Cú pháp hình thái học

Cú pháp – Hình thái học MORPHOLOGY MORPHEME (hình vị) Hình vị là đơn vị nhỏ nhất có nghĩa hoặc chức năng ngữ pháp VD cats (2 hình vị) (cat có nghĩa) (s chức năng ngữ pháp) Reading Phân loại Dựa theo h.

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Cú pháp – Hình thái học

MORPHOLOGY

MORPHEME (hình vị)

Hình vị là đơn vị nhỏ nhất có nghĩa hoặc chức năng ngữ pháp

VD: cats (2 hình vị) (cat: có nghĩa) (s: chức năng ngữ pháp)

Reading

Phân loại:

Dựa theo hình thái: (form)

- Free morpheme (hình vị tự do): là hình vị có thể đứng 1 mình.

Ex: honest, possess, study, girl, danger

- bound morpheme (hình vị ràng buộc): không thể đứng 1 mình

Ex: dishonest = dis (B) + honest (F)

malfuntion, unhappy,

Dựa theo ý nghĩa: (meaning)

- Roots/ bases (căn tố): yếu tố gốc

Ex: honest, happy, cat,

- Affix (phụ tố): là yếu tố phụ, bị ràng buộc

Ex: cats, dishonest, unhappy,

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inter/nation/al/ize

Từ là đơn vị nhỏ nhất có thể hoạt động trong câu

- Simple words: từ đơn = 1 hình vị

Ex: fan, table,

- Complex words: từ phức = 2 hình vị (trong đó có 1 hình vị ràng buộc)

Ex: tele vise , tele phone

- Compound words: từ ghép = 2 hình vị tự do

Ex: blackboard, school-girl,

Ex2: swimming teacher, white house,

BT:

Greenhouse:

unbelive:

swimming:

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PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION (quá trình tạo từ)

a COMPOUNDING (kết hợp từ)

Kết hợp từ 2 hay nhiều từ trở lên

Home + work = homework

Pick + pocket = pickpocket

- sunflower, skateboard, whitewash

- school- girl, red-hot, self-help

- high school, cat lover

Compound nouns, Compound verbs, Compound adjectives

b DERIVATION (phái sinh từ)

automobile – auto cleric – clerk

cabriolet – cab examination – exam

d ACRONYMY (viết tắt từ)

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Viết tắt chữ cái đầu tiên:

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

RADA: radio detecting and ranging

NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

TOEFL: Test of English as a foreign language

UN or U.N (United Nations)

e BLENDING (nối từ)

nối phần đầu tiên của một từ với phần cuối cùng của một từ khácbreakfast + lunch  Brunch

smoke + fog  Smog

television + marathon  telethon

modulator + demodulator Modem

Spanish + English  Spanish

Motor + hotel = Motel

Wireless + Fedility = Wi-fi

Sheep + Goal = shoat

f BACK FORMATION (hình thành lược sau)

một từ có xu hướng lược bỏ hình vị sau

editor (1649) à edit (1791)

television (1907) à televise (1927)

Paramedical (1921) à paramedic (1967)

Bài tập

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The word ‘truth’ is a word

Chọn một câu trả lời đúng:

a simple

b compound

c complex

The word ‘apparatus’ is a _ word

The process of word formation in ‘ baby-sitter => baby-sit’ is:

a back-formation

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The original word of ‘childhood’ is:

a child + hood

b child

c child + manhood

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d childish + hood

The word ‘oxen’ is a word

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a compounding

b clipping

c blending

d derivation

The original word of ‘friendship’ is:

a friend

b friend + shipping

c friend + ship

d friendly

FORM-CLASSIFICATION (phân loại từ)

The word classes can be put into three groups:

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- Structure-classes (Cấu trúc)

1 Qualifiers: (lượng từ) very, much, many, a lot, great, full,

2 Prepositions: (giới từ) at, on, to, in, before, after, because, due to,

* ing prepositions: assuming, beginning, barring, concerning, considering, during, following, including, involving, pending regarding, succeeding

Ex: Concerning the weather, the trip should be canceled

Coming home late, I found a man in my room

3 Determiners: (định từ) the, a, an, this, that, these, those, her, my,

* quantifying determiners — some, every, most, no, any, both, half,

5 Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns: -self –selves

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Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another

Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, those, these

Indefinite pronouns: some, any,

+ someone, somebody, somewhere, something, somehow

+ anyone, anybody, anywhere, anything

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS: WHO, WHOM, WHOSE

- Positional classes (Vị trí)

Nominal: stand in the position of nouns

Verbal: stand in the position of verbs

Adjectival: stand in the position of adjectives

Adverbial:: stand in the position of adverbs

SYNTAX

Phrase

A very big black dog sleeping soundly in a corner of the roomThere are five main kinds of phrases: noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, and preposition phrase

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[NP Two of my guests] have arrived.

[NP The first to arrive] was John

Ex: All the many very beautiful girls with hats at the party

2 Verb phrase

Ex: Tam has been living in this city for more than 10 years Ex: Mai has been learning English for 3 years.

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• FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERB PHRASE

- Finite verb (Động từ giới hạn): thể hiện thì, người và số lượng hay Các động

từ có ngôi (hay còn gọi là “các động từ giới hạn)

 She was waiting in the room before he came in

 Does your brother know my brother?

- Non-finite verb (Động từ không giới hạn) : không thể hiện thì, người và số

lượng hay Các động từ không có ngôi (hay còn gọi là “các động từ không giới hạn)

 She tiptoed round the house so as not to wake anyone

 You need to paint the whole cupboard, starting from the bottom

Infinitive phrase

Ex: To live is to struggle.

Gerund phrase

Ex: Swimming is my hobby.

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Ex: I like swimming

Present Participle Phrase

phân từ hiện tại bắt đầu bằng một hiện tại phân từ (V-ing).

Ex

The boy sitting near the windows is my brother.

She smiling happily (Verb M)

Smiling happily, she said that she passed the exams

Past Participle Phrase

Bắt đầu bằng một quá khứ phân từ (ed or v3)

The child punished by his father run away from home.

Delayed by the weather, the train arrived two hours late.

Frightened, he left the room.

He came back, broken by loneliness.

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She is a very beautiful girl

She is very beautiful

I found her very helpful

On the beach is better than at home.

Our happy time is after dinner,

The view from above the shore is magnificent.

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17 By form the underlined part in ‘Swimming regularly is good for health.’ is a : Chọn một câu trả lời đúng:

a present participle phrase

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a past participle phrase

26 By form the underlined part in ‘C heating students will result in

consequences.” meaning the students who cheat in exams is a/an _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng:

a Present participial phrase

b Gerund phrase

c Adverd phrase

d Noun phrase

27 By form the underlined part in “C heating students will result in

consequences.” the act of cheating students is a/an _.

a Present participial phrase

b Gerund phrase

c Noun phrase

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d Verb phrase

28 By form the underlined part in “On behalf of all fellow graduates, I'd like to

express our gratitude for all your help.” can be analyzed as .

a Prepositional phrase

b Adverb phrase

c Verb phrase

d Infinitive phrase

29 By form the underlined part in “On behalf of all fellow graduates, I'd like to

express our gratitude for all your help.” can be analyzed as .

a Prepositional phrase

b Adverb phrase

c Infinitive phrase

d Verb phrase

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Một mệnh đề danh từ được sử dụng giống như một danh từ.

- Question words: when, why, where, how, who, whom, what, which, whose

- whether, if

- that

• Ex:

I know that you pass the exam

That you pass the exam makes your parents happy

Tell me when you leave

FUNCTIONS OF NOUN CLAUSES

1.2.1 Object of Verb

Lan said (that) she liked to live in HCMC

I know ( that) you are the champion

He told me (that) we could park it at the railway station

He asked me where I live.

1.2.2 Subject

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What you are doing is very complex

What you want seems good

(linking verb)

1.2.3 Object of preposition

They laughed at what we said

They were thankful for what you did

The fact that the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone

The news that he told you was not true.

1.2.6 Complement of adjective

She is very glad that you are able to come

I am afraid that we lost

2 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Một mệnh đề tính từ là một mệnh đề phụ thuộc bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ.who(m), which, that

whose, where, when

FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES:

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Modifier of a Noun

She is the finest woman that ever lived.

The company hires only men who have experience.

I remember the day we first met each other.

It was a cigarette-end that caused that fire last night.

3 ADVERB CLAUSE

Một mệnh đề trạng ngữ là một mệnh đề phụ thuộc

Nó thực hiện công việc của một trạng từ

TIME: after, before, when, while, as, by the time (that), since, until,

as soon as, once, as/so long as, whenever, every time (that), the first time (that), the last time (that), the next time (that)

I’ll have finished by the time you require

When it rains, I usually go to school by bus.

Everytime that you lose it, (you) sing it for the world

MANNER : as, as if, as though, in that

She behaved as she was a famous person.

PLACE : where, wherever

Put it back where you find it

I ‘ll go wherever you go

REASON: because, since, as, now that…

I was late because my alarm didn’t go off this morning.

PURPOSE: so that , in order that, in case…

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Pavlov rang the bell so that the dog would salivate.

RESULT/EFFECT: so… that (so+adj/adv+ that);

such…that (such+ N+ that)

FUNCTIONS OF ADVERB CLAUSES:

Một mệnh đề trạng ngữ bổ sung cho một động từ hoặc một câu

When he arrives, the band will play Sealed with a kiss.

The work stops when it rains.

We will not have school tomorrow unless the snow lets up

9 By form the underlined part in ‘Who you are is what I want to know’ is a : Chọn một câu trả lời đúng:

a noun clause

b adjective clause

c adverb clause

10 By form the underlined part in ‘Whether we are going for a picnic again

is the question he’s always asking.’ is a :

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15 By form the underlined part in ‘I’ll live where you live.’ is a :

a adverb clause

b adjective clause

c noun clause

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BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS

TYPES OF SENTENCES by functions

- Câu thông báo (statement)

- Câu hỏi (question)

Jane, who always drives fast, bought an Audi

Whales, which cannot breathe under water, have lungs instead of gills.Whales cannot breathe under water because they have lungs instead of gills

BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS

Example: Food is good

Pattern 2 NOUN BE ADVERB

LINKING VERB (Pattern 4 and 5)

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Pattern 4 N LV ADJ

Ex: The acrobat seems young.

The party may become lively

Pattern 5

NOUN1 LINKING VERB NOUN1

My sister remained an outstanding student

Pattern 6: NOUN INTRANSITIVE VERB

Girls smile happily

TRANSITIVE VERB (Patterns 7, 8, 9)

Pattern 7:

NOUN1 TRANSITIVE VERB NOUN2

The boy caught a ball

Pattern 8:

The mother bought the girl a dress

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6 Participle phrase in –ing

Considering the circumstances, he was lucky to escape alive.

Present.PP/M of S/Av-al

7 Relative in -ever

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Wherever she is, I will find her.

The green hat particularly Adv./M of N/Aj-al

Noun Phrase Adjectival

The meeting last night

Prepositional Phrase Adjectival

The students in the class

Participle or Participial Phrase, -ing, Adjectival

The woman weeping was escorted to the door.

The hawk, spotting his prey, swooped to the meadow.

Participle or Participial Phrase, -ed, Adjectival

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They refused to pay the money demanded PastP/M of N/Aj-al The snow, driven by the wind, sifted through the cracks

PastPP/M of N/Aj-al

Infinitive Phrase Adjectival, to

I have lesson to study Inf.P/M of N/Aj-al

Relative Clause Adjectival

The old carpenter, who had been laying the floor, stood up and

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SOME SYNTACTIC DETAILS

COMPLEMENT

1.1Complement of Adjectives

I fear that they are lost NC/ DO/ Nal

I am fearful that they are lost NC/Complement of Adj/ Nal

He was hopeful of a change PP/ Complement of Adj/ Nal

He was hesitant to see her Inf.P/ Complement of Adj./ Nal

I am happy that you are here NC/Complement of Adj/ Nal

1.2Complement of Noun

Clause as a complement of the noun

I fear that they are lost NC/DO/Nal

My fear that they are lost came true.

NC/Comp of noun/Nal

1.3 Complement in –ing and to

He wanted to stop trying to postpone working

THE EXPLETIVE IT

Nó thay thế cho chủ ngữ thực, ở sau trong câu như trong

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It is nice that you could come

It is hard to see the difference

The underlined part in “He’s coming today in spite of the fact that I told him I didn’t want him.” can be analyzed as _.

a NP / DO / Nal

b Av / M / Aval

c AvP / M / Aval

d A / SC / Nal

The underlined part in “Whether we are going for a picnic again is a question he

is always asking.” can be analyzed as _.

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The underlined part in “We will delay the papers, pending arrival of the

contract.” can be analyzed as _.

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The underlined part in “I wasn’t happy at school until I found I had the ability to make people laugh.” can be analyzed as _.

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