Trong bdi canh do, viec nghidn cftu cac chinh sach Ihuc day tidu dung ben viJng da dugc van dung d cdc ndn kinh le phdi Irien va dang phat trien de gidi quyet van de thuc day tieu dung b
Trang 1Chinh sach thuc ddy tieu dung dan cu' ben vQ'ng: Kinh nghiem qudc t l va goi y chinh sach cho Viet Nam<*'
TS LE ANH v u '
TS PHI ViNH TUCfNG"
Th.S VU HOANG DU'ONG"
Tieu dung ben virng dugc Ihiic day hiiu qud a cdc nu&c phuang Tdy, day cung Id mdt khdi niim dugc dua vdo hi thdng gid tri truyin ihdng cua cdc nu&c chdu A Di hu&ng t&i nin kinh te phdt triin bin viing thi viec thuc hien tieu dung bin vUng Id diiu kiin cdn ihiet vd tdt yiu a cdc nuac dang phdi trien Bdi viet neu len nhitng khdi niem va nhdn td dnh huang din lieu diing ben vung cita ddn cu, ddng th&i dua ra mgt so bdi hgc kinh nghiem tren thi giai vi viic su dung cdc cong cu chinh sdch thiic day tieu diing ben vung eiia ddn cu Tren ca so do dua ra mdi sd ggi y chinh sdch thiic day tiiu diing ben vUng ddn cu a Viet Nam
Tir kh&a: Tiiu diing ddn cu, liiu dung bin vUng, Viit Nam
Md hinh tdng tmdng theo chieu rpng
thudng de lai nhimg tdc dpng tieu
cue ddi vdi mdi frudng sdng cua
con ngudi Dd la nhiing van de d nhidm mdi
tmdng, can kiet tdi nguydn, anh hudng den co
hdi phai triin cua cdc the he tuomg lai Nhdn
thuc dugc vdn de cua phat Irien, cac nha hoach
dinh chinh sdch, cac nha nghien cftu da lim
" *Vien NghiSn cihi Ph^t triin ben vung Viing
**,***Vien Kinh te Viet Nam
'"'Bai vilt li san phim cua dg tai 114 3-2011.07, dugc tai
trg bai QuJ Phat trien khoa hgc va Cong nghe quoc gia
nhung giai phap tren co sd ly thuylt kinh t l hgc, nham thay ddi hanh vi cua doanh nghiep, ydu td dugc xem la nguyen nhan true tiep lam can kiel tai nguyen, hay gay d nhidm mdi imdng Cdc chinh sdch khuydn khich dau tu nhdm Ihay ddi cdng nghd san xudt, cac chuomg Irinh nhu san xudt sach hom nhdm thay ddi hanh
vi cua nha san xuat N i n kinh t l khdng chi cdu tao bdi rieng khu vuc doanh nghidp, khu vuc nha nudc va khu vuc hp gia dinh cung tdn tai, phat trien vd trong qua trinh do, hanh vi tidu dung cua cdc khu vuc nay dnh ldn din su bin
Trang 2vimg cua mdi trudng sdng, Irong dd co mdi
tmdng thien nhidn Thara chi, co the ndi hdnh
vi lieu dung cua hai nhdm ddi tugng nay la cdn
nguyen cua cdc van de vd d nhiem mdi Irudng,
do hoat ddng sdn xuat cua cdc doanh nghiep deu
CO rauc tidu chung la ihoa man cac nhu cau lieu
dung cua hai nhdm ddi lugng nay
De thuc ddy tieu dung bdn viJng, viec nam
bdi dugc cdc nhan td anh hudng ddn hanh vi
lieu dung cua hai nhdra ddi lugng ndy la can
ihiet Viec ly giai dugc cac nhan td dnh hudng
den quyet dinh lieu dung dya tren khdng chi ly
thuyet kinh te hgc, rad cdn cd ly thuyet xa hdi
hgc, tam Iy hgc do cac quydt dinh tieu dung
khdng chi bi chi phdi bdi cac yeu Id tara ly, vdn
hda - tap quan
Cdc chinh sach cdi cdch, thuc day tdng
Irudng kinh td trong ba thap ky vfta qua, vdi
muc tieu bat kip trinh dp phat trien cda cac nen
kinh Id phdi frien, da dat dugc nhtmg thanh tuu
nhat dinh Tdng Irudng kinh te cao trong thdi
gian ddi giup Viet Nara gia nhap nhdm cdc nin
kinh te cd mftc ihu nhap tmng binh thdp vdo
cudi Ihdp ky tmdc Ty le lang ldp tmng luu
trong xa hpi ldng Ien, ly le hd ngheo giam
xudng mpi cdch an tugng va dugc ddnh gia cao
frong Bao cao Muc lieu thien nien ky (MDG,
2010) Trong bdi canh gia tdng hpi nhap kinh t l
qudc te, ngudi lieu dung Viet Nara cd them cac
ca hdi sft dung cac hang hod, dich vu tft cac nen
kinh te phdt trien cung nhu dang phdi trien vdi
chi phi re hom radl each luong ddi
Vide Ihay ddi rad hinh tdng trudng hudng tdi
phdt trien ben virng, theo dudi md hinh tang
tmdng xanh da vd dang dat ra nhirng thdch thftc
phdt frien mdi cho Viel Nam Nhimg thdch Ihftc
ddi vdi rauc tidu phat trien ben viing khdng chi
den tft chieu canh san xudt ma con den tu chieu
canh tieu dung Thach Ihftc phdt tridn bin vtrng
cua Viet Nam lft chieu canh san xudt tren Ihuc
te rdl cao Mac du Viet Nara dang budc vdo qud
trinh giai cdng nghidp hod va dang triin khai
cac chuang trinh tidt kiem ndng lugng, san xudt sach hcm nhung phat trien bdn vihig van la nhiing thach thftc hidn hiru
Nhimg thach thftc phdt tridn ben vftng nhin tft chieu canh tieu dimg ben viing cd the se ldng cao trong thdi gian tdi Mpt Irong nhimg nguyen nhdn can ban la ngudi tieu dung Viet Nam, trong bdi canh hpi nhap kinh te qudc te vd trong bdi cdnh ngan sdch dugc cai Ihien, dd va dang hgc hdi nhumg hinh mau tieu dung cfta cac nin kinh l l phat trien, nhimg nudc di tmdc Bdn canh dd, viec Iridn khai cac chuomg Irinh nhdm dinh hudng tdra Iy lieu dung cua hp gia dinh d Viet Nam tuong ddi cham hcm so vdi cac chuang trinh cua phia sdn xual Chinh vi vay,
CO hpi de cac hd gia dinh Viel Nam liep nhdn hinh mau tidu dung cua cac nen kinh Id phdt Iridn, di Irudc, dft biet dd la hinh mau cd the gay ldn hai ddn mdi trudng, la rat cao
Trong bdi canh do, viec nghidn cftu cac chinh sach Ihuc day tidu dung ben viJng da dugc van dung d cdc ndn kinh le phdi Irien va dang phat trien de gidi quyet van de thuc day tieu dung ben vftng d Viet Nam la cdn thill Viec sdra Iridn khai cac chuang trinh, chinh sach se giftp Viet Nam tranh dugc cdc ldn thdt ve phuc lgi xa hpi ma cdc nudc di Irudc da gap phai de dal dugc muc lieu Ihuc day tieu dung ben vung hd gia dinh ndi rieng vd lidu diing ben vung ndi chung
1 Tieu dung ben virng va tieu diing hp gia dinh ben virng
Tieu dung ben vftng dugc thuc day hieu qud
d cdc nudc phuomg Tdy, day cung la rapt khdi niem dugc dua vao he thdng gia Iri tmyen thdng cua cdc nudc chau A Hom nua, day khdng chi la mpt khai niem mdi trudng ma nd cdn Id rapt dieu kien kinh t l cdn thilt d l hudng tdi tdng tmdng kinh l l b i n vimg d cac nudc dang phat irien trong khu virc
Trang 3Den nay, cd nhieu khdi niem khac nhau ve
tieu dung ben vifrig, phu thupc vao cdch liep
can van de Cd the hieu tieu dimg b i n vftng la
hdnh dgng can bang giua "chat lugng cupe
sdng" cua ngudi lieu dung hien tai vdi viec sft
dung cac ngudn luc vd do dd la tac dpng din
mdi tmdng de cd thi dam bao cho nhihig ngudi
tieu dung trong tuomg lai cd thi thu hudng cimg
mpt chat lugng cudc sdng nhu ngay hdm nay
(David Evans and Tira Jackson, 2008) Mpi
dinh nghia khdc ve lidu dung b i n vung la vide
sft dung hang hoa va djch vu d l thod man cdc
nhu cdu CO ban cua cudc sdng cd chat lugng tdt
hon frong khi tdi thieu hod viec su dung cdc
ngudn luc tu nhidn, cdc nguydn vat lieu hod hgc
dpc hai va phdt thai chat dpc Irong qud trinh
lieu dung va qud frinh tieu dftng nay khdng gay
hai den cac nhu cdu cua thd he tuong lai
(Vanessa Timmer, Emmanuel Prinet, Dagmar
Timmer, 2009) Hay tieu dung bdn vftng lao
cho ngudi tieu dftng co hpi de tidu thu san
phdm, sft dung dich vu dap ung nhu cau cua hg
mpt each hidu qua va cd hidu suat, gidm thieu
hdu qud lieu cue ve mdi tmdng, xa hpi vd kinh
td Muc dich cudi cimg cua lieu dung bdn vftng
la cai thien, ndng cao chat lugng cupe sdng cua
ca ngudi lieu dung the he hien nay vd cac the he
mai sau, ddng thdi giam thieu cdc tdc dpng tdi
mdi tmdng (UNEP, 2005)
Theo bdi eft cdch liep can nao, kinh te hgc,
xd hpi hgc, tdm ly hgc, van de lieu dftng ben
vftng deu khdng ham y rdng the he hien tai phdi
tidu dung it hom Npi dung cua tieu dimg ben
virng ban vd van de ldm the nao de Ihoa man
nhu cau cua ngudi tieu dimg hien tai Iheo each
hieu qua hom Tinh hieu qua d ddy hara y vdi
cCmg mpt lugng hang hod, dich vu, raftc dp Ihod
dung ddi vdi hp gia dinh hay chinh phft dugc
ldng ldn Ben canh do, tinh hieu qud cdn ham y
vdi cung mftc dp thod dung, xa hpi hien tai co
t h i tilt kiem dugc cdc ngudn lyc san xual, ddc
biel la lai nguyen thidn nhien, de phuc vu nhu
cdu tieu dung cua cdc the hd ngudi tieu dung
tuong lai
Trong mdi quan he gifta sdn xudt va lieu dftng, sdn xudt cua khu vuc doanh nghiep nhdm dap ftng nhu cdu tieu dung cua chinh phu va nhu cdu lieu dung cua hp gia dinh Tieu dung ciia hp gia dinh la viec su dung cac hdng hoa, dich vu nhdm dap ung nhu cdu co bdn cfta cac thdnh vien trong hp gia dinh, hudng tdi vide phuc hdi vd nang cao sftc lao ddng cua mdi thanh vien trong hp gia dinh Tieu dimg ben vimg hd gia dinh la vide tieu dung hdng hoa va djch vu nhdm dap ftng cac nhu cdu co ban cua con ngudi, song song vdi viec tang chdt lugng cudc sdng Id viec gidm thieu cac lac ddng tieu cyc cua hanh vi lidu dftng len sftc khoe va radi tmdng d l Idra lgi cho su phdt fridn cdng bdng todn cdu (Vanessa Tiramer, Emmanuel Prinet, Dagraar Timmer, 2009)
2 Cu cau tieu dung hp gia dinh va cac nhan to anh hudng
Co cdu tidu dung cua hp gia dinh cd the duge phdn chia theo nhieu each khdc nhau Theo mpt each nhin, co cdu tieu dung cfta hp gia dinh cd the bao gdm nam bp phdn cdn ban: i) di chuyen
va van chuydn; ii) hang hod va djch vu tieu dung; iii) nha d vd lien nghi lien quan; iv) thyc pham; vd v) gidi tri Cdc nhan td dnh hudng den hdnh vi tieu dftng cua hp gia dinh cd the dugc chia Idra ba nhdra, bao gdm cdc yeu lo kinh te; cac yeu td van hod - xa hdi; cac yeu td chinh sach phdp ludt
Co cdu tidu dung cd sy djch chuyen citng vdi qud Irinh tdng trudng vd phai trien kinh te Khi thu nhdp hp gia dinh dugc cdi thidn, ngudi la cd
xu hudng gia tdng chi tieu nhieu hcm Ddng ihdi, ngudi la cd xu hudng ddnh nhieu phdn chi tieu hon cho cac hdng hod xa xi, gidm ly trgng hang hod thilt ydu frong ldng lieu dung Chi tieu cho hang hod, dich vu tidu dung, di chuyen
va van chuyen cd xu hudng tdng len Chinh vi vdy, mftc dp tac dpng tieu cue den mdi Irudng
cd xu hudng tang len, tru khi cd nhimg chinh sach nhdm dmh hudng ngudi tidu dung den vdi cdc san phdra than Ihidn vdi radi Irudng, bat ke
do la hang hod Ihidt yeu hay hang hod xa xi
Trang 4Tap quan, van hod cung la nhimg ydu td anh
hudng den hanh vi tieu dung cua hp gia dinh
Tap qudn lieu dung gdp phdn gidi thich su khac
biet ve ca cau tieu dirng giua cac vftng, mien
Trong khi mien Bdc Viet Nam, cac hp gia dinh
thudng chft y nhilu hon cho tidu dung ve nha d
vd bdo dudng nha thi d mien Nam, cdc hp gia
dinh lai it quan tam hom den yeu td nay, vd danh
nhieu hcm cho viec tieu dung cac sdn pham va
djch vu
Hdi nhdp kinh te qudc te cung anh hudng
den CO cau tieu dung d cac nen kinh le dang
phdt Iridn Hp gia dinh, cd nhdn cd Ihu nhdp cao
hom cd xu hudng du nhdp cac hinh mdu lidu
dung tft cac nen kinh te phdt trien nhdm i) trdi
nghiem nhiing tien ich do cac san phdra dich vu
dd dera lai, ddng thdi ii) the hien sy khac biet,
"ddng cap" so vdi cdc hp gia dinh, ca nhdn
khdc Ngoai ra, cdn nhieu nhdn Id khdc dnh
hudng den xu hudng tieu dung
La rapt nen kinh te chuyen ddi, Viet Nara da
chftng kien sy thay ddi vd phuang lien di Iai
cung vdi viec gia tdng thu nhap Trong vdng 30
nam vfta qua, phuang lien di chuyen vd van ldi
cfta ngudi dan da dugc ndng cap, tft xe dap (vao
nhiing ndra 1980) den xe may (vao cudi nhftng
ndra 1990) va gan day la d td 6 Id da trd thatih
bieu tugng cua tdng ldp Irung luu vd thugng
luu Nhieu gia dinh tmng luu, dac biet la hd gia
dinh d thanh phd da vd dang di chuyen bang
phuang tien d td ma khdng hoan toan y thftc
dugc ve nhimg tac ddng (phdt thai khi nhd kinh)
cua viec tieu dftng san phdm nay ddi vdi mdi
trudng Trong bdi cdnh ha tdng giao thdng phat
trien chdm hcm sy gia tang sd lugng phuomg
tien van lai sft dung nguyen lieu hod thach,
trong bdi cdnh ha tang giao Ihdng cdng cdng
kem phdt trien, un tac giao thdng Id nguyen
nhdn gia tang tdc dpng lieu cue den radi trudng
cua cdc phuang tien giao thdng nhu d id, xe
rady, cho du cac nha san xuat da cd gdng tich
hgp cdc cdng nghe mdi vdo cdc phuang tien
nay nhdra giara phat thai khi nhd kinh
Khung chinh sdch phap ludt cd vai trd quan trgng trong thuc day lieu dung ben vftng Khung chinh sach phap ludt ndi chung, khdng chi tac dpng Iryc liep den ngan sdch tieu diing cua hp gia dinh va do do den timg bd phdn trong ca cdu lieu dung ma cdn tac dpng gian tiep, thdng qua cdc nhdm yeu td kinh te va yeu td van
hoa-xd hdi ndi tren dd thay ddi hanh vi tieu diing cua cac hp gia dinh
Cd nhieu nghien cuu chi ra sy cdn thiet cua vide can thiep cua nha nudc, thong qua khung chinh sdch phap lual, de thuc day lieu dftng ben vifrig Mpt sd ludn diem cho thay sy can thiel cfta khung chinh sach phap ludt, va do dd Id cua chinh phu trong thftc day tieu dung ben vihig da dugc tdng ket trong nghien ciru cua Antonietta
Di Giulio, Daniel Fischer, Martina Schdfer and Birgit Bldttel-Mink (2014)
Theo Antonietta Di Giulio, Daniel Fischer, Martina Schdfer and Birgit Blartel-Mink (2014), i) hanh vi tieu dung la mpi van de phftc tap; ii) cdc khdi niem cua "nhu cdu" va cfta "mpt cupe sdng tdt" cd the hd trg trong vide xac dinh mdi quan he gifta tieu dung vd linh bdn vifrig; iii) linh ben vimg trong tieu dung la van de cfta chu dich va nhimg tac ddng; vd iv) ty kit hgp cdc chien lugc can thiep dd Ihuc day tieu diing ben vimg se cd hieu qua cao hom
Theo nhdm tac gid va nhimg nghien cftu khac, ca nhan hay hp gia dinh khdng cd dpng lyc, dac biel dpng luc kinh id, thay ddi hanh vi tieu dung khi viec thay ddi hanh vi dd ddi hdi chi phi tdn kera hcm Ngay ca trong tmdng hgp cdc chi phi la khdng tdn kem, vdn de thay ddi hanh vi cd the khdng kha thi khi hdnh vi tieu dimg cua cdc hp gia dinh, cdc cd nhan chiu su chi phdi manh hon lft ydu td van hod, xa hpi
Sy can thiep cua chinh phu, thdng qua he thdng chinh sdch la cdn thilt do nhftng lgi ich ddi vdi xa hpi ldn hcm nhung chi phi md radi hp
sr -mang vin di KINH T 6 VA CHlNH TR! T H £ GIOI So 8(232) 2015
Trang 5gia dinh, mdi ca nhan phai bd ra xet tren
phuong dien bdo ve radi trudng, bao vd co hpi
tieu dung cua cdc the he tuong lai Mpt van de
dal ra ddi vdi su can ihiep la tinh hieu qua Ndi
each khac, trong bdi canh phat trien cua mpt
nen kinh te dang chuyen ddi, chinh phu giai
quydl nhu t h i nao Ihdch thftc bdo vd mdi
tmdng, gidm thidu tac dpng tidu cue tft qua
frinh tieu dung hien tai, ddng thdi van dam bdo
cac hp gia dinh, cac ca nhan dugc thoa man tdt
nhdt cdc nhu cdu lieu dung cfta hg, dam bao cho
qua trinh lidu dftng do thuc ddy qua trinh sdn
xuat ben viing
3 Kinh nghiera ap d u n g chinh sach/cong
Cll thiic day tidu d u n g ben v u n g
Theo quan diem cua Han Qudc, lieu dung
ben vilng vd sdn xudt ben viing cd mdi quan he
mat thiel vdi nhau, che tao vd tieu thu cac san
pham than thien mdi tmdng (eco-products)
Chinh phu Han Qudc theo dudi chien lugc keo
- ddy tieu dftng vd san xuat ben vung, nham tao
ra cac san pham than thien mdi trudng, phdt
trien san xuat ben vftng, phan phdi cac sdn
pham va dich vu ben vimg ddng thdi thuc
ddy/gia tdng nhu cdu lidu dftng cac san phdm
b i n vftng (KEITI, 2014)
Khung chinh sach phap luat thuc day lieu
dung va san xudt ben vftng dugc thiet ke vdi hai
tru cpt Dd la Luat Hd trg cdc cdng nghiep vd
cdng nghd lien quan den mdi tmdng va Ludt
Khuydn khich tieu dimg cac sdn pham xanh
Ludt thft nhat tao nen tang hd trg cho cac hoat
dpng nghien cftu va phdt tridn (R&D) cdc cdng
nghe lidn quan den mdi tmdng va cdng nghidp
mdi tmdng Tren ca sd dd, Vidn Cdng nghe vd
Cdng nghiep mdi tmdng Han Qudc (KEITI) td
chftc va qudn ly chuang trinh R&D ve mdi
tmdng qudc gia, cung cdp ho frg tai chinh vd
cdng nghe cho cdc doanh nghiep radi trudng
Tru cpt thft hai, tao nen su vimg chac cua
khung chinh sach san xudt va tidu dftng bdn
vimg dya iren luat khuyen kich lieu dung ddc
san phdm xanh, do Bp Mdi tmdng ban hdnh ndm 2005 Luat nay tao nen lang cho hoat dpng mua sam cdng "xanh", cung nhu hd trg cho hp gia dinh va chinh phii trong viec tiep can mdt each dd dang den cac san phara xanh Tren co
sd dd, cdc chucmg trinh (5 ndra) hanh dpng dugc xdy dyng nham thuc day cdc hoat dpng raua sdm xanh
Nhdm Ihuc day tieu dung ben vftng cua hp gia dinh, chuang trinh gdn nhan than thien radi trudng (eco-labeling) dugc xera la cdng cu hieu qua nhat trong viec hd frg ngudi tieu dimg nhan biet dugc cdc sdn pham Ben canh dd, Chinh phu Han Qudc cdn su dung cdc cdng cu nhu chi dinh cac cfta hdng cung cap cac san pham than thien mdi tmdng (eco-friendly products), cdc thanh phan cau tao cua san pham va gia tri cua cac thuang hieu Nhimg cong cu dugc xem la htru hieu de tang thi phdn cfta cdc san pham than thien vdi mdi tmdng d rapt nen kinh te phai trien nhu Han Qudc bao gdra: i) cung cdp cac thdng tin dang tin cdy ve cac sdn phdm than thien vdi mdi Irudng; ii) phat trien cac san phdm da dang cd tinh than thien vdi mdi trudng; iii) cai thien chdl lugng, linh ndng va mau ma cua sdn pham iv) ngdn cam cac thdng diep quang cao cd tinh cudng didu hodc sai lech; v) cung cap cac dpng luc khuyen khich hodc ty le triet khau khi tieu dung cac sdn pham than thien mdi Irudng; va vi) gia tdng sd lugng cdc cfta hang ban le cung cap cdc sdn phdm thdn thien vdi radi trudmg
Nhimg cdng cu ndi tren cung da tftng raang lai sy thdnh cdng cho nhieu nudc frong khdi OECD trong viec thftc ddy lieu dung ben vftng Ddi vdi viec ndng cao nhdn thftc cua hp gia dinh Cdng cu truydn thdng da dugc nhidu chinh phu trong nhdm OECD sft dung rapt each hftu hieu de cung cap cac thdng lin lien quan den san phara than thien vdi mdi tmdng nhu trudng hgp cfta Ao, hay nhdm Ihay ddi hdnh vi cua ngudi tieu dung trong vide sft dung cdc sdn pham cd phai thai gay hieu ftng nha kinh, nhdm
Trang 6giam thieu cdc tdc dpng lieu cyc nay nhu trudng
hgp cua Anh, Phdp vd Nhat Ban De ihay ddi
nhan thftc cua hp gia dinh, dac biet la gidi fre,
chinh sach giao due da cd nhimg dieu chinh
nham thay ddi hanh vi tieu dung cfta hp gia dinh
cung nhu cfta cd nhdn Cac nudc chau Au da
frien khai Du an "Sftc manh thuyet phuc cfta fre
em hudng tdi vide lieu dung ndng lugng" nham
thay ddi nhan thftc cua gidi fre ve sy can thidt
phai tiet kiera ndng lugng,
Trong tmdng hgp Vuong Qudc Anh, hai
chidn Iugc phuc vu nhdm thuc day tieu dung va
san xuat bdn viing da dugc trien khai Khung
khd chinh sdch Ihuc day tieu dung va san xuat
bdn viing cd ten ggi Id "Thay ddi kieu mau"
dugc ban hanh nam 2003 va la chiln lugc ddu
tien d chau Au cd lien quan tdi san xuat va tieu
dftng ben vftng Khung chinh sach nay dugc cap
nhdt ndm 2004, vdi y nghta la mpi trong bdn
lmh vye uu tidn cfta chinh phu, Irong chiln lugc
phdt trien ben vftng vdi lieu dl la "Dam bao cho
tuomg lai" Npi dung chinh lien quan den thuc
ddy san xuat va tieu dung bdn viing dugc de cap
trong mpt chuomg rieng cd tieu dd "Kinh le mpt
hanh tinh"
Npi dung cua chuomg "Kinh te rapt hdnh
tinh" hudng tdi viec giai quydt nhumg vdn de
nhu tao ra san pham ben viing (cdt gidm cdc van
de mdi tmdng tu gde rd); sdn xudt bin viing
(nhan manh frnh hieu qua, giam Ihieu d nhidm,
giam thieu chat thdi vd giam thieu nguyen lieu
dau vdo trong qua trinh sdn xudt); thuc day lidu
dftng ben vimg; chi dan thyc hanh; vd thuc day
nhiing thay ddi Irong nen kinh Id va nhiing
nganh quan frgng
De thuc thi chuang trinh, Chinh phu Anh da
thuc Ihi mpt sd cai each ve the chd vd dp dung
bien phap can Ihiep vao thi trudng Cue Ndng
nghiep, Luomg Ihyc va Mdi tmdng dugc frao
quyen ldm co quan Ihudng true cua chuang
trinh, cd trdch nhiem gidm sat, bao cao tinh hinh
thyc thi va raftc dp hodn thanh cac muc lieu dl
ra Hai che do bao cao dugc thuc thi bao gdm
che dp bdo cao thudng nidn va chl dp bdo cdo theo chuang frinh
Ddi vdi Cpng hoa Czech, Hpi ddng Phat trien ben vimg dugc ihdnh lap nam 2005 va Thu ludng chinh phu la ngudi dung dau Hpi ddng Trdn co sd do, chuomg Irinh khung (10 ndm) ve tieu dung vd san xuat bdn viing dugc ban hanh
va thyc ihi, va dugc long ghdp trong cac chuang frinh muc tieu qudc gia khac nhu chuong frinh qudc gia ve ddi mdi va chien lugc tdng tmdng kinh te
Npi dung chuang trinh nham ngdn chan nhung hanh vi tieu dftng vd san xuat khdng ben viing Mdt ca quan dieu phdi lien bd (Nhom hoat dpng), dimg ddu la Bg Mdi tmdng chiu frdch nhiera ve viec thiet lap khung cho chuang trinh vdi rapt phan nhd kinh phi Tren co sd dd, nhiing hanh dpng cy the dugc thiet lap va chiu trdch nhidra huy dpng ldi chinh, thyc thi, gidm sat bdi cac thanh vien lien quan trong Nhdra hoat dpng Nhung npi dung clu'nh cfta chuong trinh bao gdm: i) gido due va truyen tai thdng tin; ii) hieu qua than thien vdi mdi trudng (Eco-efficiency) thdng qua vdng ddi san phdm; iii) hanh chinh cdng ben viing - mua sdm cdng xanh Trong cac npi dung trdn, Chinh phu Czech nhan manh
sy uu tien vao giao due va tmyen thdng, coi dd
Id dieu kien tien quyet cho sy thanh cdng cua chuomg trinh sdn xuat va tidu dftng ben vung Etihopia la dai dien ddu tien ciia chau Phi dera lich hgp chuang trinh tieu dftng va san xuat ben viing vao trong "Tdm nhin phdt trien thdn ihidn vdi mdi Imdng", thyc chdt la mpt ke hoach hdnh ddng, vdo nam 2007 Mpi frong 7 rauc tidu cua kd hoach hanh dpng nay Id thay ddi hdnh vi lieu dung va san xuat khdng ben vumg Ndm muc tieu cu the cua viec Ihay ddi hdnh vi tieu dung va san xual khdng ben viing bao gdra: i) ndng cao ky nang quy hoach mdi tmdng cua cpng ddng ndng thdn; ii) ndng cao kha nang
Trang 7cung cdp hang hda va dich vu sinh Ihdi; iii) cai
thidn sy cdn bdng gifta mdi tmdng ty nhidn vd
moi tmdng nhan tao; iv) thuc ddy qudn ly rac thai
thanh phd; v) danh gia cac bien phap mdi tmdng
de liet kiem cdc chi phi cdng nghiep
De lao nen tang phap ludt, ddm bao linh kha
thi cua chuomg irinh, Chinh phu Etiopia da cdi
each khung chinh sdch phdp luat, ban hanh
nhirng tidu chudn va quy tdc do cac nha lap
phdp xem xet Ben canh do, Chinh phu Etiopia
cung sft dung cdng cu gido due, tap hudn va
nhiing cdng cu cung cap dpng luc (incentive)
cho ngudi tidu dung dd ho trg hipu qua cho cac
cdng cu chinh
UNESCAP da phat tridn mpt dy an khu vye
ve "Nhung lua chgn chinh sach d l thuc ddy tinh
ben vftng cua md hinh tieu thu trong khu vuc
chdu A - Thai Binh Duang bdng each kit ndi
cac gia tri vdn hod vd phong each sdng Iruyen
thdng" Du an dugc bao trg bdi Chinh phft
Han Qudc de tiep ndi MCED lan Ihft 5 nhu la
mpt phuong Ihftc dp dung khdi niem tang
frudng xanh
Hoat dpng cua dy an dd chftng minh nhirng
CO hpi thuc ddy tidu dung ben vimg d khu vye
chau A - Thai Binh Duong thdng qua cdi thien
hieu qua sinh thai cua cac md hinh tang trudng
kinh te Chinh sach nha nudc ddng vai trd quan
trgng trong viec khai thac nhiimg tidm nang cua:
i) nhftng md hinh tieu thu dugc dua ra bdi cac
chinh sach can Ihiep lien tuc; ii) ddu tu cho co
sd ha tdng ben viing; iii) cdc quy dinh cho vide
cai thidn hieu qua sinh ihdi cua tieu dung; iv) ldi
sdng truydn thdng vd cac gid Iri vdn hod Dy an
cung dua ra cac ggi y lft qua trinh tu van khu
vuc v l san xuat vd tieu dftng ben vftng
4 Nh&ng thach thuc va ggi y chinh sach
Cftng vdi qua Irinh day manh cdng nghiep
hod vd dd thi hod, va hdi nhap qudc tl, phuomg
Ihftc tieu dung cua ngudi dan cd nhieu nguy ca
khdng hudng tdi sy phai trien bin vftng Sau mdt ihdi gian dal dugc mftc ldng tmdng cao, mdt mat mftc tieu dung cua dan cu da dugc cai thien, mat khdc phuang thftc lieu dung cua dan
cu da bpc lp mpi sd xu hudng anh hudng tieu cyc tdi trien vgng phdt Irien ben viing
Thii: nhdi, md hinh tidu dftng cua mpt bp
phdn dan cu, Irudc het d cac do thi van cdn nang ve tieu diing truyen thdng, sft dung nguyen lieu thd chua qua che bidn, su dung nhieu hdng hda chat lugng thap, khdng cd lgi cho viec tiet kidm lai nguydn va phdt tridn bin vung, Tidu dftng phd Iruang, lang phi ngay cdng phd bien trong mpt sd tang ldp dan cu,
di ngugc lai vdi ldi sdng liet kidm, gdn gui vd hai hod vdi thien nhien
Thu hai, tieu dung ndng lugng cho sinh boat
va giao thdng van tdi ldng ldn ddn den vide tieu thu nhieu than va xdng dau hom so vdi Irudc day ldm ldng mftc d nhidm mdi imdng Trong khi
dd, cdc dang nang lugng sach cd lidm ndng ldn
d Viet Nam va cd the sft dung phd bidn d quy
md gia dinh nhu nang lugng mat trdi, gid, thuy dien nhd, biogas cdn il dugc nghien cftu, ftng dung vd phd cap
Thu ba, trong vide lieu diing hang hod, linh
trang sft dung ldng phi tai nguyen cho rapt sd nhu cdu khdng hgp ly da bat ddu phd bien Sd lugng hdng xa xi dugc san xuat, nhap khau va lieu dung tang len vdi tdc dp khdng lucmg xftng vdi raftc sdng cdn thdp vd khd ndng thu nhdp cua dan cu Cac loai nguydn vdl lieu khdng tai che va khd phdn buy thai ra ngay cang nhieu
Thu lit, mdt bd phdn ddn cu con dang sdng
dudi ngudng ngheo, chua dap ftng dii nhumg nhu cdu ca ban cua minh ve nhiing hang hod lieu dung vd dich vu ihiet yeu Ngheo ddi la mpt Irong nhumg nguyen nhdn gay nen linh trang khai Ihdc bfta bai, sft dung lang phi va khdng hgp ly lai nguyen thien nhien Nd cung can trd viec thyc hien nhung each thftc tieu
Trang 8dung cd hieu qua nhdm gdp phan phat trien
ben viing han'
Qua frinh toan cdu hod tiep tuc md rpng tren
toan khu vuc se keo theo sy gia tang qita cac md
hinh tieu dung khdng bdn viing, khi do cac
nudc dang phdt frien nhu Viet Nam cdn phai cd
chinh sach ngay tft nhiing giai doan dau cfta sy
phdt frien de phdng tranh sy xam nhdp cua cac
md hinh tieu thu khdng ben viing
Nhiing hinh mdu thyc thi cac chlnh sdch ihftc
day lieu dung ben viing (Irong chuong trinh
tdng the lieu dung ben viing vd sdn xudt ben
viing) d cac qudc gia fren deu cd diem chung
Dd la, i) sy hinh Ihanh khung phdp ly lao dieu
kien cho chinh phu thyc thi cac chuang frinh
qudc gia ve tieu dung ben viing do qudc hdi ban
hanh; ii) Chinh phu xdy dyng vd thuc Ihi (ddng
bp) chuomg trinh qudc gia vd tidu dftng vd sdn
xuat ben vung
Mpt td chftc, cd the la lien bp, dugc thanh
lap de thiet ke, thuc thi, theo doi va ddnh gia
chuang trtnh qudc gia ve tieu dung va san xftdl
ben viing Ca quan ndy xay dyng chuomg frinh hoat dpng khung, fren ca sd luat va cdc vdn bdn dudi lual lien quan den tieu dung va san xudt bin vimg dugc qudc hpi thdng qua
Chuomg frinh qudc gia ve tieu dung va san xudt b i n vftng deu dugc cdc chinh phu xay dyng, dieu chinh nham phu hgp vdi bdi cdnh va trinh dp phat friln ridng cd cua mdi qudc gia do Cdc cdng cy su dung cd the la nhftng cdng cu kinh t l (phi, thul, chilt khau ); cdng cu chinh sdch (cac quy dinh, vdn ban cam hay cho phep, khuyin khich ); cdng cu xa hpi (fruyen thdng
xa hpi, cac iham van cua cdc Id chftc xa hpi ) Mpt dilm chdc chdn dd dara bao su thanh cong cua chuomg frinh la phdi ket hgp ddng bp cac cdng cu dd frong qua frinh thuc thi
Ddi vdi radi thanh phdn cdng cu, can dinh ro cdc rauc lieu phai dat dugc Ben canh do, can cd khung danh gia, vdi nhihig thudc do cu the dam bao do ludng dugc muc tieu va dam bao muc lieu dd Id kha thi vdi trinh dp phat trien cua qudc gia frong tuang lai (khi den thdi diem danh gia)*
Tai lieu tham khao:
1 Antonietta Di Giulio, Daniel Fischer, Martina Schdfer and Birgit Bldttel-Mink (2014):
Conceptualizing sustainable consumption: toward an integrative framework, Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy, Spring 2014, Volume 10, Issue 1, pp 45-61
2 David Evans and Tim Jackson, (2008): Sustainable Consumption: Perspectives from Social and Cultural Theory, RESOLVE Working Paper 05-08
3 KEITI (2014): Policy Handbooj for Sustainable Consumption and Production of Korea,
Korea Environmental Industry and Technology
4 OECD (2002): Towards Sustainable Household Consumption? Trends and Policies in OECD Countries, Policy Brief
5 UNEP (2005): Advancing Sustainable Consumption in Asia: A Guidance Manual, United
Naiion Enviromnenl Programme
6 Vanessa Tiraraer, Emmanuel Prinet, Dagmar Timmer, (2009): Sustainable Household Consumption, Key considerations and elements for a Canadian Strategy
' Chinh phli (2004)' Dinh hir<3ng chign lirgc phat triin bin virng a ViSt Nam