Tài liệu Delta''''s key to the toefl test part 24 doc

“se omit the subject of the clause °~« omit the auxiliary verbs, if there are any > change the verb to its -ing form Note: Use the —ing form present participle when the adverb phrase i

Adverb Clause:

When a substance undergoes a slow oxidation, the substance can burst into flame

Adverb Phrase:

When undergoing a slow oxidation, a substance can burst into flame

Adverb Clause:

Benjamin Franklin invented many things while he was working as a printer

Adverb Phrase:

Benjamin Franklin invented many things while working as a printer,

- To reduce an adverb clause to an adverb phrase:

`

Aw

Se

`

Z4

m

“se omit the subject of the clause

°~« omit the auxiliary verbs, if there are any

> change the verb to its -ing form

Note: Use the —ing form (present participle) when the adverb phrase is in the active voice Use

the —ed form (past participle) when the adverb phrase is in the passive voice (See 2.6),

These rules apply to verbs in any tense

Active Voice:

Frank Sprague developed the elevator after he had improved the electric motor

Frank Sprague developed the elevator after improving the electric motor

Passive Voice:

Since it was discovered, penicillin has been used to treat bacterial infections

Since discovered, penicillin has been used to treat bacterial infections

Note: When reducing adverb clauses that begin with because, when, or while, you can sometimes

omit the subordinator as well as the subject

Adverb Clause:

Because it was once considered a dangerous predator, the wolf has been hunted to

near—extinction

Adverb Phrase:

Once considered a dangerous predator, the wolf has been hunted to near—extinction

Adverb Clause:

When she returned to her native city, Kate Chopin began to write the stories for which she

is noted

DELtA’s KEY TO THE TOEFL® Test 225

2.11 ADVERB CLAUSES AND PHRASES

Adverb Phrase:

Returning to her native city, Kate Chopin began to write the stories for which she is noted

Note: An adverb clause cannot be reduced if the adverb clause and main clause have different

subjects The following sentence cannot be reduced:

Wherever ornamental grasses are used, the garden will have a finished look

4 Some of the answer choices may try to trick you by having an incorrect subordinator Look at this

example:

The art of yoga began in India more than 2,000 years ago, - people discovered they could use a breathing exercise to develop focus

some

that

€3 asif

C) when

This sentence needs a word to connect the main clause to the second clause, which is an adverb

clause The first answer choice, some, is not a connecting word The second choice, that, is an

incorrect subordinator because it would make a noun clause (See 2.9)

The third and fourth choices, as if and when, can introduce adverb clauses Which one is more

appropriate for this context? The fourth choice, when, best completes this sentence because it

introduces adverb clauses of time

5 Some of the answer choices may try to trick you by having an incorrectly formed adverb phrase

Look at this example:

mm Becquerel’s work with radioactivity, Marie Curie began to study uranium

C> She followed C) Followed

C) Following C) It follows

This sentence begins with an adverb phrase that is in the active voice Therefore, the adverb

phrase needs the —ing form of the verb The third answer choice, Following, best completes the

sentence, which should read: Following Becquerel’s work with radioactivity, Marie Curie began

to study uranium

Why are the other three answer choices incorrect?

224 DELTA'e Key 10 THE TOEFL® Test

"Ye PRACTICE

3

Exercise 2.11.A

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

1 - golf became increasingly accessible to

Americans after World War II, the game

achieved popularity with both average people

and professional players

CA) So

CB) As if

CO As

©) That

2 The spider called “daddy longlegs” is

omnivorous, - plant fluids, animal

tissue, and other daddy longlegs

CAD feeding on

feeds on

Ce) is fed

Cp} to feed

3 Customers are entitled to receive additional

credit services - maintain their account

in good standing

CA) because of

they can

Ce) do they

(©) as long as they

4 Brasses are musical instruments that

produce tones -

CA) are lips buzzing the mouthpiece

if buzz the mouthpiece

Ce) lips buzz the mouthpiece

©) when lips buzz the mouthpiece

5 - songs in a wild falsetto, Little Richard

became a seminal figure in the birth of rock

and roll

CA) Pounding the piano and howling

To be pounding the piano and howling

Cc) He pounded the piano and howled

Cbd) The piano was pounded and howling

6 Prehistoric men hunted the hairy mammoth with spears and axes, - the animal’s body to a variety of uses

CA) later they put

to be later put Ce) later putting

Cp) they were putting later

7, e==== a surgeon in 1811, sixteen-year-old

John Keats soon met the writer Leigh Hunt and gave up surgery for poetry

SY

rae

Cc

a

PA\)

m

(A) To be apprenticed Apprenticed to

Ce) He was apprenticed to

(®) Apprenticeship to

8 Claude Debussy started the modern harmonic revolution in France, - not without help from other musical impressionists

Ca) although it was

CB) because of

Ce) since (@) unless he did

9 - to within thirty feet of its victim, the Siberian tiger pounces and grabs its prey

by the neck, with its back feet still firmly planted on the ground

CA) It creeps

When crept

Ce) Crept

©) Creeping

10 The Aztecs underwent a considerable period

of tutelage to the Toltecs, - the agriculture

and irrigation practiced by these people

CA) learned much of

C8) learning much of were learning much

@) much was learned

Answers to Exercise 2.11.A are on page 644,

Dewta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 225

2.11 ADVERB CLAUSES AND PHRASES

2.11 EXTENSION

1 Oral or written exercise In Exercise 2.11.A, students identify which sentences contain

adverb phrases (reduced clauses) Restate the adverb phrases as adverb clauses by adding

a subordinator and a subject and changing the verb, as necessary

2 In reading done outside class, students look for examples of adverb clauses and phrases

Bring examples to share in class Can any of the adverb clauses be reduced? If so, how?

3 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of adverb

clauses Students write their own sentences, or use sentences they find in print Omit

the subordinator in each adverb clause, and leave a blank space where it should be Write

the sentences either on the board or on cards, Classmates must complete the sentences

with an appropriate subordinator Use the list of subordinators on page 222

226 Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Tesr

2.12 Recognizing Conditionals

Q Focus

Read the following sentences:

If you study a foreign language, you have to learn both word meanings and

how to combine them into sentence meanings

The aurora borealis may appear as a soft glow along the northern horizon if

the base of its arc is beneath the horizon

A seedling will grow into a large, healthy tree as long as it can extend its

roots to a nearby soil pocket in the rocky landscape

SY

x

=

=

Ww

Lu

What is similar about the sentences?

Each of the sentences discusses a condition that will or may lead to a certain result In conditional

sentences, the condition is sometimes called the ifclause

In the first sentence, the condition is if you study a foreign language The result is you have to learn

both word meanings and how to combine them into sentence meanings: This is a statement of general

truth

In the second sentence, notice the location of the if-clause What is the condition? The condition is if

the base of its arc is beneath the horizon The result is the aurora borealis may appear as a soft glow

along the northern horizon This is a statement of probable truth

What is the condition in the third sentence? Here, the condition is not an if-clause; it is indicated by

as long as, which in this context has a similar meaning to if The condition is as long as it can extend

its roots to a nearby soil pocket in the rocky landscape What is the probable result?

All of the above examples are similar to the types of sentences you will see on the TOEFL

DELtA’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 227

4.12 CONDITIONALS

ụ DO YOU KNOW ?

Approximately one item on the TOEFL will test your ability to recognize a conditional sentence

You must be able to recognize correct and incorrect usage of the verbs, auxiliaries, and

subordinators in conditional sentences

2 Aconditional sentence is a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (the condition or

if-clause) and a main clause (the result clause) /fis a subordinator, and the if-clause is a type

of adverb clause (See 2.11)

The order of the i clause and the result clause can be reversed without a change in meaning

These two sentences have the same meaning:

If a submarine’s ballast tanks are flooded with water, its weight increases

The weight of a submarine increases if its ballast tanks are flooded with water

Note: When the if-clause comes first, it is followed by a comma

3 There are different types of conditional sentences to express differences in time (present, future,

past) and degree of reality or truth A situation is real if it is certain, probable or possible, and

unreal if it is unlikely or not true

Tense is important in conditional sentences Certain tenses and modals are commonly used with

the different types of conditional sentences

Types of conditional sentences:

Present Real:

Use the present real for scientific facts and general truths In present real conditionals, you can

change if to when without a change in meaning

If something vibrates faster than twenty times a second, we can hear it

Today, if Americans are traveling cross—country, they usually choose to fly

Today, when Americans are traveling cross—country, they usually choose to fly

Future Real:

Use the future real for situations that will certainly, probably or possibly happen in the present

or future

228 DeLta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Tesr

Ifa project makes money, the investors will receive some of the profits

The patient may need to consult an allergist if medicines have no effect

Past Real:

Use the past real for general truths or common occurrences in the past

Before 1950, Americans took the train if they were traveling cross—country

Present Unreal:

Use the present unreal for situations that are not real or are unlikely to happen in the present

or future

bì

Ma}

=

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Cc

VA\)

m

If energy decreased as machines worked, the machines would eventually

slow down and stop

(Meaning: Energy does not decrease as machines work, and machines will

not slow down and stop.)

Note: On the TOEFL, the were form of be is used in the if-clause for ail persons (first, second,

third):

If this patient were over sixty and overweight, he could have a heart attack

in the next five years

Past Unreal:

Use the past unreal for situations that did not happen

If their supply ship had arrived on time, the colonists at Roanoke might not have perished

(Meaning: The ship did not arrive on time, and the colonists perished.)

4, Conditional sentences can be in the passive voice:

If a sore throat is accompanied by a fever and swollen glands in the neck, it

may be caused by the streptococcus bacteria

If the principle of conservation of energy were suddenly erased from the

tule-book governing machines, then nothing would work

DELTA’s KEY TO THE TOEFL® Test 229

212 CONDITIONALS

5

230

Sometimes a conditional sentence on the TOEFL will have a subordinator other than if:

Banks will make a profit provided that they collect more interest than they pay out in loans

Unless the eggs are kept warm in a nest of vegetation, the young alligators will die

Note: unless + affirmative verb = if + negative verb

The above sentence could also be written like this:

if the eggs are not kept warm in a nest of vegetation, the young alligators will die

A TOEFL item may test you by having an incorrect form of the verb or auxiliary in a conditional

sentence Look at this example:

If she was not attached to a static line, which automatically opens the parachute, a sky diver can free-fall before pulling her rip cord

Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose

was not, you were correct because the auxiliary was is incorrect The main clause has a modal +

base—form verb: can free—fall, which tells you this situation is possible in the present or future

(future real) The if-clause should be in the present tense Correction: is not

A TOEFL item may test your ability to choose the correct subordinator in a conditional sentence

Look at this example:

—xr= a predator approaches, the plover performs a distraction display, pretending to have a broken wing

There is That

© Why

Or

You should be able to recognize this as a conditional sentence The simple present tense tells you

this is a statement of scientific fact—something that happens when a predator approaches (present

real)

The first answer choice has no subordinator The second and third choices have subordinators that

introduce noun clauses (See 2.9) The fourth choice best completes the sentence, which should

read: If a predator approaches, the plover performs a distraction display, pretending to have a

broken wing

DeLta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test

"eg PRACTICE

Exercise 2.12.4

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

1 If thunder is the atmosphere’s noisiest 4 If teachers communicate the “prophecy” that

production, lightning - its most dazzling certain students - in a certain manner, those

students may behave in the expected manner =

CD) was certainly Cc) will behave —

2, -ae information is encoded effectively in

the memory, it may not be easily recalled 5 Unless skill standards - as the basis for A

helping people move from school to work

CA) The

CD.) are accepted

3 Soil-covered lava lands usually support a

normal forest - enough water

CA) if there is

or if there is

Cc) there has been

Cp) there is also

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

6 If you have already plant your vegetable garden, you may want to make some changes in subsequent

A B

plantings to take advantage of natural companions for your vegetables

C D

7 A balloon will rise as long as the weight of the balloon and the air it contains was less than the

A B Cc

upthrust of the air it displaces

D

8 If you are living on a mile-wide comet in the Kuiper Belt, another large comet would pass within

A B C

a million miles of you once a month

D

2.12 CONDITIONALS

9 In 1838 New York State passed the Free Banking Act, which allowed anyone to start a bank—as

A B Cc

long as that person has made certain promises

D

10 If the goal of education is to enhance both individual achievement and social progress, then the

A B

“shopping mall colleges” should been replaced with colleges that are true learning communities

C D

Answers to Exercise 2.12.A are on page 644

1 In Exercise 2.12.A, students determine whether each situation is (a) present, future, or

past, (b) real (certain, probable, possible) or unreal (unlikely or untrue)

2 In reading done outside class, students look for examples of conditional sentences Bring

examples to share in class Identify the condition clauses Discuss whether the situations

are certain, probable, possible, unlikely, or untrue

3 Conditional chain Each student writes a condition clause (begin with if or as Jong as)

using the verb in (a) below Pass your paper to the person on your left On the paper you

now have, finish the sentence Then, write a condition clause with verb (b) Pass your

paper to the person on your left Continue through (f) When you finish the last sentence,

pass your paper to the person on your left Choose a sentence from your paper and read

it to the class

(a)see (b)don’tlike (e) fel (d) felt (e)changed = (f) had changed

4 Spoken conditional chain Perform activity #3 as an oral exercise Students can use the

verbs above in #3 or generate their own list of verbs One student recites an if/-clause,

and a different student completes the sentence orally A third student changes the sentence

from real to unreal, or vice versa, and then begins a new sentence by reciting an if-clause

252 Dewta’s KEY 10 THE TOEFL® Test