kinh t l tri thflc nhfl ngiiy nay, hoc tap khdng chi bang ndi luc ciia ca nhan, ma cdn nhd
su kit ndi ciia rlt nhieu yeu td - ngudi hoc, ngUdi day, ban be cac nhdm cgng ddng, cac mang ket ndi, edng viec, dgng lflc lam li, mdi irUdng hoc lap vdi cac he Ihdng hd trd -sach vd, thfl vien, va nhll la the gidi sd hda Iren internet
Bai viit nay trinh bay cac y Ifldng ve mdi trfldng hoc tap va he sinb thai hgc lap dfla tren li thuyel he thdng, H thuylt hoc tap kel ndi v;i in Ihflc kit ndi
2 Noi dung nghien cu'u
2.1 M o h i n h \i thuyet ciia m o i trtfdng s i n h thai h o c t a p
Vice hoc tap tfl xua gin lien vdi cac khai niem cd ban: thly - trd, trudng - ldp, sach - vd, hoc hanh - thi cfl Mdi IrUdng hoc lap Iruyen Ihdng trUdng - ldp, thly - trd vin
Ngaynhanbai 18-8-2012 Ngay ch^p nhan dang'2S-3-201.1
Trang 2la chfl yeu cho din nay l i t ca cac cai liln, ddi mdi vl day va hgc, suy cho cung vin ddng khung trong cac cap pham tru tren, Irong mpt khdng gian chinh la trfldng - ldp Ndi theo
li thuyet he thdng, nhflng he Ihdng dn dinh, nhflng he thdng rlt ldn nhfl he Ihdng giao due vdi dac trflng trudng - ldp, cd dac linh chung la mgi thay ddi cin thdi gian dai va cac nd luc thay ddi du ldn, tfl ben trong, cung nhfl tfl ben ngoai Nhu vay, nlu ehiing ta vin chi xac dinh khong gian hgc tap la trudng - Idp, thi cac ddi mdi vl li thuylt hgc lap ndi chung cac phfldng phap day hpc, phUdng phap hgc lap ndi neng, la chfla du Viec nghien cflu theo phfldng phap luan he Ihdng (systemic approach) va cac xu hudng giao due hien dai,
la cin Ihill cho cac cai tien va ddi mdi cho giao due va hoc tap hien nay
Bai vill cua tac gia Li ihuyet Hgc lap Kit ndi (Siemens, 2008, [9]) da trinh bay vl cac clu true va khdng gian mdi cua hgc lap, cac anh hudng mang tinh he thdng cua tri thflc kit ndi, chu nghia kit ndi va hpc tap kit ndi mang Cung trong bai nay, tac gia da dua ra md hinh hoc tap mdi cho trudng hgc, dUa tren mpt sO dd long quat cua mdi trUdng sinh thai hgc tap (Learning Ecology) trong Ihdi ki internet, cac vung hgc lap, cac nhdm
va mang hoc tap
Mdi trfldng sinh thai hgc tap dua ra md hinh tdng quat vdi cac thanh phan dUdc ket ndi vdi nhau nhU sau:
- Hgc tap chinh thflc (formal) - Hgc tap phi chinh ihflc (informal)
- Cpng ddng hpc tap - Tfl hoc
- He Ihdng hd trd nang cao hieu qua hpc tap - Tfl van va hoc nghe
- Trai nghiem, trd chdi vii md phdng hpc lap
Cac Ihanh phan dd lien kit trong mdi trfldng vdi cac ylu id:
- Bd lpc cho hpc tap: cac gia Iri hoc tap, cac niem tin, va trien vong - muc dich, nhu clu Igi ich hoc tap
- Cac chilu cua hoc tap: hoc de bilt, hoc de lam, hpc de sdng, hgc lai dau, hoc de ehuyen doi
- Cac khai niem, pham tru hgc tap: dfl lieu, thong tin, tri thflc, y nghia, hieu bilt, sfl thdng thai
Viec thuc hien hoc tap thong qua: ngdn ngfl, cong cu phfldng tien hoe tap, edng nghe
Mdt mdi trfldng sinh thai, Iheo nghia d day la mdi trudng nudi dUdng va hd trd sU thanh lap va phat trien cac cpng ddng, mang lUdi
Nhfl vSy, ldp hgc truyin thdng la mdt mdi trudng sinh thai hpc tap, vdi mdt khdng gian ddng kin, va clu true phan he chat che: ngudn tri thflc va chu the day hgc la ngfldi thly, vdi mdt cdng ddng nho ngudi hpc ddng dang; cac ngi dung day hpc dfldc quy dinh chat che Ngfldc Iai, internet la mol vi du mdi trfldng sinh thai rdng ldn, md va da dang, cho phep sfl sang tao cua ngfldi Iham gia trong hpc tap
Nlu mdi trfldng sinh thai hpc tap la khdng gian nudi dfldng va hd trd hoc tap, thi
Trang 3mang hoc Idp Id cdu triic hoc tap, cae ket ndi hen kel giii'a cac thanh phdn trong khong" gian hoc tap Mang hoc tap sinli ra trong khong gian hoc tdp va ca hai hfi tro, tao ra su sdng tao trong hoc tap Nhflng nghien cflu giin day vc li thuyfit mang (xa hdi, smh hpc, loan hoc, gido due) (Barahasi, 21)02 Walts 2003; Wollnian, 1999; Siemens, 2006 (9];
DovKnes, 2012 [3]) da dfla ra cac mo hinh mang, dac tinh phal trifi'n va xu hudng hoat
dong cua mang Irong cdc linh vflc cu Ihc trong dd, ndi rieng trong giao due, Iri thiJc ket noi mang vd sfl hlnh thanh va van hdnh cac mang IflSi hgc tap la die'm nhan chinh trong
xu hudng phdt trie'n hoc tdp hien dai
Mol die'iii nhdn manh Irong nidi IrUdng sinh thai htjc tap hifin dai la sU thay do'i ve tfl duy sfl pham cua viec tham gia gidng day va hoc tap, noi dung day va hoe, quan he giiia ngudi hoc - ngUdi day - khoa - bo mdn - trfldng
Nhung doi mdi phflOng phap gidng day theo quan difi'm thiet kc bdi giang, ting dung cdng nghe, s6 hda bdi gidng, flng dung cac he thong e-learning 1 0 (he qudn Iri dao tao) nhu la ban sao dien tfl cua cdu trtic ldp hoc, vdn chi ddng khung trong khong gian Idp hoc truyen thong, do dd chfla cd cac tdc ddng manh tdi kcl qua hoc tdp ndi chung "Vific sii dung cdc phuong phdp sfl phain gdn vdi eong nghe xay dflng bdi giang mdi, luy vay, chfla nhdn dfldc cdc ket qua ro rfit" (Davidovitch, 2007) Chi vdi su xuat hifin cua cdc phudng phdp su pham gdn \di web 2,0 dfla ra khdng gian va cach Ihflc lifin kfit mdi trong giang day va hoc tdp, thi sfl doi mdi vd sdng tao mdi thflc sfl rd ret (Barnett, 2004 Downes, 2008; OECD, 2007; Siemens, 2008) Theo dd, sfl da dang ve quan difi'm, y IUdng, sfl sang lao chti ddng ciia ngudi hoc se ddng gdp trong ndi dung ctia qua trinh day va hoc
Nhu vdy, vdl sfl bung nci cua Ifldng tri thflc, sfl van ddng nhanh cua tri thflc kel noi,
sU phflc hdp cua hoc tdp hicn nay, vdi stt ra ddi cua cac cdng nghfi Web 2.0, vific md rpng mdi trUdng sinh thai hoc tdp gan vdi cdc khong gian vd cau true hoe lap mdi, phflOng phap
su pham mdi vfi tham gia day \'d hoe la ket qua cua sU chuyen dich \ e giao due, dap flng nhu cdu gido due phflc hdp, da dang hda xd hpi hda ngdy nav
2,2, He sinh thai hoc tap
Theo nhu cau md rdng khdng gian vd cdu liuc cua hoc tap, cung vdi md hinh moi trfldng sinh Ihdi hoc tdp td'ng quai nhfl trinh bdy d trfin, mdt loat nhflng rad hinh moi trfldng cdng nghe cho hoc tap, duoc mpt sd tat gia ddng thdi dua ra dudi khdi nicm hfi sinh Ihai hoc tap - Learning l-cosyslcni
Mark Berthelcmy (2010,11]), sfl dung khdi mem cco.syslem til sinh vdl hoc de" dinh nghia he sinh thdi hoc tdp, vdi y chinh la cho hoc tap tai ndi lam \ iec
Tfldng tu, khai nifim he sinh thdi sd, bddc he smh thai K-lcarning - Digital/E-Learning Ecosystem dfldc sfl dung nhfl ha ldng mang mdy linh trfin Internet (Chang va West, 2006; Holey vd Chang, 2007; Briscoe vd De Wilde, 2008; Bo, 2009; Briscoe va Marinos, 2009); hodc nhfl mo hinh sinh thai cho hoc lap va giang day (Frielick, 2004); nhfl Id ha tdng e-learning (GutI va Chang 2008); hoac nhfl la sti trie'n khai e-learning (Uden, Wangsa et al., 2007), hodc nhfl mdt cdng eu h5 trd hpc tap (Ficheman and de Deus
Trang 4Lopes 2008)
Trong [8J, lac gia md ta he sinh thai hoc lap nhu he thdng lien kit cac ca nhan, nhdm, mang hoc lap trong mdi trfldng cdng nghe va Inlernel, cung vdi eae dac linh ve san pham giao due, vdng ddi, sfl lien kel, kit ndi mang, sfl van dgng Iri thflc
Y tfldng cua he sinh thai hgc tap la:
- La he thdng nudi dfldng va phal Irien cae ca nhan, nhdm, mang hgc lap
- La he Ihdng md ta mang linh Irien khai dfldc Irong thflc le
- La mat ciii cfla mdi trfldng sinh thai hoc lap long quai ibdng qua mdi trudng kit ndi mang
Khac vdi moi IrUdng sinh thai hpc tap (Learning Lcology) nhan manh tdi mang hpc tap, vdi dac tinh cfla mang ludi la sU linh hoat, tfl Iri, binh dang, hdn mang, tu dieu ehinh (Downes, [3]), he sinh thai hpc tap nhin manh ldi linh he thdng va mdi trUdng cdng nghe cho he thdng - la yeu td giup cho kha nang trien khai Ihflc te
2 3 M o h i n h h e s i n h t h a i h o c t a p
Dua tren nhflng khai niem cua li Ihuyll he thdng [10] va khai niem mang va nhdm [3;396] md hinh cua he sinh thai hoc tap dfldc d l xuil nhu la mang cac he thdng kit ndi vdi nhau
2.3.1 Cac he thdng chu the hoc tap
Ca nhan ngfldi hoc, giao vien dudc id chflc thanh nhdm hoac mang Nhdm thich hdp vdi viec hgc chinh khda, nhung hoat ddng chinh thflc hoac ngoai khda nhung theo su hudng dan ciia giao vien hoac ngUdi hgc la lanh dao nhdm; nhdm thudng cd pham vi hep cho cac hoat dong cd kiem soat, cd clu true va dinh hfldng rd rang Trong khi dd, mang thich hdp vdi viec hgc phi chinh thflc, vdi cac hinh thflc kil ndi iri thflc binh dang, sfl lim tdi nghien cflu, hoc lap nang cao, hoc tap Iheo nhu elu Mang cho phep md rdng d pham
vi rgng rai, tfl phat, khdng gidi ban vl khdng gian va elu true
Vl dll Ngudi hoc, nhdm ngfldi hoc, mang lUdi ngUdi hoc, giao vien, nhdm giao
vien, mang ludi cac giao vien, ldp hoc, bd mdn, khoa, trfldng, Cac he thdng nay cd the mang linh phan he vi du nhfl ngUdi hgc - nhdm - ldp - trudng, ngUdi hgc - mang Ifldi, giao vien - bp mdn, bd mdn - khoa; hoac cd the la ddng dang nhu ngUdi hoe - ngfldi hoc, nhdm - nhdm, ldp - ldp, giao vien - ngUdi hoe, hoac ed the la phflc hdp nhfl nhdm - mang ngUdi hoc - bd mdn,
6 day cd sfl thay ddi, dich chuyen khai niem ngUdi hoc \i\ ngudi day NgUdi hoc
ban than tham gia trong qua trinh tao ra tri thi?c Ihdng qua cac tinh hudng hpc lap nhu hoi thao, trao ddi, diln dan, bai tap nhdm, tieu luan, nhan xel, dfl an; hoac Ihdng qua cac hinh thflc xult ban/chia se tri thflc nhfl blog, wiki, dien dan, irang web ca nhan, Theo quan diem kit ndi ngfldi hoc, ngudi day, ban than ngfldi hpc trd ihanh ngUdi day Irong cac he thdng nhdm, mang Ifldi hgc tap va ngfldi day cd the trd thanh ngudi hoc trong cac linh hudng khac nhau
Trang 52.3.2 Cac he th6ng tri thiic hoc tap
Cac he thflng Iri thflc hoc tdp dfldc id chflc Ihanh nhom hoac mang tri thiic lien kh:
chfldng irinh, bdi giang, sach gido khoa, tai lieu thfl vien, Iri Ihflc tren mang, tn Ihflc cua ngfldi day tri thflc eua ngUdi hoc, tri thflc cua nhom, Iri thflc cua mang, Cac noi dung/In thflc hpc tap ndy eung cd Ihe' mang tinh phdn he, dflng ddng hoac phflc hdp, va mang tinh dong, md, hoae linh vd ddng
Ngudn tri thflc ngay nay Id phflc hdp Tii cac tri Ihflc han lam, chinh thdng phuc vu hoc Idp ehinh thflc do cdc chuyen gia dfla ra, Idi cdc tri Ihflc kfit noi nhfl la ket qua sing lao ttt qua Irinh suv nghi, kfit nfli cdc ngufln tri Ihflc do ngfldi hoc tao ra Cac he thong tn thflc cung dUde kfit nfli vdi nhau lad ra cac he Ih6.ng In Ihflc lai ghep Vi dii vung In thflc
xa hoi ket nfli vdi vung tri thflc mang Ifldi tao ra vung tri Ihflc mdi mang xa hpi; vung Iri thflc tin hpc kel hdp vdi vung Iri thflc sinh hpc tao ra tri Ihflc tin-sinh
2.3.3 Cac he thong cong nghe hoc tap
Kfit nfli Iheo nhdm cdng cu/he thong hoac theo mang: mang Internet, he thflng e-learning 1.0, he thflng e-learning 2.0, cac phdn mem hfl trp hpc tap, cac cong cu lira kifim/tra cflu Iren mang Internet, phdn mfim mfl phdng, Ihuc tai do,
Cac thanh phSn chinh
Sl/ tham gia
ThcJi gian xay dUng
DodaidcJn vihoc tap
Hinh thiic cung cap
noi dung
Truy cap noi dung hoc
tap
Tiic gia noi dung
Bdng 1 E'learning LO va E-learning 2.0
E-Learning 1.0
- Bai giang s6 hoa
- Cac he quan iri hoc tap (LMS) vi
du Moodle, Blackboard
- Cac he thong quan tn noi dung hoc
tap (LMCS), vf du Zoomla Drupal
- Cac cdng hpc tap (Learning Portal)
- Cac cong cu lao bai giang
Tif tren xuong, mol chieu phan he,
cong lac
Lau
15-60 phiit
Mot lan/ nhieu lan
Thong qua he LMS, LMCS hoac
c6ng hoc tap, Email, Intranet,
Chuyen gia, tci chile
E - L e a r n i n g 2.0
- Cac he tn thiJc md Wiki, vi du Wikipedia, Wikiuniversiiy
- Cac mang xa hoi vi du Facebook, Twiuer
- Cac cong cu ghi chii / danh dau (bookmarking)
- Cac cong cu xuat ban (Blog),
- Cac cong cu quang ba (Podcasting),
- Cac dien dan (Forum)
Tu dudi len tren
• Do ngiffii hoc dan dat Hoc tap binh dang
Nhanh chong
1 -.S phijt
Khl nao co nhu clu Cong cu tim kiem, cong cii thu thap (RSS feeder)
Ngudi sif dung, ngubi hoc, chuyen gia,
Trang 62.3.4 he thong ngG canh hoc tap (learning context)
Hgc tap li thuyet, hpc tap khai niem, hgc tap ky nang, thUc hanh, bai tap tinh hudng thuc te, bai tap nhdm, se-mi-na, trinh diln, lieu Iuan, phan bien, nhan xel, tra cflu tai Heu, , Ngfl canh hoc lap cd Ihe hieu la tSp hdp cac hoan canh, irudng hdp, tinh hudng lien quan tdi viec hgc tap gSn vdi nhu cau [4, 128] Ngfl canh quan he vdi ngi dung va ngudi hgc chat che Khai niem ngfl canh cd the hieu rdng hOn chinh la cac tUdng tac [4; 128] hoac nhu la kha nang tUdng lac/hen ket cac sU kien va dieu kien khac nhau t3di vdi ddi tUdng hoc lap [2] Viec thigt ke ngfl canh hpc lap cd ibe IhiTc hien theo cac md hinh li thuySl khac nhau, nhfl li thuyel mang lac nhan (actor network) [5], hoac Iheo ngdn ngfl mlu tinh hudng (pattern language) (Alexander, 1977)
Cac he thdng ndi tren se dudc ket ndi vdi nhau mol each phflc hdp thanh he Ihdng ldn hdn, vi du he thdng bp mdn se gdm: cac nhdm giao vien - cac nhom hoc sinh - cac bai giang bp mdn - cac npi dung do hpc sinh tao ra thdng qua tieu luan, bai lap nhdm - he e-tearning 1.0 va 2,0 cua bd mdn - tri thflc md tren Internet Cac he Ihdng cung cd the ket ndi theo mang ludi vdi tinh tfl do, linh hoat va binh dang
2.4 Thiet ke he sinh thai hoc tap
Theo md hinh cua he sinh thai trinh bay d cac phkn tren, vdi cac nguyen li ctia li
thuyet he thdng, thiel ke cfla he sinh thai hoc tap dUdc chia ra thanh eac thanh phan sau:
2.4.1 Thiet kk chu the
Mdt ehu the d day, rd rang la ngudi hgc Triel Ii lay ngUdi hoc la trung tam cfla
he thdng giao due mdi trd nen rd net trong thdi gian gkn day, nhat la d Viet Nam su
dich chuyen nay mdi chi dang d dang md hinh Ii thuyet va thfl nghiem Mdt he sinh thai hpe tap gSn vdi ca nhan ngfldi hgc dudc the hien trong khai niem he sinh Ihai hoc tap
ca nhan (tUdng tu nhu khai niem mdi trfldng hoc tap ca nhan - PLE - Personal Learning Environment (Downes, 2012 [3])
Sau day la mdt sd liet ke cho thiet ke chti the ngudi hoe theo md hinh he thdng, input - process - output - feedback
Bang 2 Tien chi thiet ke chii the theo li thuyet he thong
MiJc
ngKd
hoc
Dau vao
Nhirng yeu td
anh hudng tdi
thu'c, nhu cSu
ca nhan, muc
dich, muc Ueu
hoc tap
Qua trinh xijf li
- Chuong trinh hpc tap pho
cap hay ca nhan, co sci hay
nang cao, chung hay chuyen
khoa, ngoai khoa, thi/c hanh
- Hoat dong hoc tap: nghe
giang, thao luan, tieu luan,
thuc hanh, kiem Ira, thi, ting
dung, nghien ciJu, W hpc
Dau r a
- Ket qua, kie'm tra, Ihl, do an
- XuSt ban tri thu'c:
luan van tieu luan
cong trinii nghien Cliu nhan xet, y ki8n
- Sii thoa man ca nhan
- Sir khich le tinh thSn,
Phan hoi va kiem soat
- Su phat trie'n ve sif nghiep
- Si( cong nhan, uy tin xa hoi
- Mlic do thoa man ca nhan
Trang 7Mflc
nhom
ngiid
hoc
Mlic
mang
ngub
hoc
nhom to chiic
nhom, hen kel
noi bo
Lien kcl
mang, pham
vi hen kel,
dong lUc lien
kei
- Mo hinh hoc tap: chinh
khoa, ngoai khoa ihiic himh,
dd an, phi chinh Ihiic
- lioal dfing hoc ifip, lieu
luan, thilc hiinh iJng dung,
nghien cdu
- Hoat dong: trao doi, chia
se, cong bo iri thiic
- Kk qua, b.u lap, dd
an nhom
- Xuc^t ban tri thtic:
lieu luan, cong trinh
dd an nghien ciJu
- Phat trie'n nhdm
- Cac kSt qua thiinh vien
- Phal trien mang
- Cac kCt qua cua mang, thanh vien, mang con
- Su cong nhan uy tin xa hoi
- Li€n kil ben viing noi bo nhom
- Anh hifdng tdi thanh vien nhom
- Sii cong nhan, uf tin xa hoi
- Anh hifdng tdi thiinh vien mang
Chung ta cung co Ihe thiel kc chu the Iheo li Ihuyet mang tac nhan vdi sU tham chieu ldi he thdng cdng nghe, hoac Iheo cac mo hinh ngfl canh
2.4.2 Thiet ke tri thuTc/noi dung hpc tap
Bai viet khdng de cap vk mat ndi dung, cac phudng phap sU pham lien quan tdi
Ihiet ke npi dung hpc lap, chi dUa ra mgl sd tieu chi Ihiet ke Iri ihflc hoc lap theo li Ihuyet
he thdng:
Tn ihiic
chinh
ihiic: sach
giao khoa,
giao trinh,
bai giang,
chuong
trinh
Tn thiJc
khong
chinh
thiic
Tri ihiic
kh nfii
Bdng
Dau vao
c a p hoc,
chUdng irinh
hoc lap bat
buoc
Nhu cau dao
lao cd ban,
nen tang
Phuc vu nhu
cau hoc tap
chinh thtic
Nhu c5u hoc
lap nang cao
tri Ihiic ban
than
Sang tao fri
thtic
Kel nfii mang
llidi hoc tap
- Thiet ke tri Ihi'fc hpc tap theo li thuyet he thong
Qua trinh xiir If
- Md hinh hoc tap' chinh khoa, thuc hanh
- Hoai dong hoc tap;
nghe giang, thao luan, tieu luan, thiic hanh, kiem tra, ihi
- Md hinh hoc lap, tii hoc theo nhu c3u, hoc lap cdng dfing, hen ket nhdm, lien ket mang
- Horn dong hoc lap;
nghien iciiu; dien dan hoc lap, nghien ciJu
- Hoai.dong' Irao doi, chia se, cdng bo tri thiic
Dau r a
- Ket qua kiem Ira
thi, d d a n luan van
- Xuit ban tri thflc;
luan van, tieu luan
- Tn thiic cd sd nen tang
-Xu5t ban tn ihiic;
cfing trinh, nghien Cliu phal bieu
nhan xet
- T n thiic chuyen sau, tn ihiic theo nhu c^u
- Phat trien mang hoc lap
- Kel qua nghien Cliu hoc tap
Phan hoi va kiem soat
- Sii phat trien ve hoc tap cd ban
- Kha nang van dung trong cupc sfing
- Sii cong nhan, uy tin
xa hfii,
- Kha nang van dung thuc te
- SiJ cong nhan, uy tin
xa hoi
- Phat trien u i thfic chung
Chiing ta cung co the thift ke tri thiJc hoc tap theo cac each tiep can, phuong phap
Trang 8li thuyel khac nhau nhu li thuyel hanh vi, li thuydt kidn tao, li thuydt kfit ndi, li thuyel ngfl canh,
2.4.3 Thict Ite ngu* canh hoc tap
Thidl ke ngfl canh hoc tap la Iinh vUc dUpc cac nha nghien cflu chu y va thflc hien cac nghien cflu tfl nhflng nam cudi Ihc ki XX Dau lien la cac nghien cflu xung quanh vSn
de thidt kd bai giang va phfldng phap truydn lai ngi dung (instruction design) Cac phUdng phap day hoc dtia ircn thiel ke bai giang sau nay dUOc nghien cflu theo Irfldng phai kien lao dfla vao cae ngfl canh vc nhu eSu phat trie'n va khich le ca nhan va mdt trfldng xa hdi, van hda (Vygolsky, 1978, Alexci Lcont'cv, Alexander Luria), cae linh hudng ngfl canh xa hpi va td chflc (Brown & Duguid, 1991; Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wcnger, 1998)
Cac xu hfldng thidt kd ngfl canh sau nay dfldc phal tnen Ifl Ii thuyel mang lac nhan (actor network) Mang tac nhan la mang Ifldi da dang ciia cac mdi quan lam kdl noi cac lac nhan (con ngfldi hoac khdng phai eon ngudi) Trong Ii thuyet nay, tac nhan la phan ifl con ngfldi hoac khdng - con ngUdi (phUdng lien ky ihuat, cdng nghe), tham gia vao mol mang lUdi, tao ra cac mdi quan he phu thudc lan nhau \ a bien dich cac mdi quan lam va mong mudn trong ngdn ngfl phu hdp [6;20j,
Mdt hudng ibiet kd ngfl canh nfla dfldc phat tnen tfl ngon ngfl tinh hudng mau (pattern language) do C Alexander (1977) sang lao,
Tmh hudng mau (pattern) dfldc xay dflng Iren cd sd ctia khai niem ngdn ngfl tinh hudng mdu (pattern language) nham giai quydt cac linh hudng miu trong xay dflng va kidn triic Sau nay dUdc ap dung rdng rai trong cac Iinh vUc khac nhau ddi hdi sfl giai
quyel cac van dc lap Iai mot each khudn mau Pattern md la mdt giai phap chung ddi vdi
mot van dd nao dd trong thiet ke thudng dfldc "lap Iai" trong tnen khai
Vice ap dung ngon ngfl mSu linh hudng trong viec thidt kd ngfl canh hpc lap dfla tren phan lich cac thanh phan yeu td lien quan tdi mau linh hudng: cac mue tieu, didu kien moi Irfldng, cac hoat ddng, kho khan, trd ngai c k giai quydt, kdt ndi gifla eac chii the -ngudi hoc, ngfldi day Ngfl eanh dfldc xay dflng cho tflng hoat ddng cii the nhfl giang bai trong Idp hoc truyen thdng, hoc tap tren mang, se-mi-na, thuc hanh, bai tap nhdm, ,
Dudi day la cac thanh phin lien quan ldi xay dung ngfl eanh hgc lap, ma bai viet dUa ra nhfl la mdt sd tieu chi dinh hudng viec thiet ke ngfl canh:
- Du kidn miic lieu kel qua hoc lap
- Thidt lap ban chat cua cac nhiem vu hoc lap
- Ddi sanh cac nhiem vu vdi cac phUdng tien hoc lap phu hdp
- Xem xet nhu ciu, hd sd hoc tap ciia ngfldi hoc
- Xac dinh khung hpc tap chung
- Lfla chpn cae edng cu, khdng gian, he sinh thai hoe tap
Van dd thidt kd ngfl canh cu the, do khuon khd cfla bai viet nay se khong dfldc trinh bay d day
Trang 92.4.4 Thiel kc cong nghe hoc tap
lie llicmg cong nghe vfli moi trildng internet la yiu 16 chinh thiic day sU chuyen
dich, md rflng khflng gian vii cJii Iriic ciia he sinh thai hpc tap, dflng thfli la phUflng tien cho thict ke he sinh thai hpc lap noi chung
Chiing la CO Ihe lay e-learning 1.0/2.0 vfli nen lang web 2.0 va mot s6 thanh phin ciia wch 3 0 liim nCn tang cho he Ihflng cflng nghe hpc tap noi chung Bang dudi day mo
la cue thanh phfui ciia he thflng chung
(img cii/thanh phan he cimg nghe hoc tap
Ten cdnj; cu
llcLM.S/l.MCS
Thli vien so hoa bin
giang, lai lieu
Tai nguyen giao due
mcl (OhRl
He In ihiic ca
n h a n / t a p Ihe blog
He in ihiic chuyen
nganh md wiki
Dicn dim chuyen
nganh l-orum
Mo tii
He quan tri (noi dung}
hoc lap
Tai hC'u hoc tap md
dong g(Ji Iren web (sach
dien IU, tai lieu so)
hoac theo chuan hoc lap
nhif SCORM Cac ihanh
phdn ciia OER co the
tham khao trong [2],
Blog, web - blog - nhat
k> ca nhan, cho phep
dang lai cac bin viet theo
chuyen nganh hoc lap
iheo thdl gian co sU lien
ket 1(^1 cac nguon in thiic
lien quan, cho phep chia
se, dong gop y kien
He tn thdc chuyen nganh
dang bach khoa loan ihu
do ngiidi dung tao ra,
theo dinh dang wiki, cho
phep khoi lao, chinh siia,
iru\ c;ip lim kiem lien
ket cac nui dung
Dicn dim la Irang quan In
noi dung theo tiing chii
de, nfii dung do ngiidi
dung khdi tao, cho phep
nhan xel Iheo liing muc
M a t toi, tot cho
Ban sao mo hinh hoc tap truySn thdng tren mang
Hoc tap true tuydn, ldp hoc ao
Hoc tap chinh thiic theo chiiOng trinh/khoa hoc
Hi hoc theo cac chiidng trinh co san Ket hdp vdi
c a c h e L M S / I M C S
Hoc tap phi chinh thiic
nghien ciiu, cong bo in thiic, kel noi tri ihiic
TrtJ giup bai giang chinh
thilc-Hoc tiip chuyen siiu, niing cao
TrO giup hoc lap theo tiing chuyen nganh Hoc tap lich cue iheo cach thiic phat m e n in
thiic chuyen nganh Xii
phia ngudi hoc Tim kiem t n ihiic
TrO giup hoc tap theo tiJng chuyen ngiinh, do tUclng tac cao Tini kiem thong tin / irO giiip chuyen nganh
Han che,
He thong tap trung, tao lap mot Jan Kha nang cap nhai, hen kit kem
He ih6ng lap Irung Khong lien ket va cap nhat
Tinh he ihong khong cao Rui ro do sil ti'ch ciic Iham gia tii phia ngiidi hoc
Kha nang phat tnen cong ddng la rui ro cho loai hinh wiki na\
Phu thuoc vao cac nha quan i n (min - mod),
su tham gia ciia ngiicli hoc
Trang 10Mang xa hoi
He quang ba tri thiic
podcasting-Cong cu van phong,
to chiic, chia se, luu
iriJ tren dam may, lim
ki6m, vi du Google
Drives, Mediashares,
Slideshare,,
He trinh dien tri thiic
chuyen nganh md
He Ihong hoc tap diia
tren ihuc tai ao, tro
chdi, mo phong
Cac cong cu tao bai
giang, xay dUng ban
dd tu duy, khung tii
duy
Thdng tin theo tilng ca
nhan, nhdm, mang Kit
n6i vdi nhau, chia se
diong tin ciic nhSn xet
Dang cdc tri thdc ca nhSn
vdi muc dich quang ba
Sii dung cac iing dung
van phong, chia se ciic
dang flic khac nhau pdf,
anh, nhac ppl, video, luu
Irii tren mang
Cac mang ngii nghia,
web ngij nghia chuyen
nganh, do ngiidi SLT dung
lao ra, phat irien theo
khuon dang dinh san
Cac phdn mem Ihi
nghiem/lhUc hiinh ao,
3D Cac cong cu hoc lap
ao nhiing hoan loan Hoc
tap diia tren mo hinh tro
chOi, mo phong
TrO guip ngifdi day,
ngUdi hoc s6 hoa Iri ihiic
dang bai giang
Lien ket xa hoi, quang
ba thong tin, tao lap hinh anh ca nhiin
Quang ba tn ihiic Cong
bd nhanh chdng cac cong trinh y tiidng
Moi tnidng hoc tap, liim viec ca nhan
Mdi trudng cong nghe cho cac he sinh thai hoc tap ndi chung
Hoc tap chuyen nganh, chuyen sau Nghien cu'u
Hoc lap thifc hiinh, ky nang
Hoc chinh khoa
Thong lin khong tap trung Phi chinh thiJc, khdng dUdc kiem chiing
Mdt chiCu
Phu thuoc ha tdng CNTI'' mang, truydn thdng
Phu thudc VEio sii tham gia ciia ngUdi sii dung
Xay dung tdn kem ve chi phi va Ihdi gian
Phu Ihudc vao sU tham gia tif phia ngiidi day Mdi chieu
Cae he thdng cdng nghe hoe tap dUde thidt kd phu thupc vao he thdng chfl the ngfldi hpc - ngfldi day; vao ngfl canh cu the cfla he sinh thai hoc tap, eung nhu vao he Ihdng tri thflc / npi dung lien quan He thdng nho nhat ddi vdi ca nhan ngudi hoc, dtfdc gpi la mdi trUdng ca nhan hpc lap (Personal Learning Environment)
3 Ket luan
Trong khudn khd ciJa bai bao, ngfldi viel da trinh bay mol sd y tfldng vd mdi trudng sinh thai hpc tap theo Ii tbuydl ket ndi, he sinh thai hoc tap theo each liep can kdt ndi va
li thuydt he thdng Bai vidt da md la chi tiet vd thanh phSn ctia he sinh thai hoe tap va cac nguyen tac chung trong thidt kd he sinh thai hpc tap Mpt sd cac gdi md cho cae nghien cflu tidp theo nhfl di sau hdn trong vin dd md hinh hda va thidt ke cac thanh phan cua he sinh thai hoc tap, dac biet la ngfl canh hpc tap va he edng nghe hpc tap; cflng nhu viec phat trien y tfldng moi trfldng hpe tap ca nhan