Ngudi Chdm dtinh Ninh Thuan Ninh Thuan, noi cd sd ngudi Cham ddng nhat ca nude, la mpt tinh tfiupc Nam Trung Bp, nim rir l l " l 8 ' din 12"02' vT Bic vd 108"35' den 109°15' kinfa Ddng,
Trang 1^"^W'
NGUdl CHAM VA VAN HdA CHAM
NINH THUAN
NguySn Ngpc San'
Tdm tit: Ninh Thuan li mdt vung dit die tnrng vi dia If Biy li nai ca ngg liu ddi cua ngudi Chim Die ddm cda vimg ding t^ng hgp kho dn, gid cat vi thai Hit khic nghiSt da hinh thinh d ngudi din nai diy ddc Hnh can cu nhan ngi kan kmn wran len trong cuic sing Vi viy, trong qui trmh phit »iin vin hda cila oii^ dong ngoai Cham d inh Ninh Thuin, n^ duSipxucva chiu sg chi phii aCia nhiiu nin vin hda rtung din nay nffjdi Cham vSn conUu ga khi in lfnh vi dim net mdt kho ting van hda da dgng, 1^ sic vdi nhiiu gii Hi tmyin ttiong ciia ldc ngudi Clam Hudc day
Tir khda: Ngudi Chim d fnh Nhh Thuin, vin hoa Chim Ninh Thuin, ngadi chim AhOr, ngodi Chim Av/^
Ngudi Chdm dtinh Ninh Thuan
Ninh Thuan, noi cd sd ngudi Cham ddng
nhat ca nude, la mpt tinh tfiupc Nam Trung
Bp, nim rir l l " l 8 ' din 12"02' vT Bic vd
108"35' den 109°15' kinfa Ddng, Todn tinh cd
dign tt'ch khoang 3.360km^ vdi cdc mat pfafa
bic gidp tinh Khdnh Hda, phfa nam gidp tinh
Binh Thufin, phfa tSy gidp tinh LSm Ddng vd
phi'a ddng gidp vdi biln Ddng,
Vl mat dia hinh, Ninfa Thuan cd hai dang
dia hinh chinh Id ndi vd ddng bdng, Trong dd,
ndi vdi dp cao ttung binh Id dang dia hinh
chilm phin ldn dign tfch, tao nfin mpt vanh
dai bao bpc bdn mat cua tinh Ddng bing
Ninh Thuan rit nhd fa?p (cd dign tfch nhd nhit
miln Trung) vd nim Ipt gida cdc ngpn ndi,
Dilu ndy Idm cho Ninh Thuan ttd tfidnh mpt
"ldng chdo" ndm ben bd biln Ddng, ddng tfidi
gdp pfain khdng nhd tao nfin cdc dilu fagn khf
hau did nhudng sdng ngdi, mong ddi dac
trung cho vdng dat ndy
Vdi dia binh bdn mat ndi bao bpc, "Idng
chio" Ninh Thuan phai gdnh cfaiu nhCrng dilu
fagn khf hau rat khic nghigt Noi day da dupc
kfaing dinfa Id diim kfad, ndng vd ft mua nhit
trong ca nude vdi lupng mua hdng nam chi
khodng 700mm (tfiip hon muc tnmg binh cua
cd nude rit nhilu) vd nhigt dp ttung binh Id 29
- 33 C, Sy che chin cda cdc ngpn ndi da ldm cho mda khd Ninh Thuan kfio ddi hon nhvng noi khdc (tu: thdng 12 nam trvdc din thdng 8 nam sau), dong thdi ldm cho thdi gian mua ft
di, chi vdi khoang 60 ngdy ttong 3 didng (dldng 9 din tfldng 11)
Dilu fagn did nhudng Ninh Thuan cung khdng cd nhilu tfiuan lpi Phan Idn dign tfch cda tinh Id cdc loai dit Ferarit, dit xdm, dat cdt vdi tinh trang sdi dd, khd ban vd nghfio chat dinh dudng, do dd chi phd hpp cho sy tdn tai vd phdt ttiln cua cdc loai ru-ng cSy byi khd han (xuong rdng), cdc loai cSy ttdng vat nudi dac tnrng chiu dupc kfad han (nho, dilu, bdng vdi, bd, dfi, cim.,.)
Mang Ivdi sdng ngdi d dSy khd thva didt vdi cdc dac dilm nhd, ngin vd ddc Vi vay, chdng tfivdng gSy ra nfaung dpt 10 lyt manh vd dSng cao vdo mda mua, cung nhv thudng hay can fagt nude ttong nhirng tfidng mda khd, Dilu ndy gSy rit nhilu kfad kfadn cho vigc mdi tifiu ttong sdn xuit ndng nghigp vd vong ddi sdng cda ngudi dfin Mjt khdc, hg tfidng sdng ngdi d Ninh Thufin (sdng Dinh, sdng Cdi, sdng Q u a e ) khd nghfio ndn vl ngudn lpi tfiuy sdn nfin it cd gid vi vl fanh tl, ngoai trii mpt sd tilm ndng vl thuy dign
Trang 2^ 9 " ^ Cham va van hoa Cham
59
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Ngupc lai vdi sdng ngdi, Ninfa Tfauan lai
cd mpt dign tiefa mat biln ldm va cd nfailu
tiem nang Vdi tinfa chat la mdt vung biln am
vd ddi dao didy hai san, biln d dfiy da dupe
fJinfa gid la mpt ttong nhung ngu ttudng danh
bat vpng dilm cua ea nude Ngodi ra, dfiy
cdn Id mpt dia dilm du hch IJ mdng vdi
nhilu bai tim ttong xanh, nfailu fadn dao dep
nfau Ninh Chii, Cd Nd, Vinfa Hy, Hdn Dd
Hdn Kfai
Nhu vay, nhin chung Ninh Thuan Id mpt
vdng dit cd dilu fagn dia IJ m nfaifin khdng
diuan lpi vd cd nhilu kfaic nghigt Tuy nhifin,
chfnfa tai^ dfiy, noi md mdng chi cd nfaung eSy
xvang rdng Id phat ttiln dvpc, dii cpng ddng
ngudi Cham da cd mpt qud vinh sinh sdng ISu
ddi Khdng nhihig tfil, vupt qua khd khan,
cpng ddng ndy cdn sdng tao nfin nhilu gid vi
van hda dac sic mang dam djc ttung cua vdng
dat Ninfa Thuan
Cpng ddng ngudi Cham d tinh Ninh
Thuan ttudc hit Id mpt bp phan khdng till
tdeh rdi cua cpng ddng ngudi Cham Vigt
Nam Cfafnfa vi vay, hcfa sii ngudn gdc tpc
ngudi cua ngudi Cfaam Ninfa Tfauan ciing Id
mpt phan vong hch su ngudn gdc tpc ngudi
cda ca dfin tpc Cham
^ Ngudi Cham Id mpt ttong 54 dSn tpc sinh
song ttfin Idnh did Viet Nam Tpc ngudi nay
diupc dai cfaung dxttaldft vd nim ttong ngii
h? MS U i - Da Dao (Malayo - Polynfisien)
DSy Id tpc ngudi cd ngudn gdc ban dia, cd qud
trinh fainfa tfidnfa vd pfadt ttiln m hang ngdn
ndm ttudc vd la mpt ttong nhihig bp phan ciu
tfidnh cu dfin didi Hdng Vuong
Theo nfau mpt sd tdi Ugu hign nay ngay
vdo tfldi dai Dd Mdi, mpt ldp ngudi cd ten Id
Deuterco Malais da cd mfit tai vdng dit
diupc faiu vvc Tmng vd Nam Tmng Bp ngdy
nay Vd dSy dupc coi 14 lop n g ^ ^ „ ^^
cua cdc din tpc Md Lai - Da Dao hign nay
vong dd cd ngudi Cham Trong qud vinh sinh
sdng cua minfa, ldp ngudi Deuterco - Malais
da pfaan chia dianfa nhilu nhdm vd diing chfin trfin nlBhig vdng dat kfaac nfaau, vdi nfaihig dfic diem rifing vl dilu fagn m nhien vd mdi tnrdng sinh diai Trai qua mdt qud ttinfa Hcfa
su rat ISu dai vd pfaiic tap, nfaimg nfadm ngudi
nay da tia dianfa cdc tdc ngudi rifing bigt
Trong dd, ngudi Oiam la tpc ngudi dupc hinh dianh do mpt nhdm ngudi dimg chSn ttfin vdng Aing bing nhd hep ven biln Ddng, noi
cd nhieu dilu fagn tfiufin lpi cho vigc san xuit ndng nghigp vd giao luu vdi bfin ngoai Tu day, ngudi Cham bit diu viit nfin qud ttinh lich sir cda minh
Ban diu, dia bdn cv vu cua nfaihig cu dSn Cfaam diu tign la vdng dit nim giiia dfio Ngang (Quang Binh) vd deo Hai Vfin (Dd
Nang) Sau dd, tii khu vyc nay, ngudi Chdm
da din di chuyin vd din dinh cu Ven sudt dai dong bing nfad h?p ven biln Tmng Bd, kfio ddi tir nam dfio Ngang cho din tan vdng dit Ninh Thuan Binh Tfauan ngdy nay Tuy nfaifin, ttai qua tiidi gian, do nhihig biln chuyen cua Ijefa su, lanfa did cua ngudi Chdm lai din bi (My lui vd md rpng vl phfa nam Hign nay, ngudi Cham dang sinh sdng tai cdc tinh Binh Dinh, Phd Yen, Kfadnfa Hda, Ninh Thufin, Bmh Thufin, Ddng Nai, Tfiy Ninh, An Giang vd didnh pfad Ho Chf Minh
^ Trong qud vinfa chuyin cv din cde vdng dat mdi kfade nfaau nfau vfiy, ede nfadm ngudi Cfafim da timg budc tfiay doi vd tfifch nghi vdi cdc dilu fagn m nhifin sinh tfidi cua timg vdng Ddng tfidi, tai day, qud ttinfa cpng cu vd can cv giua ngudi Cham vd cdc tpc ngudi khdc xung quanfa cung diln ra ngdy cdng manh me Do dd, bfin canh nfaimg ylu td tniyin tfidng chung cua tpc ngvdi vd J tfnic tpc ngudi vin cdn dupc luu giu tfii cdc nhdm ngudi t3iam d mdi vdng khdc nfaau mng budc
da cd sv biln ddi vd khdc bigt ngdy cdng ldn, dan tao didnh cdc nhdm dia phuong cua tpc
Trang 360 3 (19) - 2015: Dl SAN, DU L|CH VA PHAT TRifeN
ngudi nay DSy chfnh Id qud ttinfa pfaSn ly tpc
ngudi cda ngudi Cfafim
Mat khdc, theo quan nigm cda ngudi
Cham, tdc ngudi nay gdm cd hai thi tdc ldn Id
thi tdc Dira (Li-u-Narikela Vams) vd thi tdc
Cau (Pinang - Kramukha Vams) Thi tpc Diia
la nhiing ngudi Idm bd chd vdng dit phfa bfic
-vdng Amaravati, cdn tfai tdc (2au Id nfaiing
ngvdi ldm ba cfau viing dat pfafa nam - vdng
Panduranga Dfiy cfafnh Id faai tilu qudc Idn va
pfadt Vien nhat trong so 5 tieu qudc cua vuang
quoc Cham Pa (Indrapura, Amaravati, Vijaya,
Kautfiara vd Panduranga) vong Uch sv cda
dSn tpc Chfim
Nfav vay, cd till tfiay ring cpng ddng
ngudi Cfafim d tinh Ninh Thuan Id mpt nhdm
dia phupng dupc hinh tfaanh ttong qud trtnh
Uch su tpc ngvdi cda ngvdi Chdm Hp cd tfal
Id nfaiing cv dSn tfiupc tfu tpc Cau vd sinh
song lfiu ddi, dn dinh tai vdng dit Panduranga
xua - mc Ninh Tfauan ngdy nay
Ngudi Cham d tinh Ninh Thuan Id cpng
ddng ngudi Chdm ddng nhit vdi 57.137
ngudi, chilm gin 50% ttong tdng sd 132.873
ngudi Chdm d Vigt Nam (1) Cpng ddng ndy
bao gdm hai nfadm Idn la Cham Afaier
(ngudi Chdm chiu dnh hudng Bdlamdn gido,
cdn gpi Id Chdm Bdlamdn) vd Cham Awal
(ngudi Cham chiu anh hudng cda Hdi gido
cu, thudng dvpc gpi la Chdm Ba Ni) Ngodi
hai nhdm nay, ttong cpng ddng ngvdi Cham
d tinfa Ninh Thuan cdn cd mpt nhdm khdc
ma ngudi Chdm gpi la Cham Asulam (ngudi
Cham chiu anh faudng cua Hoi gido hign
dai, thudng dupc gpi Id Cham Islam) (2)
Din thdng 4 - 2005, tfieo thdng kfi cda Ban
DSn van tinh Ninh Thuan, dSn sd ngudi
Cham cda tinh Id 62.646 ngudi, chilm ti lg
11,29% dfin sd loan tinh Trong dd, ngudi
cfaam Bdlamdn cd 37.737 ngudi, ngudi
Cham Bd Ni cd 23.059 ngudi vd ngudi
Cham Islam cd 1.850 ngudi (3)
v l dia bdn, ngudi Cham tap ttvng chu ylu
d vdng phfa ddng vd pfafa nam cda tinh Hau het, hp sinh sdng quy m trong 22 thdn ldng (Palei) tiiupc 13 xa, thi tiin eua 4 huygn, thdnh phd trong tinh (Ninh I%udc, Ninh Hai, Ninfa Son vd tfidnfa pfad Phan Rang - Thdp Chdm) Trong dd gdm 16 lang Cham Ahifir vd
7 lang Cham Awal (cd mpt ldng Id noi sinh sdng chung cda ca 2 nhdm) Cy till:
Ngu&i Chdm Afiier:
- Huygn Ninh Phudc: tfadn Phudc Ddng,
Hieu Ll, Chat Thudng (xd Phudc Hau), Hodi Tmng, Nhu Binh (x3 Phudc Thdi), Huu Diic, Hau Sanh (xa Phudc Huu), VTnh Thuan, Chung My, My Nghigp (tfii van Phudc DSn), Phudc Lap, Phvdc Thign, Vy Bon (xa Phudc Nam), Phd Nhuan (Phudc Thuan)
- Huygn Ninh Hai: tfidn Binh NghTa (xd Phuang Hdi)
-Thdnh phd Phan Rang Thdp Chdm: tiidn Thdnh Y (xa Thdnh Hdi)
Ngudi Chdm Awal:
- Huygn Ninh Phvdc; didn Thdnh Tfn (xd
Phvdc Hdi), Tuin Td (An Hai), Vdn Lam (Phvdc Nam), Pfad Nfauan (Phudc Thuan)
- Huygn Ninh Hai; thdn An Nhan, Phudc Nhan (xa XuSn Hdi)
- Huygn Ninh Son: tfidn Luang Tri (xd Nhan Son)
Ngu&i Chdm Asulam:
- Huygn Ninh Phvdc: tfidn Vdn Lfim (xd
Phvdc Nam)
- Huygn Ninh Hai; tfidn An Nhon, Pfaude Nhan (xd XuSn Hai)
Ngodi ra, ngudi Cham d dSy cdn cd mpt
sd ngudi tfieo cde tdn gido khdc (Cdng gido Tin Ldnh ) vd sinfa sdng xen cdi, rai rdc tai nfailu dia bdn Vong tinfa Tuy nhifin bp pfaan ndy cd sd lupng kfadng ddng kl (4)
Trang 4Ngu^i Cham va van hoa Cham
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Vin hda Chim Ninh Thnan
Doi vdi van hda vat die, cpng ddng ngudi
Oiam d tinh Ninh Thuan la chu nfaan cda mdt
kho tdng dac sic vdi rat nfailu loai hmh khac
nfaau Moi loai famfa nfav nhd d, y pbac, Vang
sue, faen vuc i^u tfil faign cadi nfain, caefa
ung xu eua hp ddi vdi tfiien nfaien vd con
ngudi xung quanfa
Tnidc fait, nfad d cua ngudi Cfaam d tinfa
Ninfa Tfauan Aipc xem Id mpt loai famh fain
vdc khd dac tnmg vdi nhieu sv kit hpp da
dang giiia ttuyin tiidng vd faign dai Vl mat
Unh dnie, cdc ngdi nfaa nay cfau yln Id nfad
trgt, cd dang cfaii nfaat faoac vudng vdi 4 mdi
(faai mdi chinh vd faai mdi nfad faai bfin) vd
dupc xSy dyng tten nfaihig kfau dat bing
phing Ddng didi cfadng tfiudng dupc Ufin kit
t ^ tmng ttong mpt khudn vifin dieo don vi
gia (finh gpi la nfad Tyc Trong dd, moi ngdi
nhd cd vi ttf vd tfin gpi khdc nfaau nfau Sang
ye Sang mayau Sang gan Sang gin Sang
tuey Bao bpc xung quanfa kfaudn vifin
thudng Id hdng ido bing cfiy khd faay xuong
rong, ed cdng ra vdo quay ve hudng Nam
hodc TSy Nam
Trong y phuc - ttang siic, cac dac ttung
cda cpng ddng ngudi Cham d tinh Nmfa
Tfauan dupc phan dnh mpt cdch cy dil, rd nfit
tifin sy tdn tai vua song song vira tfidng nhit
cda hai nfadm cpng ddng tdn gido Cfaam Afaifir
vd Cfaam Awal Cdc vat ligu dupc ngudi
CfaSm ddng chu ylu Vong y phyc vd Vang siic
Id vdi vd cdc fam loai ddng, bac, vdng
Ddi voi ngvdi phu nii Cham Nmh Thnjm
(ca hai nhdm Ahifir vd Awal), y phyc vuyln
dldng cda hp Id vdy (khdn) do ddi khdng xe td
(ao) vd khan dpi diu Cdc loai y phuc nay
dupc mfic kit hpp cdng ldc vdi nhau va my
tfieo hia tudi, tdn gido md chdng cd dp dai
ngin vd mdu sic phd hpp 6 dSy, ngudi pbu
na ldn moi diudng mfic i o ddi ddi hon (diim
gdt) cd mni sam tdi edn cdc cd ^ Ve tfil
cfau ylu mac nhfing do ddi ngin faon (qua gdi) vdi man sm^ tnoL
Tnmg kfai dd ngudi dan dng Cfaam tfnidng
mac vang phuc ttuyin diong ciia mmh la xd rdng Yd ao likei Xd rang la mdt tim vai kfad
rpng tten dudi Im, dai g ^ 1.5 lin vdng bung,
^ c quan tv didt tang ttd xudng va budc lai bang mpt spi day vai lam bdng cfai mau Cdn
i o Ukei la loai ao ngin din mdng tay ddi, cd trdn, phia ttudc xe finh khuy, hai ben fadng ed dudng xe ngin, vat do ttudc cd faai mi va
diudng daac may bfing vai cd mau sam, dam
kfadng cd hoa van Ngoai ra, ngudi dan dng
Cham Ninh Thuan ciing cd khan dpi diu dl
kit fapp vdi cic y pfayc tten
Rifing ddi vdi cic chuc sic tdn gido dii lai
ed nfaimg y pfayc rifing vi khdc nhau giiia
Cham Afaier va Cfaam Awal 6 day chuc sic
dao Bd Ni ttong nhdm Cham Awal pfafii mfic
loai do tfiiy Chang hay cdn dupc gpi Id ao pirn Dfiy Id loai do ddi mau ning rpng cfadng
qud mit ca cfafin vat ttudc cd xe (finh khuy, rat gidng vdi i o ddi cua phy nCr Khdng nhJ vay, cdc chiic sic Bdlamdn cua nfadm Cham Ahifir lai mac mpt loai i o ddi mau ving cd xe
ta hai ben, &n vira tfifin ngudi vd dupc mjc chung vdi xd rang Loai do ndy mfic tiieo faiu
chui d ^ (poncho) vd <hipc gpi ten la ao Idh
Vl kfaan dpi diu cua ca hai bfin chuc sic tfii hiu nhu khdng cd su kfaic bigt, deu la kfafin quan tring cd ma dd d diu
Tnidc <By cic y pl^ic vd ttang siic (faoa van, mi, b ^ , dfiy di^ lung, nfaan, hoa tai Whig ) ttuyin dmig cua nam vd nii ttong cdng ddng ngudi Cham d tinfa Nuifa Thufin dupc sii dung mpt each diudng xuyfin vd phd biln ttong sinh faoat fadng ngdy The nhung hign nay cic loai vang phyc ndy hiu nhu cfai
cdn daqc mac nfaieu vong cic dip le tit hpi
he nhu ll hdi Katfi, Ramfiwan le Rija
Rifing vdi ngudi Cham Asulam y phyc cd ddi chdt khic bigt so vdi hai nhdm faa Tuy
Trang 562 3 (19)-2015: Dl SAN, DU L|CH VA P H A T T R I 6 N
nfaifin, sy khdc bigt Id khdng nfailu va cung chi
the hign rd tten y phyc cua cac chiic sdc tdn
gido la chd ylu
Ve van hda am thuc ntun chung cac mdn
dn vd cdch che biln cda ngudi Cham d tinh
Ninh Thuan khd gidng vdi ngvdi Vigt Vong
vdng Hp chu ylu an cac mdn an lam tii cdc
sdn pham ndng nghiep (gao rau, dau) va cdc
loai thdy hai san (cd, tdm, muc) Ngoai ra, cdc
loai thyc pfaam cd dupc tu cfafin nudi, san bit
cung dupc sii dyng khd nhilu (heo, bd, dfi, gd,
vit, thd, ddng ) Trong cfal biln mdn an,
ngodi cdc faiu niu, nuiimg, kho, lupc, xao, nau
canfa dldng diudng, ngvdi Cfaam d tinfa
Ninh Thuan cdn bilt Idm nhilu loai khdc tir
Ivong tfiyc vd hai san nhv bdnh (bdnh tfit,
bdnh It ), bdn, cfado cde loai mim (nvdc
mim mam moc, mam tdm ) DSy Id mpt sy
sdng tao cda ngvdi Cfafim nfaim ldm da dang
vd phong phd diem kho tdng van hda am tfiyc
cda minh,
Tmde dSy, thiic udng hdng ngdy cua ngvdi
Cham d tinfa Ninfa Thuan chu ylu Id cdc loai
nude gilng, nvorc mua chva dun sdi Nhvng
cdng vl sau nay, vigc su dyng nvdc ttd, nvdc
dun sdi da ttd nfin pfad biln vd tfidng dyng
Rifing ttong nhimg dip ll tit, hpi hfi vd ddn
khdch khiia din ehpi , mpu tfiudng dupc
ngudi Cham d dSy ddng ldm tfiuc udng chfnh
Ngpdi ra, cdc loai tfiuc udng khdc mang tfnh
dfic Wng cda dia phuong nfav sva dfi, mpu
nho, mat nfao ciing dupc fap su dyng khd
pfap bien,
^ Cdng vdi vigc su dyng cdc loai do an
udng nfau trfin, ngvdi Cfafim d tinfa Ninfa
Thufin cdn cd tap mc an triu vd hdt ttiudc Id
Dfiy Id nfaung tap mc da cd tii ISu ddi vd
hi?n nay van cdn dupc nhilu ngudi trong
cpng ddng ndy, cfad ylu la nfaihig ngvdi Idn
moi, duy trt
Trfin diyc tl, vigc an udng cda cpng ddng
ngvdi Cfafim d tinfa Ninfa Thuan Id khd thodi
mdi vd tiidng nhat, ngoai Oil sy c i m fa thit
bd cda ngudi Cfafim Ahifir vd cim ki thit heo cda ngudi Chfim Awal vi IJ do tdn giio Cdc mdn an, thiic udng cua hp dupc sii dyng mdt cdefa pfao biln cd trong ddi sdng hdng ngdy lan ttong cdc le nghi tfn ngudng, dinh ddm, fapi he (theo nfaung quy dinh phd hpp) Vd d dSy, ngvdi Cham d tinfa Ninfa Thuan ludn cd mpt quan nigm khd xuyfin sudt vd quan ttpng trong vigc cfal biln cung nhv an udng cda minh dd Id sy tdn tai vd hda hpp Sm duong mpt cdch rd nfit
Trong Hnh vyc fain mSc difiu khic, hign nay ngudi Cham d tinh Ninh Thuan hau nhv khdng cdn duy trt dvpc hoat d$ng cda minh Tuy nhifin, qua nhvng den thdp Hda Lai (thi ky IX), Po Klaong Girai (thi
ky XIII), Po Romfi (die ky XVll) vd cdc faign vgt difiu khic cdn lai, mpt thdi ky phdt ttiln rye rd vdi ttinfa dp kj- thuat cao vl kiln trdc - difiu khic cda cpng ddng ndy dd dupc khdng dinh
Ve dai die, cdc cdng trtnh, hign vgt Wen tilie, difiu khic cua ngudi Chdm d dSy diu dvpc Idm til gach, dat sfit, dd Trong dd, cdc faen ttdc din tfidp ludn mSn tfid nghifim ng$t cdc nguyfin tic chung cda din flidp Chfim Id
tfiSn de vudng vfin dinfa nhpn cd nhilu tang
gid, cSn xiing nhilu chilu, ciia chfnh quay vl hvdng ddng Rifing nhiing hign vat digu khic tfil thi hign tfieo cdc md tfp ttuyin tfidng
vl dian Bdlamdn (Siva, Vishnu Brahma), vl cdc vi vua hodng hau ngudi Chfim cdc bilu mpng phdn tfiyc Oinga yoni) vd cdc hpa tilt, hoa van cdch digu
d dSy giiia cdc cdng trtnh fain tnic vd cdc
hign vat difiu khfic, cung nhu giiia cdc chat Ugu, ludn ludn cd sy di ddi, gin Uln vdi nhau tao tfidnh mpt tdng tfil da dang nhvng hdi hda,
uy nghi nhung uyIn chuyin, mlm mai
Mpt dilu de nhfin thiy ttong ITnh vyc fain ttdc, difiu khic cda ngudi Chfim Id ITnh
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vvc nay faiu nhu chi phyc vv efao vigc xay
dvng cic cdng ttinfa din tfiap, cac mpng
Ihd ttong tt'n ngudng, tdn giao cfau khdng
dupc the faign rd net trong cac cdng trinfa
dan sinfa Chfnfa vi vay, cdc kfadng gian i^n
diip ludn la noi Hnfa tfaifing, tdn fanh nhit,
vd la dia difim chu ylu (£ td chuc cac ngfai
thuc cung fanh, Il nghi quan ttpng ttong
nfim cua ngudi Cham d dSy
Ddi vdi loai famh vfin hda phi vat dil,
cpng ddng ngudi Cham d tinh Ninh Tfauan
tiong qud ttinfa sinh sdng lfiu ddi vd dn dinh
ttgn vdng dit mien Tmng Vigt Nam n<M
cfaung vd Ninfa Thuan ndi rifing, da khdng
ngung sdng tao, xSy dip nfin mpt kfao tdng vd
cdng dfic sic, pfaong phd Dd mpt mat vua Id
sv phfin dnh cua nhilu ylu td m nfaifin, Mnfa
tl xa hpi, nhung mat khdc lai cung chfnfa la
CO sd nln tang cho sy huih tfianh vd phdt
triln tfim fadn, cupc sdng cua mdi con ngudi
trong cpng ddng ndy
Ve tt'n ngudng, tdn gido, vong cpng ddng
ngudi <:ham d iinh Ninh Thuan hign nay dang
cd sy tdn tgi song song cua nhilu tin ngudng
vd tdn gido kfade nhau, (5 dfiy, fag didng tin
ngudng cua cpng ddng ndy dupe xdc dinh Id
khd da dang vd mang tfnfa Wyln didng ban
dia cao Trong dd bfin canh cde tin ngudng
ndng nghigp phdn tfiyc did cdng dng bd td
tifin mang n'nh bao qudt, chu dao dii nhihig
tin ngudng cd xva, tdn du cua xa hpi nguyfin
didy mang tinfa tdtem giio, saman giio (vat
did td, bda chd, ma diufit) cimg cdn tdn tai khi
pho biln
Til ca nfaung tin ngudng ndy Ufin kit, hda
quygn vdo nfaau tao didnfa mpt tfil tfidng nhit,
bin viing chi phdi mpi faoat dpng vong ddi
sdng vat cfait V a tinfa tfiin cua epng ddng
ngudi Chim d tinh Ninh Thufin Sy cfai pfadi
niy dupc dig hign ttong nfailu hinh tfnic J
nghia khic nfaau cda cdc nghi tfiuc ll i|t fapi
he diln ra d gia fflnh tfidn lang din diip, dong mdng
Cdng vdi fag didng tin ngudng mang tfnfa ttuyin tfldng, ban dia n^n, cpng ddng ngudi Cfaam d tinfa Ninfa Tfauan cdn dieo hai tdn giao khac cd ngudn gdc m Bdlamdn giio vd Hdi giao Dfiy Id nhiing tfianh td van hda cd ngudn goc ben ngodi dvpc ngvdi Cham ndi Chung vd ngudi Cham d tinh Ninh Tfauan ndi
rifing tilp nfaan tii nfailu tfil k\ ttudc, Trai
qua tfldi gian, din nay cic tdn gido ndy faiu nfau da bi ban dia fada faodn todn va vd dianh nhiing hinh tfiiic tdn gido rieng cda cpng dong nay
Dao Bdlamdn dupc dn nhap tii nfaihig nam diu Cdng nguyfin, la mpt tdn gido ldn
vd pfad biln ttong cpng ddng ngudi Cfaam d tinh Ninfa Thu|n Nfaimg ngudi dieo tdn gido ndy dupc gpi cfaung la ngudi Cfaam Afaifir, dai dign cho Duong Hp mpt mfit viia tdn thd cdc vi diin cua Bdlamdn gido An Dp (Siva, Vishnu, Brahma), nfaung mfit khdc cung xem cdc vi thin ban dia nhu cdc tfian sam, tfiin sdng, diin ndi, cic than Po InS NSgar Po Klaong Girai Po Romfi Id ddi mpng chfnfa hudng din cua minh Diing dau trong tdn giio niy cda ngudi Cfafim d tinh Ninh Thuan Id cdc m si Bdlamdn (Thiy Pasaih), Hp dupc pfaSn cfaia thdnh bdn cip til tfiip din cao Id Ndung akaok Liafa, Puafa
Tapah Trong dd tfiiy Ca Su (Po Dhia),
thupc hang Tapafa Id ngudi cd vi ttf cao nfait quan IJ loan bp cic m si Tit cfi nhihig ngudi ndy cd ttdch nhigm td efaiic vd dilu fadnfa nhiing sinh hoat, le ngfai cdng tl cda tdn giio Bdlamdn rir gia dinfa, ddng hp, tfidn ling cho din din tfidp vong kfau vyc qudn IJ cua minfa
Tdn tfw tfidnfa Allah vd gido chu Mohammet, dao Hdi cda ngudi Cham d tinh Ninh Tfauan dupc du nfaap mupn faon (sau tile ky X) vd tdn tai song song, ddi l|p vdi dao Bdlamdn Nhihig ngudi Cfafim theo tdn
Trang 764 3 (19)-2015: 01 SAN, DU MCH VA P H A T T R I ^ N
gido ndy (dvpc gpi ten Id dao Ba Ni) dvpc
quan nigm thupc Am va gpi chung la Cham
Awal So vdi nhdm Cham Asulam, ngvdi
Chfim theo dao Bd Ni cd nfailu sy bdn dia
hda hon ttong tdn gido cda minfa Diing dau,
cfaiu ttdch nhigm ttong vigc to chiic vd dilu
hdnh cdc sinh hoat ton gido, nghi l l cua
dao nay (Uen ra tai Thdnfa dudng (theo cdefa
gpi cda ngvdi Cfaam d dSy) vd ttong cdng
ddng Id dpi ngu Thiy Chang Day la tgn gpi
chung cho tit ca cdc m sT tfaudc bdn cip til
thap den cao cua dao Ba Ni: Acar Katip
-Inam - Po CJm (5)
Khdng nfau ngudi Cham dieo dao Bd Ni,
nhdm ngudi Chfim d tinh Ninh Thuan dieo
dao Islam cd sd lupng rit ft, hau nhv khdng
ddng kl vd vigc smh hoat ngfai Ie, mSn did
gido IJ cua hp rat cfafit cfag, nghifim khic theo
nhu Hoi gido faign nay dia thi gidi
Bfin canh tfn ngudng, tdn gido, ngudi
Cham d tinh Ninh Tfauan cdn cd mpt hg ttidng
le hpi phong phd, da dang va dac sic Theo
nfaung tfldng kfi sa bp, cpng ddng ndy hign
nay cdn luu giu vd duy trt dupc gin 100 Ie fapi
ldn nfad (6) ttfin nhilu khfa canh vd khdng
gian van fada khdc nhau, ttong dd cd mpt sd ll
hpi Idn, tifiu bilu diln ra fadng nam nhu Rija
nSgar, Rija praong, Mbang Katfi, RamSwan,
YorYang, Cambur
Nghg thuat bilu dien tmyln thdng cda
cpng ddng ngudi Cham d tinfa Ninfa Tfauan
dvpc sdng tao vd sv dyng ttong nfailu sinh
hoat van hda kfade nhau DSy la mpt loai
hinh nghg tfauat dfic ming, quan ttpng "phan
dnh nfaiing nhan tfnic, the hign nhiing tinh
cfim, quan nigm vl diim my ' (7) cda
^ d d n g ndy Cic loai nfaac cy tmyln
^ ^ h u ttdng Baranfing, ttdng Ginang,
M t e ^ i kfin Saranai fada cdng vdi nfaiing
«*^mua Biyfin, MSrai, Patta vd cdc bdi
fca mang dam u'nh nii tfnh cua dan tpc
(nfin nfaimg 3m tfianh, hinh finfa dfic sic
I quyen rii ttong sinfa hoat cda cpng ddng
ngudi Cham Rifing trong c i c ll nghi cung
te dien ra d gia dinh cung nfau thdn ling, den didp, ngudi Cfafim d tinh Ninh Thufn tfaudng su dyng cdc bii tyng ca, hdt le, nfaiing digu mda thifing, mda l l , , ttong tieng nhac phy fapa cua ddn Kanyi dl Iim ngdn ngu giao tilp vdi tfaan Iinh Dilu ndy gdp phin tao nfin khdng khf linh tfiifing, ttim mac cda cdc budi ll Vd tfieo quy dinh, chi cd nhu:ng ngudi nhu Maduen (ngvdi vd ttdng Baranfing), Kad (diiy kfio din Kanyi), Ka-ing (dng Bdng), Muk Pajau (bd Bdng), Muk Rija (ngudi dung diu tpc hp) mdi dupc tfiyc hign cdc digu mda vd nhac le ttong cdc nghi thiic dfing cdng cda cpng ddng ngvdi Cham d tinh Ninfa Thuan
Trong ITnh vyc vfin tii, chii viet cua ngvdi Cham d tinh Ninh Tfauan hign nay cd ngudn
goc tir chii Phan (San.scrit) cua An Dp, Ngay
rii nhiing thi ky diu Cdng nguygn, ttfin co sd tiep nhan vd su dyng loai chu ben ngodi ndy, ngudi Cham da din cd nhung thay ddi, cdi biln cho phd h(;rp vdi tilng ndi cda minh (tfiupc ngu hg Nam Ddo Malayo Polynfisien) Tii dfiy, hp da hinh tfidnh nen chu viit rigng cda minh Trfii qua qud ttinh phdt trien ISu ddi, din nay chu viit cda ngudi Cham ndi chung vi ngudi Cham d tinh Ninh Thuan ndi rigng da biln the tfidnh nhilu loai
khdc nhau Dd Id chu hayap (viit frgn bi kj), chu akhar rik, akhar tuer (viit ttgn cdc vfin bfin, dm tich cd), chu akhar bini (ddng dl ghi lai Wnh Coran), akhar jok (chir bf in, than
bO, chfr akhar atuer (chii tit, chii treo) vd chii akhar thrah Trong sd cdc loai chir viit trfin, hign nay loai chir akhar thrah Id loai
dupc ngudi Chdm d tinh Ninfa Thuan su dyng chfnh thiic vd didng dyng nhit ttong vigc ghi chfip, dicfa tfiuat cic loai vdn bfin, giay td
Vl vdn hpc, ngudi Cfafim cd m$t kho ting
vd cdng phong jAd va da dang cfi vl sd lupng lan till loai, dfic bigt Id vfin hpc dfin gian
Trang 8•^8«TOi C h a m va van h d a C h a m
>
Ngi^i c i c till loai quai dnipc nfau "tfiin tfioai,
tniyen diuylt, w y g n cd tfi*, ttuygn ngu ng&i,
tiic ngii, cao dao, cfiu dd, dSn ca ngudi
Cham cdn cd cic ttuygn dip (ariya), mdt loai
huih ngam - ke cfauygn rit ddc sic " (8) tie
tii chu ylu cda cac tic phim van hpc dan gian
niy daidng itopc lay tii tiafc te smh hoat faing
ngdy vdi ndi dung da dang, pfaan infa nfaan
dnie, suy nghl cua ngudi CSam xua ddi vdi
m nhifin, cupc sdng Ddng didi qua dd, die
hign J ngfaia gido dye cupc sdng kfauyin diign
gbfit i c d l cao nhiing tiiifa tdt cua con ngudi
nhu sieng nfing cham cfai failn hgu d a t tfid,
tot byng
Tdm lai, kho ting van fada cda cpng ddng
ngudi Chfim d tinfa Nmfa Tfauan l i mdt kfao
tdng vfin hda da dang, dac sic v i bao hni
nfaieu gid tti ttuyin tfidng cua dfin tpc Oifim
trade dfiy Tren co sd nen tfing chung ndy cac
gid tti tfiinh to van hda cu tfie dupc Mnfa
diinh, cU phdi nudi dvdng vi phdt viln
khdng ngung Ddng didi m dd chdng lai bd
sung vi bdi dip ttd lai dl lim giiu tfiem kho
ting vfin fada niy 7
NJ^.S
1 Sakaya (Vdn Mdn) (2003) "Loai Wnh tdn
gido nguyen didy ttong lfi bpi Chim" NghUn cm
Tdngidn.(l),a.55.S9
2 Tnrong Vdn Mdn (Sakaya) (2008) "Su biln
ddi tfn ngudng ton gido cua ngudi Chdm d Vigt
Nam", vong Nhilu tdc gii S^ biin ddi cia tdn
gido tin nguOng a Viet Nam hien nay .\xb The gidi Ha Ndi, tt 49, 131 173
3 Chnaophe Ayad (1999), Petm vd nhiing ki xam laig mdi, Ngudi (hia tin UNESCO sd 7-8
v.20-24
4 Onstophe Ayad (1999) b(U v 20-24
5 Phan Vdn Ddp - Hian Qudc Anh - Nguyfin
Thj Thu (2014), van hda phi vgt dli nguai Chdm Ninh Thugn, Vxb Ndng nghiqi, dianh phd Hd
Oil Minh
6 Phan Vin Dap - Phan Qudc Anh - Nguyfin
Thi Tta (2014) sdd, V 109 - 113
7 VuOTg HcAag Trd (1996), Tinh hidng hpp
va quan nigm ve am dmmg oong ton gido vi tin ngudng cua ngudi Chim d Ninh - Bmh Thufin", Khoa hpc xa hdi, (sd Omyen dl), V 9.136
8 tarasara (2008), Vdn hda - xd hdi Chiim nghiin cm \-a ddi thogi .Nxb Vdn hoc Hi Ngi V
9-322
Tii Bgu tham khio khic
1 Phan Qudc Anh (2002) Bdn vi tit dia ngu&i Chdm Vin nghg Dan tpc tinh Ninh Thufin sd 5
2 .Ngo Vio Doanh (1994) VOn hda Champa
.Nxb Vio hda Thdng tin Ha Npi
3 .Ngo Vin Doanh (2002) Vdn hda cd Chdmpa
Nxb Vdn hda Dan egc Ha Ngi
4 .Nguyfin Hong Duong (2007), Mgt sd vdn di
ca bm vi tdn gido tin ngudng cia ddng bdo Cham d hai rinh Binh Thugn Ninh Thudn hiin
nay .Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hdi Hi Noi
5 Thdnh Phin (2007), Danh muc thu tich Chdm
a Vift Nam SO) Tti
Nguyin Ng^c Som: CMm people and Chim culture In Ninh Thuan
a s S ' o J r , ' : 1 ^ X ' S ' ^ : : ^ " ' ^ ' ^ ' ° ^ • ^ ' ^ • ' ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ' " «
retain their unK^, diverse c u S e ^ o , ! ! ^ ? ^ " ' " " " " " "^ ° * " ' ^ ' ^ ' ^ " ^ " ^
„ _ - _ r ^ " ' ^ " ^ ^ ' ^ ° " ™ « » ^ values in(tevi*,pmentinNfih Thuan province
C b a ^ ' A t T c b ^ Z ^ ' """^ ^ P - * c e , (xi^ure C Cham pecpte in K„u Tbuan province