TU nhUng nam giUa t h i ky XX trd di, nhCfng ehuyen luan v l c h l dp mau he Cham da bat dau xuat hien, dang chd y la cong trinh Mau hi Chdm cda Nguyen Khae NgQ an hanh nam 1967.Trong c
Trang 1VAN HOA - LICH Sd-BlfiVi- MOI TRUONG
THIET CHE LUdNG DIEN TRONG MOI QUAN HE
GIA DiNH - XA H 6 | C O A NGUCJI C H A M
d MIEN TRUNG VIET NAM
DQNG THANH DANH*
Tom tdt: Theo nhieu nhd nghien cdu, ngddi Chdm cd che dp mdu hi, mdu cu nhinig phu quyen,
tdc Id chi dp md ngddi phu nd cd todn quyen trin tdi sdn, con cdi vd cdch thdc dinh cutheond, nhUng ngUdi ddn dng Igi c6 quyen lUc ve chfnh trj, xd hpi, gia dinh Tuy nhien, trong bdi vii't ndy, chdng tdi muon ddnh sUchd y den chieu sdu cda che dp mdu hi-phu quyen, hdu "bde tdch"mpt thiet chi ludng diin dpc ddo cda ngUdi Chdm d mien frung Viit Nam Dd Id diin mgo bin ngodi cua mgt thiit chi md d dd vai trd cua ngUdi ddn dng vd ngUdi phu nd trong gia dtnh vd xd hpi Id ngang nhau, noi hg cung kit hgp deduy th sutdn tgi vd hogt dpng cua todn bp thdc thexd hpi Tdt nhiin, vai trd gida hai gidi Id khdc nhau: ngddi dan bd Id npi gidi, dgi diin cho tfnh tfnh, ngddi dan dng Id ngogi gidi, dng ta dgi dien cho tfnh dpng
TUkhoa: mdu hi, mdu cd, phu quyen, Iddng dien, ngddi Chdm, mien Trung Viit Nam Abstract: In numerous research projects, Cham people have practiced both mathlineai and
patrilineal descent In the matrilineal society, children, properties and types of residence are seen as belonging to the women and their decisions while men are given the power to determine political -social and family issues in the patrilineal society In the article, the author analyzes deeply another side ofthe Cham's descent to Illuminate its unique features in Central Viet Nam In those societies, roles of men and women are equal despite their differences namely women are in charge of their family affair and represent the immobile side while men are responsible for a social affair and symbolize the mobile dimension However, both of them operate and maintain their societies' performances together for a better life
Key words: matrilineal descent, patrilineal descent, bilateral descent, Cham people Central Viet
Nam
Ngaynhgnbai: 17/7/2017; Ngdy duyet ddng: 15/8/2017
Oat van de hay moi quan he gia dinh, tde hp ehinh l i
Bat cuf mdt x i hdi nao eung dUPc eau moi quan he edt yiu nhat dupe xem nhu la thinh tCr nhCfng c i nhan, nhUng bin hat nhan eua toan t h i xa hdi Bin chat eda thin cic ca nhin rieng I I thi khdng the quan he gia anh, tdc hp quy dinh bin ehat
ca^u thinh xa hdi SUtUdng tic hay mdi quan ^^^ ^^^^ t h i xa hdi Oilu nay nghTa la: mdt
he giC^a con ngUdi vdi nhau mdi^chfnh la ^^ hdi dUde goi la miu he ehi khi nao nd dua
" ,' - V • V f v^^ V tren cac gia dinh, toe ho ve phia ngUai me
quan he xa hoi ay, moi quan he huyet thong , , , , , ,
(mau he) va ngUpe lai mpt xa hdi dUde gpi l i
Trang 2fifiNGTHANH DANH
NhUng ehe dp phu he hay mau he lai la
mdt pham tru lieh sU, tUc la hau hit cac xa
hdi khi chuyen biln tU nguyen thuy d i n
hiln dai tat yiu dan din budc chuyen tU c h l
dp mau he sang phu he, tru" mpt vai trUdng
hdp die biet m i cac din tde thude ngU he
Nam Oio d nUde ta ndi ehung, ngUdi Cham
d mien Trung Viet Nam ndi rieng la mot vi
du Theo sU van ddng tat yiu cua Ijch sU, du
van duy tri chl do mau he, nhUng ehe dd
mau he d cac dan tdc nay van ft nhilu inh
hudng cic yeu td phu he Oilu nay lim pha
vd edng thUc truyin thdng: miu he = mau cu
+ mau quyen (BCfu Lieh, 1970).Va rang, cae
dan tde che dp theo mau he ngiy nay, die
bilt d nude ta d i cd phan inh hUdng yeu td
phu quyin Viy thi die tinh eda chl dd mau
he - phu quyen dd bilu hien nhU t h i nao?
Bin chat eda thiet ehe dd cd gi die biet? Bai
vilt nay se ly giii mdt phan nhCfng eau hdi ay
trong trUdng hdp eu the eua ngUdi Cham d
miln Trung Viet Nam
1 Vai net ve che do m^u he cua ngu'di
Cham
Khi ndi din cic mdi quan he gia dinh va
xa hdi cda ngUdi Cham d miln Trung Vilt
Nam ngudi ta thudng ndi den chl dp mau he
nhu la mdt yeu to hang dau chi phdi cac mdi
quan he trong edng ddng That vay, c h l dp
mau he da trd thanh mdt trong nhCfng nhan
to cdt Idi quy djnh mpi mat cda ddi sdng vin
hda Cham tCr phong tuc, tap quan eho den
eae quan he v i dng xd thudng nhat eda xa
hdi Chinh vi vay, nhac din ngudi Cham l i
ngudi ta ndi ngay din chl dp mau he, d i n
mdi quan he huylt thdng phu thupe ddng
me v i nhac din vai trd then chdt eda ngudi
phu nCf trong ddi sdng gia dinh va quan he
xa hdi Oay cung l i mdt trong nhufng chu de,
dupe nhieu nha khoa hpe quan t i m va tim
hieu, sd lUpng cie cdng trinh chuyen biet ve
che dp mau he Cham khdng nhieu, nhUng
nlu xet cie cdng trinh nghien eUu ve van
hda, x i hdi hay eu the la hdn nhan va gia
dinh cda ngudi Cham thi tCf khda"mau he" ludn ehilm vj tri chd dao
TU nhUng nam giUa t h i ky XX trd di, nhCfng ehuyen luan v l c h l dp mau he Cham
da bat dau xuat hien, dang chd y la cong
trinh Mau hi Chdm cda Nguyen Khae NgQ an
hanh nam 1967.Trong cdng trinh nay,tacgrS
da trinh bay v l ngudn gde eda chl do mau
he Chim dudi eie gde dp nhU lich sd, nhan ehdng, kinh t l - ehinh tri va tinh cam, sau
dd Nguyen Khac NgCf khii quit v l cic noi dung cda chl dd mau he Cham thdng qua
c h l dp hdn nhan, sU phan chia t i l sin, nhan con nudi hay giam hd, qua dd tae gii phan nao khac hpa dupe cie dae trUng cd bin cua chl dp mau he Cham Cudi eung, tie gii da rdt ra nhUng nhan xet eda minh v l ehe do mau he Cham Cho den nay day van ia mot trong nhUng edng trinh nghien cUu liu nhat
va toan dien nhat v l chl dp miu he Cham mac du trong cdng trinh nay, ngoii vile lam
rd ve che dp mau he, Nguyen Khae Ngif van ehUa nlu nhilu v l cie dac trUng cda yeu to phu quyin trong c h l dp mau he Gan day, chl dp mau he eua ngUcfl" Cham
tiep tuc la mdt chd de giy dddc sd chu y
trong gidi nghiin cdli, dang k l nhat trong so eic nghien cdli v l chu d l nay cd the ke den nhdng bai vilt cda tie gii Bd Xuan Ho (2001), Phd Vin H5n (2014) va inrasara (2003) Neu nhu, hai tie gii trUde tilp can ve nhdng thay ddi, chuyen biln cua che dp mau h i trong thcii dai mdi, thi Inrasara lai tilp can cae die trirng eda chl dd mau he Cham qua vin chuong (ke ci truyen mieng va van viet), sau do mdi khii quit v l nhu'ng bieu hien chinh cda che
dp mau he Cham trong thUc t l xa hdi Gan day nhit, dUa theo tU lieu hoang gia Cham, PoDharma, cung neu len nhu'ng dac diem cua che dp mau he Cham (PoDharma, 2015) Nhin mdt cich tong quit, cac nha nghien cdli thudng danh gia chl dp mau he Cham dUa tren c h l do hdn nhan, mdi quan he gia
Trang 3va so sinh vai trd giUa nam vdi nCf trong hdn
phdi, trong ddi sdng gia dinh va trong c h l
ddthCra k l NhUng d l rut ra nhdng dac trUng
khii quit nhat v l c h l dp mau he Cham thi
ehung tdi xin neu ra ba die dilm eda che dp
nay; mpt la c h l dp huyet thdng theo ddng
me; hai la sUthUa ke tai sin theo ddng nU; ba
la chl dp cU trd theo vd, thudng dUdc gpi la
chl dp mau eU
TrUdc hit, c h l dp huylt thdng theo ddng
me ed nghTa la con cii khi sinh ra phii theo
me va cda gia dinh me Khi vd ehdng ly di,
trong bat eU trUdng hop nao eung viy, ngudi
con phii d lai vdi me, nlu ngudi me mat
hole bd di, ngUdi cha t i i gia thi con cai eua
hp van thude ve ddng hp me, trong trudng
hdp dd, ba (me cua me), dl hay bic (td'c la
chj, em cda me) se cd trich nhiem eham sdc
eho nhufng dUa eon eda ngUdi mei'y He q u i
l i , phia ben me dupc gpi l i phfa ndi; eha, me
cda me lan lUdt dddc chau gpi la dng ndi, b i
ndi, ma tieng Cham gpi la Ce/t; trong khi phia
ben cha lai la ngoai, khi dd cha va me eda
ngudi cha ddgc gpi l i dng, ba ngoai, tieng
Cham gpi la Ong va Muk Khac vdi ngUdi
Viet, viec theo huyet thdng cda me khdng ed
nghla la con phii theo hp eda ngUdi me, hp
cda ngUdi Cham ehi la hp tren giay td, vi ngay
xUa ngudi Cham vdn khdng ed ho Hp cda
ngUdi Cham chi dupe dat vao thdi Nguyen
Ngay nay, ngUdl Chim mang ho Han Viet v i
con mang hpcha (Oong Thanh Danh, 2016)
Tilp d i n , c h l dp mau he Chim bieu hiln
tren mdi quan he thUa k l tai sin theo ddng
nd" Theo dd, tai sin dUde ehuyin tif me sang
eon gii cda minh va ehinh dac tinh nay quylt
dinh mdi quan he hdn nhan va gia dinh cda
ngUdi Cham Trong dd, ehi ed eon gai mdi
dUpethCla kitai sin cua me, ngUde lai ngUdi
con trai Cham thi khdng h i ddgc quyen iy
Trong trudng hpp gia dinh cd nhilu con gai
thi t i i sin cua cha me se dUde lan lUdt phan
chia cho nhufng ngUdi eon gai khi hp lay
phan Idn tai sin, dUde k l thUa dat dai v i ngdi nha tU dudng Bdi vay, ngUdi eon gai dt phai
cd trich nhiem nudi dUdng cha, me va dng ba; sau khi hp qua ddi ed eung phil l i ngUdi
ed nghla vu ehinh trong viee thd phung td tien (Nguyen Khae NgU, 1967)
Cudi cung l i die diem mau cU sau hdn nhin, dieu niy ehi phdi toin dien mdi quan
he vp ehdng Theo do, khi mdt cap vp chdng
k i t hdn, ehd r l bat bude phii sang nha vp
d re, anh ta phii sinh sdng va lao ddng ben nhi vp eho den khi qua ddi hoic khi hai vd chdng ly dj Chi khi nao anh i y mat di thi thi
hai eda anh mdi ddgc ehuyen v l bin nghla
trang ddng hp me d l chdn chung vdi me, eho du trUdc dd gia dinh vp (cd the la cic eon) phai cd bon phan lam mdt le tang eho anh ta (Bd Xuin Hd, 2001) Oay eung la mpt trong nhCfng bieu hien eda dac diem theo huylt thdng ddng me, vl mdi ngUdi con sinh
ra thude ddng miu cda me v i khi mat di cung phii nam ben canh me Trong trUdng hpp hai vp chdng ly di, eon eii d i u d lai vdi
me, tai sin thudng chia ba phan, hai phan giao eho vp eon, mdt phan giao cho ngUdi chdng, cdng cd khi ngUdi chdng ra di vdi hai bin tay trang (Nguyen Khac NgU, 1967)
2 Nhufng bleu hien ben ngoai cda thiet che lu'ofng dien trong gia dinh -xa hoi Cham Khitilpeanchidd mau he Cham, ngudi ta thudng ehu y din eae dae tinh ve mau truyin (sU truyen thUa theo ddng me), mau eU han
la cae yiu tdmau quyin Khi danh gii khdng dung quyen cda ngUdi phu nU trong cic mdi quan he gia dinh - x i hpi Cham, ngudi ta se
vd tinh lam tUdng mau he d xa hdi Chim se gan vdi mau quyin Trong thUc t l , d xa hdi Chim truyin thong, ngUdi dan dng ludn cd nhdng quyin ldi nhat dinh eda hp: quyin lam chd gia dinh, quyin dilu hanh ddng hp
v i quyen tham gia, lanh dao cie hoat ddng
x i hdi Oilu nay eung khiln ta eim tudng rang c h l dp mau he Chim da danh mat chdt
Trang 4Trong m d t hdi thao v l c h l do mau he cda
ngudi M i Lai va Champa d Malaisia (1992),
c i e nha nghien cUu so sanh c i c phong tue
gan lien vdi mau he eda hai dan tdc C h i m
- Ma va nhan ra t h i l t c h l phu q u y i n t d n tai
t r o n g Idng c h l do mau he theo cdng t h d c :
mau he = mau eU + phu quyen O i l u n i y ed
nghTa la, hai d i n tpe van tdn tai mot c h l d p
mau he vdi sU t r u y i n thUa huyet t h d n g va
gia s i n theo d d n g nU, nhat la sU eU trd t h e o
n d T h l nhUng, ngUdi ta cung n h i n thay vai
t r d ehd dao hdn ea phu nU cua ngUdi dan
d n g , trong cac hoat d d n g ehinh tri - xa hdi d
cap dp cdng d d n g ( N h i l u t i c g i i , 1994).Tuy
nhien, trong gidi han eda m d t hdi t h i o v l
c h l dp mau he Ma Lai va Cham, nhCfng nha
nghien eUu van t h u d n g ehd y den c h l d d
mau he cda ngUdi M i Lai hdn la eda ngUdi
Cham, va do d o , hp v i n ehUa neu len m d t c i i
nhin toan dien v l ehe d p phu q u y i n d xa hdi
Cham
TU gdc dp gia dinh e i t h e ta thay rd dieu
nay, Idc n i o eung vay, ngUdi con trai p h i i d
n h i vp, p h i i ehia se cdng viee vdl v d : ngUdi
Vd t h u d n g lam cdng viec ndi t r p vdi t r i c h
nhiem quan x u y i n v i c h i m lo bUa an, giac
ngd eua eha, me, chdng va eon eai, q u a n ly
tai s i n va chi tieu trong gia d i n h Trong khi
ngudi dan dng phu traeh c i c cdng viec n i n g
nhpc, nhat l i viec d d n g ang, lam kinh t l v i
giao thiep vdi ben ngoai.Theo truyen t h d n g
cho cda nhdng ngudi d i n d n g la d p h d n g
khach, nai ma hp tiep k h i c h , an u d n g , nhau
nhet vdi ban be hay ngUdi ben ngoai, t r o n g
khi ngudi phu n d p h i i d t r o n g bep hay t r o n g
buong;an mam dUdi, an sau chdng va khach
Day khdng han l i sU bat binh dang m i n d la
b i l u hien cda tam thde truyen t h d n g v l vai
trd nam - nUdUde chap nhan rpng rai t r o n g
xa hdi n h u m d t t a p tfnh van hda
Trong eae quan he hp hang, ngUdi dan
dng noi bat vdi vai t r d tde trUdng (ngudi
Cham gpi la akoakgep), nhUng ngUdi dan
dng khdng ed q u y i n thifa k l gia s i n eda
cac eude h p p tde hp (SCf Van Ngpe, 2010) NgUdi tdc t r u d n g n i y cd t h i la anh trai hay eau, t h a m ehi la eon trai cda ngUdi dan b^ Idn nhat d d n g ho, d i l u nay khdng xa la vdi
e a c x i hdi m a u he k h i e n h u t a thay dngucj' Minangkabau d T a y Sumatra (Indonesia)tai
s i n eda d n g ba van ehuyen giao cho dong
nU n h u n g "NgUdi phu ndkhdng ddng ra qudn /y tdi sdn ndy md nd Igi dugc giao cho anh trai cua ngddi dy dng ta qudn ly tdi sdn ben me
vd dugc truyin Igi cho cdc chdu trai Id con cCia chj em gdi minh [Ihu N h u n g Mid, 2000)
Tren b i n h dien xa hdi, vai t r d cua ngirdi dan d n g la chd dao Ngudi d i n dng thudng giU vai t r d chd c h d t t r o n g c i e ehUe danh dUng dau lang xa, t h u d n g ehd tri va quylt
d j n h c i e cudc h p p ban ve cac cdng vile cua cdng d d n g Ta thay d i l u nay t r u n g khdp vcfi cae d d kien t r o n g qua khCr,vi hau h i t eae vua, chda Champa xua deu I i nam gidi cho duco
n h d n g bang ehUng eu t h e eho thay Champa
la m d t qude gia t h e o m a u he (Maspero, 1928; Lafont, 2011) Ngay nay c i c tdc ngUdi khac, cung t h e o c h l d p mau he d Viet Nam, va la
t h a n dan Champa xUa, nhUJaral, tde, Raglai
eung ed each thCfc t o ehUc x i hdi tUdng tif,
d o d o c i c khoayang, khoa budn (ngUdi ddng
dau l i n g ) cua ngUdi Jarai hay e i c chd buon,
chd plei eda ngUdi £ d l , c i c g i i l i n g , trUdng
b i n Raglai d i u la nam gidi chU khdng co nCf gidi
6 cap d p t i m linh, ngUdi dan dng khong
ehi giao t h i e p vdi ben ngoai ma cdn c6 the giao thiep vdi gidi t h a n linh, nhu'ng ngUdlda khuat va chi cd ngUdi dan d n g m d i ed quyen nay Do d d , t r o n g cac budi cdng t l trong gia
d i n h , ngUdi d i n d n g t h u d n g la ngUdi mdi
g p i d n g , ba t d tien hay n h d n g ngUdi khuat mat, d cap d d t h a n linh ngUdi lien k i t vdi
t h a n linh la e i e chUc sac, nhUng hau h i t cac chUc sac t d n giao Cham d i u p h i i la nam gidi Chi t r d m d t vai trUdng h d p chUe sac la nir
gidi, ehang han ba Rija ( b i b d n g toe ho) va
ba Pajuw (ba JDdng khu vdc d i n , t h i p ) eCing
cd t r i c h n h i l m giao t l vdi than linh trong
Trang 5Tap chi Khoa hocxa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017
mdt vai nghi le cda ngUdi Cham, nhUng d d d
hp chi giuf vai trd phu trd, ehu le ehinh van l i
eae chCfe sac nam 6 day ta eung thay rd tinh
chat phan cdng va k i t hdp cdng viec giufa
din dng va d i n ba, giUa ehde sac nam (chd
le) va ehCfe sac nCr (phu trd) trong vile thifc
hanh tdn giao Vi the, cung ed the xem day
la mdt khia canh cda thilt ehe ludng dien
trong binh dien tam linh
Cd the ndi rang, xa hdi Chim la mdt xa hdi
mau he, mau eU nhUng phu quyin Ndi dilu
niy cd nghia la x i hdi Cham dddc xay dUng
dUa trin moi quan he huyet thdng, hdn
nhan va thUa k l theo phia nU nhUng quyen
luc trong xa hpi (bao gdm c i than quyin)
lai thude ve ngudi d i n dng Ngudi dan dng
khdng ed quyin thCfa k l (ngoai mdt ehdt
tien cda ddng hp gCfi khi di lay vd nhU mdt
thif cda hdi mdn), phii d re nha vp, nhUng
dng ta la ngUdi chO cda gia dinh, dng ta dilu
hanh eae edng vile hp hing v i chi cd dng ta
mdi can dU cie cdng viee xa hdi
Nhdng bieu hien niy giup chdng ta xda
bd di nhUng ngd nhin rang trong xa hdi
mau he, vai trd eua ngudi dan dng chi la thd"
yiu, tham ehf cd suy nghT rang ngUdi dan
ba trong xa hdi Chim phii vat v i lo toan va
ginh vac mpi edng vile tif gia dinh raxa hpi
Tuy nhien, die tinh eda c h l dp mau he phu
quyen cdng eho ta thay rang x i hdi Cham
(eu the la gia dinh - tde hp Cham) van hinh
giUa tren sU phin chia v l vai trd, traeh nhiem
gida d i n dng va phu nCf: phu nd ginh vac
cac cdng viec gia dinh, dan dng dilu hanh
cac edng viec ben ngoai xa hdi, hinh thanh
thiet c h l ludng dien trong x i hdi Chim
3 BSn chat cCia thiet che lUdng dien
trong quan he gia dinh - xa hoi Cham
Theo chung tdi, thuit ngCf'thilt che"dUde
sCf dung trong bai viet niy la mpt dang eda
thilt c h l xa hdi, td'c la mdt tap hdp bin vdng
eae gia trj, chuan mUc, vj the, vai trd va nhdm
xung quanh nhu cau cd bin cda xa hdi Od
tac ma con ngUdi phii thifc hien de phu hdp vdi cic Cfng xd'xa hpi khieh quan, giup toan
t h i xa hpi van hanh theo dung quy ehuan khich quan (Nguyen Oinh Tin, 2005, tr.54 -55) Nhu mpi mdi quan he gia dinh - x i hdi trong cic cpng dong khac, moi quan he gia dinh-xi hdi eda ngUdi Cham edng van hanh theo mdt chuoi eie quy tac, chuan mUc, cich Crng xif, su phan cdng vai trd, trich nhiem va
vi tri, ma moi c i nhin phii tuan theo nhU mdt tieu ehuan chung eho ci cdng ddng.Tuy nhien, trong mdi quan he gia dinh - xa hdi cda ngudi Chim cd sU phan edng cic vai trd, chuan mUc, hanh vi trong xa hdi theo gidi Oay ehinh la mot die trUng ndi bit va xuyen sudt cda ehi dp mau he nhung phu quyin cda xa hpi Cham Do dd, thuat ngCf "thiet
c h l ludng dien"de chi mdt loat eae quy tac, ehuan mUe x i hdi, cdng nhU vai trd, vi t h i , hanh vi eda cac ca nhan trong x i hdi theo hai gidi trong gia dinh - xa hdi Cham d mien Trung Viet Nam
"Thilt chl ludng diln" nay dupc tdi lien tudng va hinh dung tU mdt thilt chl xa hdi tUdng tu eda ngUdi Jarai, mdt trong nhUng nhdm ngUdi ed mdi quan he gan gui v l ngiJ
he va nhan ehdng vdi ngUdi Cham, die biet
hp cung theo c h l dp miu he Thilt chl nay
dddc nhac di nhac lai trong cic tie pham
ve ngudi Jarai eda J Dournes, mdt trong nhUng nha nhin hpc quan trpng ve Jarai v i
Tay Nguyen.Trong tie pham dde dao"RCmg, ddn bd, diin logn", dng viet: "Thiit chexd hdi dudng nhd rdt du ddi ngddi ddn bd: Id ngudi chu gia dinh, bd cd mgi thU Vdy thi ngUdi ddn dng Idm gl trong the gidi ddn bd ndy? anh ta Id moi liin hi vdi ke khdc, vdl ngogi gidi Ngudi dan bd Id khdi dii'm hodn tdt vd kit thdc", d mdt doan khie dng viet: " chdng Id ldi ndi vd ngogi gidi, ndng la ky dc vd npi gidi '.'
(Dournes, 2002)
NhCfng ddng nay cda Jacque Dournes phii
dupe hilu nhu the nio? Tdi tim dddc mdt
Trang 6Ngpe, t r o n g m d t cudc ndi chuyan vdi m d t
nha khoa hpc (ma tdi dan dUdi day) d n g ndi:
" Trpng tdm Id sd phdn chia gida bin trong
vd bin ngodi, gida nam vd nd trong hi thdng
mdu hi NgUdi nd ndm gid quyen lUc, nhUng
d nai cdng cpng bd ta Igi d phia sau, dy thdc
viec giao tiip vdi bin ngodi cho mpt ngUdi hg
hdng nam " {dan t h e o Andrew Hardy, 2013)
O i n day, tdi hieu y cda Dournes, dng ndi dan
ba Jarai, ngoai c h i m lo eon e i i , nha eUa, cdn
la ngUdi ehd (that sU) eda gia d i n h , nhUng
q u y i n eda ba ta dupe giao hay p h d thac cho
ngUdi d i n d n g , hay ngUdi d i n d n g la ngUdi
phat ngdn cho ba ta, do d d d i n d n g la ngoai
gidi de giao t h i e p vdi ben ngoai, t r o n g khi
dan ba d t r o n g b u d n g kin, ba la ndi gidi
(Dournes, 2013)
Vdi y nghTa d d , tdi nhan thay, t r o n g m d t
gidi han n i o d d , ta ed the dua vao t h i l t c h l
cda ngddi Jarai, ngUdi anh em vdi n g u d i
Cham, de g i i i thfch ve t h i l t e h i eua hp Tat
nhien, x i hdi Cham khdng h o i n toan g i d n g
n h u x i hdi eda ngUdi Jarai, do d d , ta k h d n g
the r i p khudn mpt t h i l t c h l eda ngUdi Jarai
v i o x a h d i C h i m de hinh t h i n h nen m d t t h i e t
c h l tUdng tU NhUng vdi t h i l t c h l nay, it ra
cdng phan nao cd t h i g p i y cho chung tdi
mdt vai c i c h de ly g i i i e i e c h i l u s i u cOa c h l
dp mau he - phu q u y i n d ngUdi Cham, tU d o
giup tdi xay dUng m d t ly thuyet ve thiet che
ludng dien trong x i hdi nay, tat nhien nd p h i i
dUa tren e a s d eae quan sat d i n tde hoe
Nhu nhCfng hien tUdng ben ngoai ta thay,
ngudi dan b i Cham - v i c i ngUdi dan ba cda
e i e dan tdc thudc n g d he Nam O i o d m i l n
Trung v i Tay Nguyen (Jarai, Raglai, Rade,
Churu) - khi nao cdng vay, cho eda hp l i d
nha dudi, d t r o n g b l p , t r o n g khi ngUdi dan
d n g thi d p h d n g khach, d trUdc nha Nhin
be ngoai ta t h i y ngUdi dan d n g cd dia vj
hdn trong gia a n h cda m i n h , du do la che
dp mau he, t h a m ehi cdn cd ngudi cho rang
ngUdi dan d n g cdn cd q u y i n i n tren ngdi
eung p h u n g Oe h i l u duae ban chat eCia hien t u p n g nay, ta can phai d e p b d " i o inh"
v l m d t sU bat binh dang t h u d n g thay, ma
h u d n g d i n y nghTa eda m d t sU p h i n cong vai t r d t r o n g gia d i n h : ngUdi dan ba lam viec npi t r d , nhUng ngUdi dan d n g t h i lam viec
d d n g i n g , lo k i l m sinh k l ben n g o i i , do do eho eda ngUdi d a n b i p h i i l i d nha b l p , ndi
m i ba ta ed t h e thUe h i l n edng viee cda minh
m d t e i c h t d t nhat, t r o n g khi ngUdi dan ong
di d d n g h d n , d n g ay p h i i giao t h i e p vdi ben ngoai, va d o d d p h d n g khach, nha tren la noi eda d n g ay, d day d n g ay cd t h e thUc hien tot nhat vai t r d eda ngUdl " p h i t n g d n " eho gia
d i n h m i n h
d cap d p tdc hp cdng v i y , ngUdi phu nfl
k h d n g p h i i la ngUdi ehd cda tde hp ma la
m d t ngUdi dan d n g , d n g ta ed t h e la anh,
e m trai vdi ngUdi p h u nuf Idn t u o i nhat trong
d d n g hp, nhUng edng edthelacon,ehiucCia cac ba, m i l n sao d n g ta la ngUdi thupc dong
hp (cho d u d n g ed lay v d t d c hp k h i c dng van
t h a m gia v i o c d n g viee tde hp eda me minh) Tuy n h i i n , d l l u d d k h d n g mau thuan vi eung
n h u d c i c tieu gia d i n h , ngUdi dan dng ddng dau tde hp eung nhU ngUdi d i n d n g chd nha,
n h i e m v u cda hp la d i l u hanh eic cdng viec
eda tde hp, nhat la khi cac cdng v i l e do co
lien quan d e n lang xa, edng d o n g Nhdng
d ben t r o n g gia d i n h , ngUdi p h u nu" van la ngUdi cd t r i c h n h i e m eao nhat trong viec
q u i n ly tai s i n , nhat la n h d n g di v i t eua to
t i e n , dai dien eho d d n g hp nhU c i c CietAtau (tdc l i nhd'ng g i d d a n bang tre chda y phuc
cda t d tien) (SCrVan Ngpe, 2010, tr 108 -109) TrUdng h d p nay t h i hien rd nhat qua dong
hp h o a n g tdc C h i m d Phan Ri, m d t ddng ho van cdn luu g i d n h i l u b i o vat hoang gia,
t r i c h n h i e m p h u n g te hang n i m va thda k^ gia s i n l u d n d u p e t r u y i n t h e o d d n g nCf That v i y , gia d i n h , tde ho Cham truyin
t h d n g dUdc hinh t h i n h tren sU p h i n cong lao d d n g giUa dan d n g v i dan ba NgUdi dan
Trang 7Tap chi Khoa hocxa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017
gin t i i sin cda tdc hp, phung t l td tien, do
dd vj tri cda b i phii f i d dudi b l p ; ngUdi d i n
dng lao ddng, eung ngUdivpdaybioconcii,
cham sdc cha, me, dng, ba, ddng thdi dng ta
thay mat ngUdi phu nU, ngUdi vd, giao thiep
vdi ben ngoai, tham gia vao cic cdng viec
mang tinh xa hdi Neu ta ehia gia dinh Cham,
ma hinh i n h ngdi nha la mdt bieu tUdng, ra
lim hai phan: npi gidi v i ngoai gidi, thi ngudi
dan ba la npi gidi, ngUdi dan dng la ngoai
gidi Cai ndi gidi v i ngoai gidi ehang qua chi
la hai mat ho tUdng eua mpt mdi quan he,
mdt hien tUdng xa hdi, cii nay tdn tai song
song va ddi lap vdi eai kia 6 cap dp tdc hp,
vai trd cua d i n dng v i d i n b i ed khae nhau
nhUng nd eung nam trong bin ehat chung
cda mdi quan he ho tuong, phin chia gida
ndi gidi va ngoai gidi
Nhdng ngudi bin ngoii thudng cd xu
hudng dinh gii eao tinh mau trong c h l
dp mau he cda ngudi Chim, do dd ma ed
nhieu ngd nhan Trong nhan quan dd, ta ehi
thay mpt xa hdi ma ngUdi phu nUehu ddng
trong cic van d l tinh y i u , hdn nhan, quin
xuyin hau h i t mpi cdng viec cda gia dinh
vixa hdi Nhuvay, ngUdi dan dng trd thanh
nhdng ke an bam, le thudc vao phu nd", day
la mdt hinh anh tieu cUc va leeh lac, vi chung
ta chua hieu dupc ban chat cda c h l dp mau
he-phu quyin (LyTdng Hilu, 2012) Mdt sd
khie, d ben trong hoae la nhCfng ngUdi am
hieu van hda Cham, nhan ra dddc cac dac
tinh phu quyIn trong c h l dp mau he Cham
lai ed xu hudng dinh gia q u i cao vai trd cda
ngudi dan dng trong x i hdi va it nhieu xem
thudng vai trd cda phu nCf trong sUvan hinh
ehung cda cic mdi quan he gia dinh - x i hdi
Cham (dan theo PoDharma, 1995, tr.l99-214;
Dominique Nguyen, 2003, tr 23)
Trong thUe t l , nhU da ehdfng minh d
tren, die tinh phu quyin ehi la dien mao
bin ngoai ehe lap bin chat mau h i an tang
trong Idng thilt chl NgUdi phu nd mem
gidi han, ndi gidi (di dupc phan cdng) cda minh, nhUng hp cdng cd nhUng quyen nhat djnh Nha b l p la bieu tupng cua ngUdi phu nCr, nd la ndi gidi cda ngdi nha, cda gia dinh, nhUng nd ddng thdi edng l i nai ngUtri eda nhCfng vj than bio hp c i ngdi nha, trong nha
b l p truyin thdng eda ngUdi Cham ed Ong Juk Muk Bilang (tam gpi la dng tao) (SCf Van
Ngoc, 2010) Vj tri cda phu nU la d nha blp khdng gdi nen mdt sU bat binh dang, ma
nd i m chi rang phu nd la ngudi gid gin, duy tri cic truyen thdng eda ngdi nha, gia dinh ddng hp, bdi vl nha bep la nPi ngUtrj eua Idfa, cua than hd menh va chinh nd la nai ed k i t
su ben chit eda gia dinh NgUdi din dng vdi thude tinh nang dpng, manh me dUdc phd thac cac cdng viec md nhutilp khach, tham gia vao hoat ddng cda edng ddng, vi viy ma eho eua dng ta la d phdng khach va d ben ngoai
d nhCfng cap dp Idn han, ea ehi cdng van hinh nhuvay, ngUdi dan ba bao gid eung la ngudi luu g i d t i i s i n va bau vat cda ddng hp, dilu dd khdng chi ed nghTa la ba ta gld vat chat, ma ba edn giU ei tinh than, tinh than ehinh la truyen thdng, la hdn tdy d i n tde NgUdi phu nd duy tri cac thilt ehi xa hdi, eie phong tue t i p quin va day cho con chau ba duy tri dilu dd NgUdi din dng dilu hanh cac hoat ddng ling xa, tdc hp nhat la cic hoat ddng tin ngUdng - tdn giio, nhUng dilu dd khdng cd nghTa l i ngUdi dan dng cd quyin luc, ma dan gian nd l i mdt sU phan cdng nhiem vu gida dan ba va din dng, giUa ndi gidi va ngoai gidi Bdi nlu xet cho cung ta
thay, Po va Yang (than linh) la do ngUdi dan
dng mdi v l cung le, nhUng do le, mam l l l i
do ngUdi dan ba chuan bj d nhi blp, d ndi gidi cda ba ta Bat ky mdt nghi le nao cdng viy, khdng the thuc hiln ma chi ed thay cung, chUc sac ma cdn phii cd vat le, sin pham cua ngUdi dan ba Khi cac ehd'e sac, thay cdng mdi gpi cac vj than hay td tien v l
d u l l , dan dng la ngUdi dpe kinh, nhUng dan
Trang 8ba d phia sau khan vii va dang l l vat, td tien
la cua ba, than linh edng la cda ba!
Oieu nay the hien rd hdn qua trUdng hdp
cic chUc sac: ehUe sac la dan dng, nhUng
dng ta trd thanh mot ehUe sac eda mdt dao
vl me v i vp dng ta la tin do cua tdn giio ay,
eha dng ay theo dao nio khdngquan trpng
Khi da trd thanh chCfc sac thi can phai ed sU
hien dien eda vd dng ay trong tdng nghi
thdc Oilu nay gidp ta ly giii tai sao vi tu sT
Binima RieNakamura tilp xdc d Ninh Thuan,
khoing nam 1995 - 1996, khdng the thUe
hien nghi thUe tau chUe Ci sU - Oay la mdt
van di trpng dai eda ling, khdng cd Ci sd, hp
khdng the thUc hien cae nghi le quan trpng
-m i ly do la vd dng ta bi d-m na-m vien, dilu dd
l i d u l (Nakamura Rie, 2009, tr.94) NhUvay,
tieu chuan, sU thing tiln eda mdt vi ehde sac
khdng chi le thude vio ci nhan dng ta m i
cdn phu thude vao vp dng ta
Mat khae, nhudi nlu d phan trUdc, khdng
phii chUc sae hoan toan la nam, trong cic
nghi le cda ngUdi Cham vj chCfc sac ehd le la
nam, nhdng dng phii thUc hien eae nghi le
vdi sU hd trp eda cac chUc sac nU nhU trong
l l Rija (le mua) cda tdc hp, chdc sac ehinh
l i dng Maduen (thay vo trdng Baranang)
nhUng phii ed ba Rija (ba bdng tdc hp),
trong le tren din thip cic thay Basaih (ehC^e
sac Cham Balamdn) va Kadhar (thay keo dan
kanyi) phii cd ba Pajuw phu le, cic l l do thay
Acar (chdc sac Cham Bini) phai ed ba Buh
(ddm com) phu le
Tdm lai, trong eic hoat ddng van hda t i m
linh vai trd cua dan ba, dan dng ludn quan
binh: d cap dd cie nghi le thude v l gia dinh
ngudi dan ba lim le cdng, ding edng; ngUdi
dan dng la ngudi phat ngdn thay cho ba ta 6
ci'p dp eic nghi le edng ddng cd sif tham gia
cda ehUc sac, cie ehde sac nam la ehu le theo
nguyen tac phu quyen, nhung phu nUcdng
can du vao thdng qua cie nd ehUc sac giU
vai trd phu 11 Tham chf, bin thin qua trinh
xet d i n tieu chuan cda ngUdi vp minh nhula mdt nguyen tac quan trpng dim bio suh^i hdavlgidi.OdIa nhufng hinh thufc mang cau trdc ludng dien trong ddi sdng tin ngudng, tdn giio cua ngUdi Cham
Ket luan Oay qui la mdt thilt che dde dio, nd doc dio tU cieh ma nd dUdc tao ra cho din each
ma nd van hanh, ehinh nd gidp eho cie moi quan he trong Idng xa hdi Cham hoat dpng mdt each hda hpp, cic thUe the nhj nguyan (nam - nU; dan dng - dan ba) trong idng xa hdi Cham van ddng v i tuang tie mdt each binh dang Thilt c h l nay xoay quanh moi quan he ddi lap, nhUng thdng nhat giufa dan dng v i dan ba, giUa ndi gidi va ngoai gidi trong cie cap dp, tU gia dinh cho den xi hdi Tuy nhlln, nhu'ng cau trdc ben ngoai, nhdng
ly thuylt v l mau he, v l phu quyin bao trCim
da lam cho thilt c h l lUdng dien niy "chim dudi" nhUng k i t eau nhap nhang, phdc tap
va dan xen trong cic mdi quan he xa hoi hang ngiy, ma tudng chi cd nhan quan cCia nhan hpe eau trdc mdi ed t h i phan nao"phat Id"cac die tinh eda thilt chl ay! Oen diy, cau hdi d i t ra la, trong xi hoi Cham, dan dng hay dan ba, nam hay nd, ben nao quan trpng hdn? Cau t r i Idi thda dang co
le l i , cic mdi quan he gia dinh - xa hdi Cham van hanh theo thilt che ludng diln, trong
dd cd sU dim bio quan binh ve quyin lpi va nghTa vu cda din b i v i dan dng NgUdi dan
ba la npi gidi, ba ta gid nhi blp, eham sdc gia dinh, quan xuyin viee blp ndc, nhUng cung chinh ba ta duy tri su ben chac cda moi nip nha Cham, bio tdn va lUu gid cae gia trj van hda truyen thdng cda ddng hp, dan tdc NgUdi dan dng l i ngoai gidi, dng ta dai dien eho tinh ddng, dng ta giao thiep vdi bin ngoai, dng ay cd quyen rdi khdi can nha ciia minh(di lay va,d nha khie), dng tatham gia vao eae hoat ddng xa hdi, dng ta giao kit vdi than linh (d moi mCfe do nhat djnh: ngi/di
Trang 9Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48)-2017
khdng [am t a t e i viee d o eho m i n h , dng ay
lam t h a y c h o n g u d i phu nU
Vay t h i s u p h a n ehia nhj nguyen giUa c i i
ndi gidi vdi c i i ngoai gidi, gida d i n d n g va
dan b i ehang qua ehi la hai mat eua m d t
hien t u p n g , m d t t h i l t c h l van hda Su t d n tai
cua t i f n g e i t h i t r o n g t h i l t che ay k h d n g cd
nghTa dpe lap m d t e i c h r i i n g biet, m i mau
ehdt l i ehdng t d n tai t r o n g m d t eau true nhj
nguyen tUdng t i c vdi nhau, b d t r p cho nhau
Cung n h u dan d n g phai k i t h p p vdi dan ba,
ndi gidi p h i i gan lien vdi ngoai gidi, chi khi
ay xa hdi C h a m , ma rdng h d n la t o a n nhan
loai, m d i t o n tai va van d p n g
T A I LIEU T H A M KHAO
1 Andrew, Hardy (2013), Nhd nhdn hgc
chdn trdn nghe vd dgc JacquesDournes, Nxb
Tri thde, Ha Ndi
2 D o m i n i q u e Nguyen (2003), TdvUngHroi
- Viit, IOC Champa, San Jose
3 Dournes, J (2002), RUng, ddn bd, diin
logn, Nxb Hdi N h i van Ha Ndi
4 Dournes, J (2013), Potao: Mpt /y thuyet
vi quyen lUc d ngUdi Jarai Ddng Duang, Nxb
Tri thUc, Ha Ndi
5 O o n g Thanh Danh (2016), "Nhin lai van
de ho v i ten cda ngUdi Cham", t a p c h i Khoa
hgc Xd hpi mien Trung, sd 2 (40), tr.40 - 44
5 6 Phu Van Han (2014), "Vai b i l n ddi
trong m a u h i Cham ngay nay", Nhdng vd'n de
vdn hda-xd hpi ngUdi Chdm ngdy nay, f^h\eu
t i e g i i , NxbTre, t h a n h p h d Hd Chi M i n h
7 Bd Xuan H d (2001), Mau hi Chdm thdi
dgi mdi, H6\ Man hpe N g h e t h u a t Binh Thuan
p h i t h i n h , Binh T h u a n
8 L y T u n g Hieu (2012), "Nam q u y i n t r o n g
c h l d p m a u he d V i e t Nam", t a p chi Ddn tpc
/ 7 p c , s d 5 v a 6 , t r 9 6 - 1 0 1
9 Inrasara (2003), Vdn hda - xa hpi Chdm:
Nghien cdu vd Ddi thogi, ^xbMan hpe, H a N d i
10 Lafont, P-B (2011), Vdang quoc Champa: Dja dd Ddn cu Lich sd, IOC
-Champa, San Jose
1 1 BUu Lich (1970), Nhdn chung hgc vd Iugc khdo thdn tgc hgc, Nxb Lda t h i e n g ,
Saigon
12 Maspero, G (1928), Le Royoume de Champa, Les£ditions:G.Van Oest
13 Nakamura, Rie (2009), "Awfar Ahier: To Keys t o Understance t h e CosmologyandEthnictyof t h e Champeople (Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam)", t r o n g
Champa ond Archaeology of My San (Vietnam),
Hardy,Cuearzi SZolese (ehd bien), NUSPress, Singapore, p p 7 8 - 1 0 6
14 SU Van Ngpe (2010), Vdn hda Idng truyen thdng ngUdi Chdm tinh Ninh Thugn,
Nxb Dan t r i Ha Ndi
15 Nguyen Khac Ngu' (1967), Mdu he Chdm, Nxb Trinh bay, Sai Gdn
16 Phan O i n g Nhat (chd bien,2003),/.udf
tucChdm vd ludt tuc Raglai, Nxb Van hda Dan
tdc Ha Npi
17 Thu N h u n g M i d (2000), Ngddi phu nd
£de trong ddi song xd hpi tdc ngudi, Luan an
Tien sTDan tdc hpc Ha Ndi
18 Nhieu t i e gia (1994), Adat Perpatih Melayu-Campa, B p V i n hda Ma Lai an hanh,
Kuala Lumpur
19 Nhieu t i e g i i (1995), Notesur la cultureetsur la religion de la Peninsule indochinoise, L'Harmattan, Paris
20 Po Dharma (2015), Chi dp mdu hi Chdm nhin qua tU lieu hodng gia Champa
( b i i viet dang tren Champaka.info, cap nhat: 20/02/2015)
2 1 Sakaya (2013), Tii'p can mpt so vd'n de
v d n h d a C / j o m p a , Nxb Tri thCfe, Ha Ndi
22 Nguyen Oinh Tan (2005), Cdcduxdhdi
v a P / j d n f d ' n g x d h d / , Nxb Ly luan Chinh t r i Ha Ndi