Y thuc dugc tam quan trgng ciia vin dS dan tgc trong viec on djnh va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi, an ninh qu6c phong ciia dk nuac, tii khi ra doi, dac biet la tu Doi mai 1986 den nay, D
Trang 1CHfNH SACH VA THlTC TRANG PHAT TRIEN SINH KE CUA
MOT SO DAN TOC THifeU S 6 6 VIET NAM'
ThS Vu Dinh MirM Vien Dan toe hoc
Tom tdt: Thai gian qua, Viet Nam da dgt duac nhiiu thdnh tuu vi xoa doi vd gidm
ngheo, timg buac ndng cao muc song cua nguai ddn, tuy vay vdn de bdt 6n sinh ke, ngheo doi a cdc ddn toe thieu so (DTTS) vdn mang tinh thai su Ben cgnh nhung nguyen nhdn npi tai, con co nguyen nhdn tic cdc chinh sdch cdi thien, phdt trien sinh ke vd gidm ngheo a cdc DTTS nuac ta Mac du he thong chinh sdch phdt trien ddnh cho cdc DTTS da khd todn dien, bao qudt moi ITnh vue nhdm tgo ra nhimg chuyen bien ca bdn a viing dong bdo DTTS, tuy nhien hien nay vdn con ton tgi nhieu bdt cap Qua tong quan tdi lieu vd mot so nghien cicu tiudng hpp cu the, bdi viet gop phdn ldm ro them vdn de ndy
Tie khda: Viet Nam, chinh sdch, phdt trien sinh ke, ddn tpc thieu so
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 21/8/2019; ngdy giii phdn bien: 28/8/2019; ngdy duyet ddng: 13/10/2019
Dat van de
Viet Nam la mot quoc gia da dan toe, gan vai sn da dang ve van hoa va ton giao, do do van de dan tgc luon c6 vj tri dac biet trong chinh sach phat trien kinh te - xa hgi va an ninh quoc phong trong su6t qua trinh lich sii ciia Nha nuac ta Tuy dan so cua cac DTTS chi chigm hon 14% trong t6ng dan s6 tren toan qu6c^ song dong bao lai cu tru chu ygu a khu
virc mihn nui, viing bien giai, nhiing nai co tdm quan trgng chien luge ve dia chinh tri, tai
nguyen va moi trucmg
Y thuc dugc tam quan trgng ciia vin dS dan tgc trong viec on djnh va phat trien kinh te
- xa hgi, an ninh qu6c phong ciia dk nuac, tii khi ra doi, dac biet la tu Doi mai (1986) den
nay, Dang va Nha nuac ta da ban hanh va triln khai thuc hien hang loat chinh sach huong tcri nang cao doi s6ng cua cac DTTS, giam su chenh lech ve trinh do phat trien kinh te - xa hpi giira cac dan tgc, giira DTTS va da s6 Tuy chiu nhiSu he luy lich sii do chinh sach
"chia dg tri" ciia thuc dan va su chong pha ciia cac th8 luc thu dich, song Viet Nam da dugc nhilu hgc gia trong va ngoai nuac danh gia la quoc gia thuc hien rat tot chinh sach
' Bai via la kk qua nghien ciru ciia dh tai edp Ca sa 2019: Nghien cuii sinh ke cac tdc nguin a Viet Nam, do
ThS, Vu Dinh Mirm va ThS Tru'cmg Van Cucmg lam Dong chii nhiem
Trang 2dan tgc trong lich sir dau tranh gianh dgc lap, th6ng nhSt dSt nuac cung nhu viec nang cao doi s6ng, huong toi su binh ding giiia cac tgc nguoi hien nay, dac biet ia cac D (Rambo, 2003, tr 108-135)
Trong hai thap ky vua qua, viec thuc hien chinh sach dan tgc ciia Vijt Nam da dat nhigu thanh tuu quan trgng dugc qu6c tg ghi nhan, tuy nhign hien van con ton tai khong it van dg, trong do biic thiet nhat la tinh trang ngheo doi va bSt 6n ve sinh ke o cac DTTS Ngheo doi, bat 6n sinh kg o nuac ta dang co xu huang tap trung nhigu hon o ngum DTTS Thuc trang nay ciing vai nhirng dign bign phuc tap trong khu vue va trgn thg gioi gan day dat
ra nhigu thach thirc va nguy co tigm in doi voi su 6n djnh chinh trj - xa hgi cua dat nuoc
6 hau het cac nuoc, dg cung ch va phat tridn m6i quan he giira cac tgc nguoi va quoc gia,
nha nuac thuang ap dung nhik chinh sach khac nhau, tren tdt ca cac linh vue tir chinh tri, kinh
tg, xa hgi dgn van hoa, Trong do, cac chinh sach vg kinh tg luon dong vai tro trung tam, vira la phuong tien - tao ca so cho viec thuc hien cac chinh sach tren nhimg ITnh vue khac, vira la muc dich tang cuong ky nang nganh nghg, thiic ddy san xuat, kich thich sy tham gia va gan kgt cua cac tgc nguoi voi ngn kinh te chung ciia qu6c gia (Vii Dinh Muai, 2016, tr 66-75)
Tir nhirng vkn de tren, ngi dung bai viet nay tap trung phan tich cac thanh tuu ca ban
va nhirng win de dat ra doi vai viec thuc hien chinh sach dan tgc o Viet Nam, nhat la eac
chinh sach phat trign sinh ke, giam ngheo trong giai doan tir nam 1986 dgn nay De lam ro thgm nhung phan tich, bai vigt co dua ra cac nghien ciiu trudng hgp gan day 6 4 cgng dong nguoi Hmong, Niing, Pu Peo (tinh Ha Giang) va nguoi Kha-me (tinh Tra Vinh)
1 Chinh sach va thu-c trang phat trien sinh ke cua cae DTTS a Viet Nam
LL Chinh sdch phdt trien sinh ke ddi v&i cdc DTTScua Nhd nu&c
So van ban chinh sach dan tgc 6 Viet Nam rat lan, theo Dang Kim Son va cgng su, vao thoi diem nam 2011, co tai 32 Nghi dinh, Nghi quygt do Chinh phu ban hanh va 150 Quygt dinh do Thu tuong Chinh phii ban hanh dang dugc trign khai thuc hien Cac nghi dinh, nghj quyet cua Chinh phii quy dinh chinh sach tren cac linh vue phat trien kinh te - xa hgi nhu xay dung co so ha tang, xoa doi giam ngheo, sir dung dat dai, tin dung, thuong mai, can bg, dan vi hanh chinh, van hoa, giao due, y te (Vucmg Xuan Tinh, 2015; Dang Kim Son
va cgng su, 2012) Theo do, cac chinh sach nay co 3 huang tiep can chinh, bao g6m: (1) Cac chinh sach tiep can theo huong toan dien - tong the voi muc dich eai thien tat ca cac khia canh cugc song cua nhiing hg gia dinli ngheo: tir ea so ha tang, ho trg thuc ddy san xudt va lien ket thi trudng, dao tao nghe, tham gia vao thi truang lao dgng, dgn tiep can y tg, giao due , nhu Nghi quyet 80 vg dinh huang giam ngheo ben virng thdi ky 2011 - 2020 hay Chucmg trinh 30A (Nghi quygt 30/Ay2008/NQ-CP) ho trg giam ngheo nhanh va bgn vimg doi vdi 62 huyen ngheo nhat ca nude; (2) Cae ehinh sach tiep can theo ITnh vue nhu ddt dai nude sach, nha d, trong rirng, y te, giao due , nhu Chuong trinh 134 - ho trg tigp can ddt dai, nha d va nude sach, ho trg nha d cho hg gia dinh ngheo; (3) Cac chinh sach tigp can theo
Trang 3phat ttiin kinh te - xa hdi cho cac xa bien gidi Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia (Quyit dinh 160/2007/QD-TTg) hay Chuong trinh tao vice lam cho ding bao DTTS miin Tay Nam Bo (Quyit dinh 74/2008/QD-TTg), Chuong ttinh phat triin kinh ti - xa hoi d Tay Nguyen (Nghi quyit si 10/NQ-TW) (Nguyin Thi Lan Huong chit bien, 2014, tr 35-36)
1.2 Thdnh tuu, hgn che vd nhirng vdn di dgt ra
Viet Nam trong nhtmg nam qua da dugc thi gidi chu y bdi nhOng thanh tiiu xda ddi giam ngheo va nang cao mtic sdng cho ngudi dan Theo Chuang trinh Phat ttiin Lien Hiep quic (UNDP), trong diiu kien kinh ti - xa hdi ctia minh, so vdi cac nude cd citng ting san phim qudc noi (GDP), Viet Nam da sti dung ngudn lite cd duoc mot each hieu qua vao viec nang cao mile sdng ngudi dan, trinh do dan tri, ttiii tho, Khoang 30 ttieu ngudi d Viet Nam da thoat ngheo ttong giai doan 1993 - 2008 Tuy vay, kit qua dat dugc trong xda ddi, giam ngheo la khdng deu Ty le ngheo d eac DTTS van cao hon nhiiu so vdi ngudi Kinh (va ngitdi Hoa) Dang lo ngai nhat la trong co cau ngheo, ty le hd ngheo cd chti hg la ngudi DTTS tang manh ttt 17,7% (1993) len 40,7% (2008) va len 56% (2012), trong khi hg ngheo
CO chti hd la ngudi Kinh lien tuc giam manh Ty le hd ngheo d vung sau, vting xa, viing DTTS cao gap 4 - 5 lan so vdi mirc binh quan cit nude Nhiiu ngudi DTTS dang sing trong canh ngheo kinh nien, hg ngheo ngay ca trong thdi ky nen kinh te dang di len va cdn ngheo hon khi nen kinh te gap khd khan Tu dd hg cung it cd dieu kien tiep can vdi djch vit xa hdi
CO ban (Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xii hdi Viet Nam, 2011, tr 15) Nghien cttu mdi day theo chuan ngheo da chieu cho thay muc sdng cua eac hd gia dinh DTTS van hit hau kha xa so vdi mat bang chung ctta ca nude, tap trung nhieu nhat d khu vye mien nui phia Bac va Tay Nguyen Hai khu virc nay cd ti le hd ngudi dan tgc thieu sd ngheo tren dudi 70% (Bd Thuang Binh - Lao dgng va Xa hgi, 2018, tr 60 - 64)
Ben canh dd, nhung thanh tuu xda ddi giam ngheo da dat dugc d viing DTTS, cdn thieu ttnh ben vimg, nguy co tai ngheo cdn cao Kha nang bi tdn thuong ciia ngudi ngheo tmdc nhimg nii ro trong cugc sdng van hien hiru d nhieu noi Nude ta nam trong khu vye xay ra thien tai, bao lut thudng xuyen va 80% ngudi ngheo lam viec trong ndng nghiep cd the dan din nguy co cao vi tai ngheo Mat khac, khong it hg gia dinh tuy khdng thudc dien ngheo nhung mite thu nhap bip benli nSm giap ranh chuin ngheo ddi cdng cd nguy co tai ddi ngheo Ngoai ra, ngheo ddi cdn cd moi lien quan mat thiit vdt tinh trang suy thoai mdi tnidng Nd co thi khiin cho ngudi dan khai thac qua mite nguon tai nguyen vdn da han hep
va cang lam cho tinh trang trd nen trim trgng hon (Nguyin Thi Lan Huong chu bien, 2014; World Bank, 2012; Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, 2011, tt 16, 83) Ngheo ddi via la nguyen nhan, vita la kit qua eiia su bit binh dSng xa hgi, khoang each giau ngheo, chenh lech phat triin giira ndng thdn va thanh thj, ding bJng va miin niii, giiia cac DTTS vdi tpc ngudi da sd Mgt si td chiic quic ti da canh bao, tinh ttang ngheo ddi va bat dn sinh
ki, nhit la d cac DTTS, cd thi gay ra tinh trang bit in dinh chinh tti xa hdi (Nguyen Thi Lan Huong chii bien, 2014) Ndi rdng ra, ddi ngheo dang la luc can chii yeu den viec phat trien
Trang 4ddi s6ng chinh tri, xa hgi va van hoa ciia cac DTTS d nude ta Tir do tac dgng tieu cue den
m6i quan he tgc ngudi vdi qu6c gia, dSn khoi doan kgt cgng dong quoc gia - dan tgc
Cac nghign ciiu gdn day cho thdy c6 nhigu nguyen nhan ddn tdi thuc trang neu tren,
g6m Thir nhdt, cac DTTS nude ta s6ng chii yeu d vimg cao, nhimg nai co digu kien rat khd
khan cho phat tngn do dia hinh chia edt phiic tap, dan cu phan tan, dieu kien khi hau khac
nghiet, co sd ha tdng thdp kem Phdn Idn cac DTTS s6 dua trgn kinh tg nong - lam nghiep,
do do ddt dai va rimg la ngu6n tu Heu san xudt quan trgng nhat Hien rimg dang bi tan pha
nghiem trgng da anh hudng Idn den sinh ke eiia dong bao Da phan dat dai noi cac DTTS so
sinh song co dja hinh d6c, chia cdt, manh miin, khong thuan lgi cho canh tac, ti le dat tot rat
thdp Thu hai, dan s6 cua eac DTTS tang lign tuc ca vg quy mo va ti trgng, gay siic ep len
ngudn tai nguyen tu nhien Chdt lugng ngudn nhan lire d eac tgc ngudi nay tuy da dugc eai
thien nhung con kha thdp so vdi trung binh ca nude: binh quan cii 10 ngudi DTTS trgn 15
tu6i thi CO 4 ngudi chua bao gid dgn trudng hoac chua tot nghiep tieu hgc Ky nang lam viec
cua d6ng bao con han chg, phdn Idn lam viec trong nong nghiep va phi chinh thirc Do kha
nang ap dung khoa hgc ky thuat vao san xuat con han chg ngn nang xuat lao dgng thap, kho
thoat ly khoi nong nghiep Dong bao rat kho co dugc viec lam cdng an lucmg, kg ca thanh
nign, do khong dap ung dugc ygu cau ciia ngudi sir dung lao dgng va do khu vue chinh thirc
chua phat trign d viing DTTS Kho khan va bat on vg sinh ke khign cho di cu tu phat ngay
cang gia tang Thic ba, suot nhieu nam qua, tuy dugc dau tu nhigu ngudn lire nhung dieu kien
ca sd ha tang va djch vu xa hdi d vung DTTS edn yeu kem Dieu nay da gay nhidu khd khan
cho ddng bao trong viec tiep can va lien kgt vdi thi trudng Them vao do, do thu nhap thdp,
ddng bao it ed kha nang tich liiy tao vdn tai dau tu phat trien hay md rdng san xudt, chuygn
ddi nganh nghg Hon niia, rao can vg ngdn ngu, kha nang tigp can thdng tin han chg, dinh
kign ciia edng ddng vg sy thap kem, mac cam ciing la nhiing ygu td can trd ngudi DTTS hdi
nhap va tan dung ca hgi de phat trign nang cao ddi sdng Su tham gia eua ddng bao vao eac
CO quan cdng quygn hay qua trinh hoach dinh, xay dung chinh sach cho ban than vdn cdn
nhigu han ehg Ngoai ra, dong bao DTTS con phai ddi mat vdi nhigu rui ro khac nhu cii sdc
thien tai va bign ddi khi hau, d nhidm mdi trudng, sau va dieh benh trong san xudt, tai nan va
dm dau, bien ddng gia ca ndng san va ehi phi dau vao san xudt, rui ro do qua trinh phat tridn
kinh tg - xa hdi va eo sd ha tang chung nhu lam dudng, xay dung thiiy dien, khai khoang,
ndng lam trudng (Nguyen Thj Lan Huong Chii bien, 2014, tr 16-30)
Mgt khia canh khae tac ddng den thuc trang tren, d6 la hieu qua ciia cac ehinh sach,
chuong trinh, dy an phat trign da va dang trien kliai nhdm giam ngheo, cai thien sinh kd cua
cac DTTS d nude ta Trong do, vg ca ban, he thdng cac chinh sach phat tridn ddi vdi ddng
bao DTTS kha toan dien nham tao ra nhiing chuygn bign Idn d vimg ddng bao, song vdn cdn
ton tai nhimg bat cap trong eae ehinh sach nay Thic nhdt, chinh sach qua nhidu, chdng cheo
ve ndi dung, tning lap ve ddi tugng va dia ban thu hudng, gay kho khan cho viec thuc hidn
va danh gia hieu qua Thic hai, van de dau tu phat trien dg khai thac tigm nang thg manh cua
Trang 5hi ttg cho ddng bao chua chu y din sir khac biet giua cae nhdm DTTS, chua phii hgp vdi
dac thit ciia hg Thir tu, mgt sd chinh sach dugc xay dung, thiet ke chua phii hgp vdi thuc te nen khdng the dat dugc muc tieu de ra Thic ndm, cdn cd sii chdng cheo trong quan ly, thieu
sy phii hgp ttong thuc hien chinh sach ddi vdi ddng bao DTTS Thu sdu, cdng tac dieu tra,
ta soat, ting hgp ddi tugng thu hudng chinh sach d mgt sd dja phucmg cdn thieu chinh xae
dSn din thuc hien chinh sach khdng hieu qua Thu bdy, ngudn luc thuc hien chinh sach
khong tuong ximg, bd tri dan trai, chua dam bao muc tieu ke hoach dugc phe duyet; muc hd trg con thap nen tac dgng cua chinh sach chua cao Ngoai ra, van ban thuc hien mgt so chinh sach ban hanh cham; khdng it chinh sach khd thuc hien, khdng cdn phii hgp nhung khdng dugc sua chira, bd sung, thay the kip thdi (Nguyen Thi Lan Huong chii bien, 2014, tr 35-42; Dang Kim Son va cgng su, 2012, tr 58-79)
2 Thirc trang sinh ki d mot so cpng dong dan toe thieu so
Trong phin viit nay, tac gia dua ra bin nghien eiiu trudng hgp vi thuc trang ddi sdng ciia ngudi Hmdng, Niing, Pu Peo (d tinh Ha Giang) va ngudt Kho-me (d tinh Tra Vinh) nhim minh hga va lam rd phin nao tac ddng cua chinh sach dan tdc den ddi song smh ke cua ding bao va nhirng vin di dang dat ra d nhung tgc ngudi nay
2.1 Cgng ddng ngudi Hmdng dxa Thdi Phin Tdng
Cho tdi gin day, ngirdi Hmdng vln sinh sing chit yiu d vimg cao, viing sau Ddi sdng kinh ti ciia ding bao phu thudc vao canh tac nuong riy, ehan nudi va kliai thac san pham timg Tai cac khu vue ngudi Hmdng sinh sing, rit it noi cd diiu kien dc canh tac rugng nude; noi cd rudng cdng chii yiu la rugng bac thang (Ly Hanh Son, 2018, tt 56-68) De thiic djy su phdt ttiin d cac DTTS, trong dd cd ngudi Hmdng, nhiiu chinh sach cua Nha nude da dugc han hanh, trong dd dang chit y la chinh sach dinh canh dinh cu, giao dat giao rimg Hoat dgng pha rimg lam riy, khai thae gd tu nhien, tring va budn ban thuoc phien vdn ed anh hudng rit Idn din thu nhap ciia ngudi Hmdng trude day, nay da bi cam Mae dii duge dau tu phat ttiin rudng nude, trdng va bao ve rimg, chuyin dii cay trdng vat nudi bang cac giing va ky thuat mdi, song do nhiiu nguyen nhan, ddi sing cua ddng bao cdn gap nhieu khd khan, ngoai trii nhiing cdng ddng ngudi Hmdng sing gin cac eiia khau, khu du hch va
do thi, CO diiu kien chuyin ddi sinh ki nen dot sing kha hon, phin Idn cdn lai van chii yeu diia vao kinh ti ndng nghiep ttr cap tu ttic, cd mite sdng thip (Turner va Michaud, 2015) Ngudi Hmdng cung la tdc ngudi cd ti le ngheo ddi cao nhit nude ta: nam 2012, ti le ngheo d tgc ngudi nay la 75,7%, chiim tdi 19,6 % ting sd hg ngheo DTTS (Nguyen Thi Lan Huong chabien, 2014, tr.47)
Theo hi lieu diin da ciia chiing tdi tai xa Thai Phin Tung, huyen Ding Van, hiu hit ngudi Hmdng chi lam nuong rSy va chiin nuoi, rit it hg cd rugng trdng lua Boat dgng budn ban va dich vu ehua phat triin va chua cd chg Ca thdn chi cd mgt vai hg ban hang tap hoa
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nhd Ngd la cay trdng chii ydu trgn nuang ray va chi trdng dugc mgt vu Bgn e^nh do, dong bao cung trdng cac loai rau, dau, bdu bi de phyc vu sinh hoat gia dinh Tai thon ^h^* *" Tung thuoc xa nay, mdi hd gia dinh trung binh c6 khoang 3.000m- ddt nuong nhung khong lign khoanh, mdi hd co 3 - 4 manh nuong phan tan, dugc khai khdn tren eac sudn doi nui da tai meo Do didu kien ddt dai va thdi tidt khdng thuan lgi, nang sudt ngo thudng thap va bap benh Gidng ngd mdi da dua vao trdng d dia phuong tir han chuc nam nay, dugc Nha nuae trg gia (50%), tuy vay ba con van kdt hgp trdng ea gidng truygn thong Ly do chu yeu, theo
ba eon la tuy giong mdi cho nang sudt cao va dugc trg gia nhung doi hdi nhieu cdng cham soe, cay ydu de dd, hay bi mdi mgt Ngd lai thudng dugc dimg cho chan nudi, nau rugu va ban dg mua gao, rdt it khi dugc diing de an
Chan nudi cua ngudi Hmdng d day van ehu yen theo Idi truygn thdng gdm bd, dd, lgn
va ga vit Do kho khan vg noi chan tha va thdi tigt khde nghiet, bd va de thudng nudi nhdt tai gia dinh, so lugng han chg Gdn day, Nha nude da ho trg ba con vay tien mua bo giong, trong CO voi, lam chuong trai tranh ret vao miia ddng ndn dan bd phat trien nhung sd lugng
hd dugc hudng chinh saeh nay con it Tir nam 2012 - 2014, chi cd 5 hg d thdn Thai Phin Tung nhan duge hd trg nay Ngoai ra, cac hd gia dinh d thon eung dugc Nha nude giao dat rimg dg khoanh nudi va bao ve, mdi hd khoang Iha Rimg d day chu ydu la rimg ngheo tai sinh, it cd gia tri kinh td
Do phdn Idn ngudi Hmdng thudc dien ngheo nen khdng ed vdn dd md rdng va duy tri san xudt, thidu ky nang tidp thu khoa hge ky thuat vao san xuat Hien nay, mdt trong nhiing trd ngai Idn cho phat trign san xuat la da so ngudi Hmdng cd trinh do hge van thap, khong thdng thao tigng pho thdng"^ Do ddi sdng khd khan va bat dn vd sinh ke, nhieu ngudi Hmdng da di lao dgng lam thue trong nude va xuygn bign gidi Theo thdng kg ciia UBND xa Thai Phin Tiing (2015), ca xa co khoang 600 - 700 ngudi di lam thug, ehu ygu sang ben kia bien gidi, dong nhat la vao vu ndng nhan Trir nhiing thdn cd nhieu rudng va gan huyen ly, cdn lai hau het di lam thue bdn Trung Quoc; cd hd di ca gia dinh, cudi nam mdi trd ve dm phucmg mgt lan Lam thue dang tao ra ngudn thu nhap chinh cua nhieu hg ngudi Hmdng d day Tidn cdng lam thud d bgn Trung Qudc kha cao: mgt lao dgng phd thong dugc tra tren
300 nghin ddng/ngay edng; ngudi c6 kinh nghiem, trudng nhdm hay ndi dugc tieng Trung Quoc thudng dugc tra cao hon Phan Idn di lam thud bdn kia bign gidi deu tu phat, qua dudng dan smh vdi danh nghTa tham than dg tranh phai lam thii tue va thue d Trung Qudc^ Tuy cd nhieu nii ro nhu bi bat, bj cudp hay quyt tign cong nhung do cugc sdng kho khan ngn
hg van chap nhan Ngudi Trung Qudc thudng thud ngudi lam dau moi tuyen dung lao ddng
d dia phuang, ndu ai cd du sire khde va nhu cau di chi can ggi dien se dugc bo tri sang lam thug bgn kia bidn gidi, hg thudng di theo nhdm va ngudi co kinh nghiem dan nhung ngudi khac dl, Nhirng cdng vide lam thud ben Trung Qudc ciing thu hut ea mdt sd can bg, dang
•" Viec phong van ciia chiing toi vai dai dien cac ho gia dinh o thon Thai Phin Tung hau het phai ihons aua phien dich Mac du thon chi each tmng tam xa va qu6c 1Q 4 C chua day 2 km, nhung rat it nguoi Hmong 6 dav noi thong thao tieng pho thong
Trang 7vien ngudi Hmdng Hien tugng nay dang gay khd khan rit Idn cho viec quan ly hd khau, hd tjch va sir dn dinh chlnh tri - xa hgi d dia phugng Hon nita, sd ngudi di lam thue da phin thugc hd ngheo, vice phd bien, ttiyen truyin va thirc hien chinh saeh, chu tnrong ctia Nha nude den nhung cu dan nay rat khd khan vi hg khdng thudng xuyen cd mat tai nai cu ttii
2.2 Cgng dong ngudi Pu Peo d thdn Chung Chdi, xa Phd Ld
Khac vdi ngudi Hmdng, cgng ddng ngudi Pu Peo d thdn Chiing Chai, xa Phi La, huyen Ding Van, tinh Ha Giang cd hoat dgng sinh ki kha da dang, ben canh lua nude va nuong riy,
ba con cdn chan nudi, ttong rimg, lam nghi thti cdng va khai thac ngudn Igi tu nhien Gin day, mot sd hd ngudi Pu Peo tham gia ttao ddi budn ban d dia phuong va qua bien gidi Hien nay, hau het cac loai dat thd cu, vucm, rudng va ray ciia cac hd gia dinh trong thdn da dugc cip giay chimg nhan quyen sd hilu, trung binh moi hg cd 2.700 m^ rugng va 3.400m^ dit nuong ray Nuong chii yeu di trdng ngd vdi gidng ngd lai la chii dao, nen chi diing di niu rugu, chan nudi va ban Ngoai ra, ddng bao cdn trdng khoai, sin, dau cac loai, tam giac mach, cac loai tau xanh; bau, bi, dt thi ttdng xen d ria cac manh nuong Ngudi Pu Peo ciing nudi nhieu loai gia sue, gia cam nhu trau, bd, lgn, de, chd, meo, ga, vjt, ngan, ngdng, chim bi cau, ong, Toan thdn ed khoang 120ha rimg phdng hg bao quanh, tit nam 1993 dien tieh rimg nay da dugc giao cho thdn va cac hd d&n cham sdc, bao ve; theo dd ngudi dan chi duge phep khai thac etii khd, mang, rau dai tir rimg phdng hg Vi vay, hai lugm van dugc ngudi Pu Peo duy tri de bd simg rau xanh va thuc pham cho biia an hang ngay va phuc vu chan nudi Cac san pham hai lugm gdm rau rimg nhu rau ddn, rau dang, chudi rimg; cac loai mang; cac loai oil va cay cd bdt nhu cii mai, cu nau, cay bang; cac loai lam san khac nhu mgc nhi, nam huong, ciii dun; eac loai eay, la thuic Ngoai ra, ngudi Pu Peo edn nau rugu de ban g trgng thon va tai cac chg phien trong viing
Tit nam 1986 din nay, dugc su diu tu phat ttien cd trgng tam cua Nha nude, ddi sdng sinh ke eua ngudi Pu Peo d day da duge cai thien Nhd cac Chuong trinh 135, 134 va 30A, dac biet la du an ho trg, phat triin dan tdc Pu Peo d tinh Ha Giang 2005 - 20 lO', co sd ha tang d viing ding bao sinh sing da dugc xay dung, nang ciip Ducmg giao thdng dugc lam kien ci, tao diiu kien cho ngudi dan di lai va giao Itm hang hda giiia cac viing, giiia cac tdc ngudi He thing dien ludi dugc xay dung va 100% hg gia dinh ngudi Pu Peo sii dung dien ttong sinh hoat, san xuit He thing kenh muong dugc be tdng hda He thdng thuy lgi dugc xay dung kien ed, dien tich rudng da md rdng hon Ngoai ra, viec ap dung gidng va cac ky thuat mdi trong canh tac giiip nang suit cay trdng dugc nang cao Hg ngheo dugc vay vdn san xuat uu dai, cao nhit len tdi 50 trieu, duge hi ttg tiin mua lgn, bd gidng, siia ehiia chuing ttai Ben canh dd, nhiiu hg edn dugc hd trg xay bi chira nude, mai Igp, gidng cay hang hda nhu cay thao qua, cay dc chd, sa mgc, le,
'Danh cho tpc ngucii co s6 dan duoi 10.000 nguoi, theo Quygt djnh s i 238/QD-UBDT ngay 16/5/2005 cua Uy
Trang 8Cugc song eiia ngudi Pu Peo hien nay kha dn djnh Miic sdng dang timg budc nang
len, nha cua dugc xay dung khang trang han Trong nha cua ngudi Pu Peo da co cae may
mdc phuc vu san xuSt, phuong tien di lai, phuong tien thdng tin Hen lac va eac dd gia dung
hien dai Ty le hd ngheo da giam xudng Nam 2015, ti le hd ngheo eua thon la 16,7%, e^n
ngheo 38,5%, nhung vdi xu hudng phat tridn d dia phuong hien nay^thi kha nang vuon len
thoat ngheo cua cac hd nay la rdt cao Tuy vay, mdt sd khd khan van hien huu nhu thieu
nude san xudt, ngudn gidng va vat tu ndng nghiep phu thudc nhidu vao thi trudng Trung
Qudc, tinh trang sau benh, xdi Id dSt thudng xay ra Kinh td hg gia dinh ngudi Pu Peo chu
ygu van la kinh tg ndng nghiep, phu thudc nhidu vao digu kien tu nhign; mirc do san xuat
hang hda va tham gia thj trudng con thap
Nhin chung, so vdi cdng ddng ngudi Hmdng trong cimg huyen Ddng Van neu trdn,
ngudi Pu Peo cd sinh kg 6n dinh va nhigu tiem nang phat trign hon Vi vay, mac dii d giap
bign gidi, rdt it ngudi Pu Peo di lam thug ben Trung qudc, ca thdn chi cd 2 trudng hgp sang
ben kia bidn gidi lam thud, chii ydu vao djp ndng nhan (nam 2015) Ngudi Pu Peo sang
Trung Qude thudng dg mua hang hda smh hoat va vat tu ndng nghiep Vide dn dinh sinh kg
cung la didu kien tdt giiip cho con em cua ngudi Pu Peo dugc hgc hanh cao hon O thdn
Chimg Chai cd 8 ngudi da tdt nghiep va dang hgc dai hgc, cao dang Phdn Idn ngudi Pu Peo
thdng thao tidng phd thdng va ndm dugc thdng tin lien quan ddn cac chinh sach phat trien d
dia phuong
2.3 Cong dong ngw&i Niing & thon Dong Tinh, xd Quyet Tien
Vg sinh kg, ngudi Niing d thon Ddng Tinh, xa Quyet Tien, huyen Quan Ba ciing dua
chii yeu vao ndng nghiep, nhat la trdng trgt do dat dai d day kha bang phang, mau md, thieh
hgp nhidu loai cay trdng Hau hgt cac loai dat ciia hd gia dinh da duge cap sd do, trung binh
mdi hg cd khoang 2.000m^ rudng va 2.600m^ dat ray, Nhiing nam gan day, viec thuc hidn
Chuong trinh 30A va cac du an hgp phan ciia Chuang trinh muc tidu qudc gia vd giam
ngheo, Chuang trinh ndng thdn mdi , da gop phan eai thien eac mat ddi sdng ciia ngudi
Nung, dac biet la giao thdng, dien, thiiy lgi cho phat trign san xuat Nhd dd, ddi sdng kinh td
ciia ngudi Nimg nai day da cd su thay ddi, chuydn bien nhanh chdng Dugc sir hd trg eua
Nha nude vg gidng, vdn, tap huan ky thuat, phan bon va thiiy lgi, cac hd gia dinh da dua
gidng mdi va ky thuat vao canh tae, nudi trdng
Ngoai canh tac lua va ngd, ddng bao con tham canh, md rdng dien tich nhidu loai cay
cd gia trj hang hda nhu dd tuong, lac, cay duge lieu (chu ygu la nam linh chi va lim xanh) va
cac loai rau dg ban Dac bigt, thdn da dugc quy hoaeh, hd trg thanh vimg trdng rau trong
diem eua xa va huyen Cac loai cai xanh, cai nggt, cai bap, su hao, siip la dang duoc nhidu
hd gieo trdng tren cac nuong bai, trong vudn nha Nhieu hg dem rau di ban d cac chg huyen
va trung tam tinh Ha Giang Ngoai ra, ngudi dan cdn nudi nhidu bd va lgn, dugc Nha nude
hd trg ve gidng, vdn va udm phdng Thdn cd 1 lOha dat rimg, dugc chia cho cac hd khoanh
Trang 9nudi va bao ve Day la loai rimg ngheo tai sinh dang dugc Nha nude diu ttr di trdng them cac loai cay cd gia tti kinh te cao
Ngoai ndng lam nghiep, nhieu hg ngudi Niing cdn tham gia budn ban va lam dich vu Thon hien cd 10 hd ngudi Nung sd hihi d td van tai; cd mdt hg lap doanh nghiep hr nhan khai thac da vdi nhieu ttang thiit bi may mdc len tdi vai ti ddng Vao thdi diim khao sat, dion cd khoang 20 lao ddng lam thue d Trung Qudc vao vu ndng nhan Tuy nhien, khac vdi ngudi Hmdng - di lam thue chit yiu do ngheo ddi, ngudi Niing thudng chi di lam thue vao thdi gian ndng nhan
Nhin chung, dugc su ho ttg tit eac chinh sach cua Nha nude, ddi sing kinh ti cua ngudi Niing d day dang ngay mdt dn dinh va phat triin Toan thdn chi edn khoang 4% sd hg ngheo (nam 2015) Ngoai canh tac ndng nghiep, hg cdn tham gia budn ban, kinh doanh va lam dich vu, tham nhap ngay cang sau vao nin kinh ti thi trudng On dinh va phat triin vi ddi song kinh te la dieu kien thuan lgi de hg tiep can cac dich vu y ti, giao due, phat ttiin ddi song van hoa
2.4 Cong ddng ngudi Kha-me d dp Qui Ndng B, xd Hoa Lai
Sinh ki ciia ngudi ECho-me d ip Qui Ndng B, xa Hda Lgi, huyen Chau Thanh chu yiu canh tac liia, bdi vay rugng la tu lieu san xuat quan trgng nhit Ngoai ra, hg cdn trdng rau mau, chan nudi, budn ban, boat dgng dieh vu va lam thue
Mac dii dugc su hd trg rat Idn tir Nha nude, ca sd ha ting, giao thdng thuan tien, nhtmg
ti le doi ngheo ciia thdn cdn cao, khoang 30% so hg Nhirng hd ngheo phan Idn do khdng cd rugng, ky nang lao ddng thap; tham ehi nhieu hd edn khdng cd dat d Vao giira nam 2016, ap
CO 117 hg khdng cd rugng, 25 hd khdng cd dat d Nhitng hg ngheo chu yeu di lam thue Gan day cd mgt sd hd do thieu ddi, ng nan, mua mang that bat da phai ciim cd, cho thue, ban mgng dat chuyen sang lam thue nhu mgt nghe chinh Tre em Kho-me ciing thudng bd hgc sdm de di lam thue Do thieu ky niing nganh nghe phi ndng nghiep, thieu bang cap nen phan Ion lam lao ddng chan tay tai dia phuong va TP Hd ehi Minh, Binh Ducmg, Ddng Nai, Tay Nguyen, Cdng viec lam thue rit da dang, nhung chii yeu la trdng cay cdng nghiep, phu giup quan an, phu hi, giiip viec gia dinh, cdng nhan, Nhitng nam gan day, si lugng ngudi
di lam xa que hucmg ngay cang tang
Khoang each giau ngheo trong cdng ding Kho-me gia tang hang nam Phin Idn cac hg Idia gia cd nhiiu dit mgng - cd hg sd hiiu tdi 50 cgng', do cd than nhan sinh sdng d nude ngoai, nhiiu nhit la My va Canada Trong 25 hd cd than nhan d nude ngoai (bd me, con, anh chj em), trung binh mdi hd sd hiru tren 20 cdng rugng Hien cac hg nay vin dang tiep ttie tich tu, mua them dit nhd tiin trg giiip ctia than nhan tit nude nggai gtti ve
Trang 10Viee trg giiip vi kinh ti cua Nha nude cho nhirng hd Kha-me ngheo gap rit nhieu khd
khan va kem hieu qua vi phin Idn khdng ed dat san xuit, ky nang lao dgng nganli nghe thap,
thudng xuyen di ving khdi dia phucmg Vi vay, cac chuong ttinh, chinh sach cua Nha nuoc
cho ngudi Kha-me chii yiu la ho trg nha d, cho vay vin uu dai de kinh doanh, budn ban
nhd, lam djch vu va chan nudi, md cac Idp tap huan ky thuat nganh nghe Do khdng dti
ngudn luc, viec ho ttg cac hg Kho-me ngheo mua dat d va dat san xuat rat han che Nhd
dugc vay vin uu dai va tap huin, mdt si hg Kha-me ngheo chuyen sang lain dich vu va
budn ban nhd nhu ban tap hda, sira chira do dan dung, budn ban rau qua, dd an, Tuy vay,
si lugng hd tham gia cdn it, thu nhap bap benh nen chi giai quyit tinh thi
Mgt vai nhan xet
Nude ta trong nhirng nam qua da dat duge nhieu thanh tuu to Ion ttong cdng tac xda
ddi, giam ngheo va nang cao mirc sdng ciia ngudi dan, tuy nhien ket quii dat dugc khdng
diu Ty le ngheo d cac nhdm DTTS vin d mirc cao Tinh trang ngheo d nude ta dang cd xu
hudng tap trung nhieu hem d ngudi DTTS, mac du da dugc Dang va Nha nude quan tam dac
biet thdng qua mgt loat cac chinh saeh trong sudt may chuc nam qua Da sd ngudi DTTS it
cd dieu kien tiep can vdi dich vu xa hgi co ban Ben canh dd, nhiing thanh tuu xda ddi giam
ngheo da dat duge, nhiit la d viing DTTS cdn thieu tinh ben viing, nguy co tai ngheo cao, do
"de bi tdn thuang" trude nhirng riii ro cua cugc sdng
Cd nhieu nguyen nhan dan tdi thuc ttang ngheo, ben canh nhirng khd khan ndi tai, cdn
ed han che tir cac chinh sach da va dang trien khai nham xda ddi giiim ngheo, eai thien sinh
ke ciia cac DTTS d nude ta Ve ca ban, chinh sach phat trien ddi vdi ddng bao DTTS kha
toan dien, bao quat eac linh virc, tuy nhien nhu da de cap d tten, van cdn cd nhiing bSt cap va
han che ttong cac chinh sach nay
Qua bdn nghien cim trudng hgp cho thity, nhiing cdng dong dugc nghien curu diu
hudng lgi tti cac chinh sach phat ttien eua Nha nude danh cho ddng bao DTTS, nhit la vi ca
sd ha tang va cac ho trg giup hd gia dinh de thoat ngheo Tuy vay, hieu qua phat ttiin ttr diu
tu ciia Nha nude chi thiy rd d edng ddng ngudi Niing va Pu Peo, chua rd d cgng ding
Hmdng va Kho-me Trong khi ngudi Niing va ngudi Pu Peo kha chii ddng va cd su in dinh
ttong ddi song sinh ke tai dia phuang thi ngudi Kha-me va ngudi Hmdng lai kha thu dgng,
va cd xu hudng di chuyen eu tim viec tu phat, cd nguy eg chiu nhiiu rdi ro
Tit ket qua nghien cim cho thiy, viec cu thi hda chinh sach d tting tdc ngudi, timg khu
vitc la het site quan ttgng niu muin thuc hien cd hieu qua chinh sach Ndi mgt each khac, tinh
dae fliii tgc ngudi gan vdi cac diiu kien cu thi d dia phuang cin phai dugc nghien cuu va xem
xet ky ludng trong sudt quri trinh tii xay dung din ttiin khai thuc hien chinh sach, nhit la
chinh sach phat hien va nang cao sinh ki d cac cdng ding DTTS