Tài liệu Delta''''s key to the toefl test part 21 doc

The main clause of a sentence is also called an independent clause because it can stand alone as a sentence, without the help of another clause.. A-subordinate clause contains a subject

A “marked deck” is one in which the backs of the playing cards have been altered slightly to allow

a player read their values illegally

D

The upstop wheels of a roller coaster lock the cars to the track, and the guide wheels are used for

to glide on straightaways and hills

Chromatographic devices generate so much data that chemists frequently must use computers to

Cc

Investment money means to put it into some business project such as operating a mine, building ki

Answers to Exercises 2.7.A through 2.7.B are on pages 640 and 641

2.7 EXTENSION

7a a ET |

1 In reading done outside class, students look for sentences with infinitives and gerunds

Bring examples to share in class Determine whether each infinitive and gerund is used

as a subject, object, adverb, adjective, or object of a preposition Can any of the infinitives

be rewritten as gerunds, or vice versa?

2 Students practice speaking and writing sentences using verbs from the verb + infinitive

and verb + gerund lists on pages 188 and 189

3 Discuss the difference in meaning between:

(a) forget to say, forget saying (b) stop to listen, stop listening

2.6 Recognizing Main and Subordinate Clauses

Q Focus

Read the following TOEFL item What does this sentence need?

Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, where -

that organ’s thick walls

it forms forms

is forming

This sentence has two clauses A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb The first

clause is Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart The second clause, beginning with where, needs a

subject and a verb

The answer is the first choice The clause should read: where it forms that organs thick walls

Now, read another TOEFL item What does this sentence need?

Teen of deuterium and tritium are fused, they produce a nucleus containing two protons and three neutrons

The nuclei

In the nuclei Which the nuclei

This sentence also has two clauses Every clause must have a subject and a verb The first clause has a

verb, are fused, but it needs a subject

The answer is the fourth choice The sentence should read: When the nuclei of deuterium and tritium

are fused, they produce a nucleus containing two protons and three neutrons

Why are the other three answer choices incorrect?

194 DELTA'e Key To THE TOEFL® Tesr

© DO YOU KNOW ?

1 At least one item on the TOEFL will test your ability to recognize main and subordinate clauses

You must be able to determine where subjects, verbs, and subordinators are needed in clauses and

sentences

2 The main clause of a sentence is also called an independent clause because it can stand alone as

a sentence, without the help of another clause A main clause contains a subject and a verb and

expresses a complete idea All complete sentences have at least one main clause

Main Clause:

The steam turbine was invented by Charles Parsons in 1884

A sentence with only one clause is called a simple sentence The above sentence is a simple

sentence A sentence with two or more independent clauses is called a compound sentence Ina

compound sentence, you can join the independent clauses with a comma and a conjunction such

as and, but, or, so, and yet

o

x

=

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an

aw

a

Compound Sentence:

The first mercury thermometer was invented by the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit,

and the Fahrenheit temperature scale bears his name

Can you identify the subject + verb structures in the above sentence?

(Answers: The first mercury thermometer was invented; the Fahrenheit temperature scale bears)

3 A-subordinate clause contains a subject and a verb but does not express a complete idea A

subordinate clause is an incomplete sentence; it cannot stand alone You must connect it to a main

clause by using a subordinating word, which is also called a subordinator Because a subordinate

clause depends on a main clause to express a complete idea, it is sometimes called a dependent

clause

Subordinate Clauses:

that a boat displaces water

who governed the ancient Nile lands

because it is hollow

In the subordinate clauses above, the subordinators are: that, who, and because Can you identify

the subject + verb structure in each clause?

(Answers: a boat displaces; who governed; it is)

A sentence with at least one subordinate clause is called a complex sentence

Complex Sentence:

As electronic technology rapidly developed, the transistor gave way to the integrated circuit

Note: When the subordinate clause comes first, it is followed by a comma

Subordinators signal the beginning of a subordinate clause In the following sentences, circle _

the words that are subordinators

a In 1924 Congress passed the Johnson—Reed Act, which severely restricted immigration

b Because sunglasses filter light, they are absolutely essential for snow travel

c People who speak to animals are apparently under the impression that the animal understands what is being said

(Answers: a which; b Because; c who, that, what)

Can you see why subordinators are sometimes called clause markers?

There are three kinds of subordinate clauses, and each will be reviewed later in this book:

Noun Clause (2.9):

What predicts life satisfaction in middle adulthood has been the subject of much research on young adults

Adjective Clause (2.10):

The discovery of fire, which happened in Africa about a million years ago, provided heat for cooking and warmth

Adverb Clause (2.11):

As the Yellowstone River moves eastward through the prairies, it picks up the waters of three other rivers

4 One clause can contain another clause This means that a subordinate clause can be part of

another clause Look at the underlined clause in this sentence:

Economists believe that investment takes place because investors decide that the economy will get more consumption tomorrow if it sacrifices consumption today

The underlined clause contains two other subordinate clauses:

that the economy will get more consumption tomorrow

if it sacrifices consumption today

In the underlined part of the above sentence, circle the subordinator and underline the subject +

verb structure in each clause

(Answers: Subordinator: because; 8 + V: investors decide; subordinator: that; S + V: the

economy will get; subordinator: if; S + V: it sacrifices)

Every clause in a sentence must have a subject and a verb A test item may try to trick you

by having a main or subordinate clause in which the subject or verb is missing Look at this

example:

Telescopes and microscopes upgrade the lenses in our eyes to reveal the

extraordinary amount of fine detail that actually present in light rays

Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose

actually present, you were correct Why? The word that is a subordinator It tells you that

actually present in light rays is a subordinate clause All clauses must have a verb Correction:

actually is present or is actually present

A test item may try to confuse you by having the “false” subject it or there (See 2.1) Look at this

example:

Although the jaguar has a reputation as a man-eater, - numerous

stories about people being followed by jaguars for long distances without

being attacked

in the

= there

C 3 there are

C) and

In this sentence, Although the jaguar has a reputation as a man—eater is a subordinate clause

The main clause needs a subject and a verb The first answer choice would turn the clause into a

prepositional phrase The second and fourth choices do not contain a verb Only the third choice

contains a subject and a verb: there are

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+

c

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c

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If there is the “false” subject of a clause, you can rewrite the clause by using the verb exist

For example: numerous stories exist about people being followed by jaguars for long distances

without being attacked

Look at another example:

—~—=—= recessions and high unemployment are extremely costly to a

nation’s economy

Apparent that now Now it apparent That is apparent now

C_) It is now apparent that

If you chose none of the above answers, the clause could stand alone as a complete sentence

because it is an independent clause However, the TOEFL will expect you to choose from among

the answer choices

The first choice, Apparent that now, is an adjective + subordinator structure, which cannot begin

a sentence The second choice, Now it apparent, is an incomplete clause because it has a subject

but no verb The third choice, That is apparent now, is a main clause; if you chose it, the sentence

would have two incorrectly joined main clauses

DELrA'2 KEY 10 THE TOEFL® Test 197

The answer is the fourth choice, It is now apparent that, which becomes the main clause and

turns the other clause, recessions and high unemployment are extremely costly to a nation’s

economy, into a subordinate clause

On the TOEFL, there or it will often appear as the subject of a clause

7 A test item may try to trick you with a distracting introductory phrase or appositive (See 2.2)

Look at this example:

Rudolph Valentino, the top male star of the 1920s, - Italian immigrant who was earning his living as a tango dancer when he was cast in his first film

© an

C 3 the C) was an C) who an

You must check that every clause has a subject and verb The main clause of this sentence is

Rudolph Valentino ~ Italian immigrant This clause also contains an appositive, the top male

star of the 1920s, which describes the subject, Rudolph Valentino When you are careful not to

let the appositive distract you, you can easily see that the main clause needs a verb Only the

third answer choice, was an, contains a verb

ly 2 er PRACTICE

Exercise 2.8.A

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

1 The Harvest Moon, the full moon nearest the 3 On some sailboats - a tiller instead

autumnal equinox, - a period of several of a wheel for steering

days when the moon rises soon after sunset

CA) there is

CD) brings

4 Even before - , Spain had begun to devise

2 Like the end of the Paleozoic era, - an administrative system to control its empire

marked by widespread extinction of species in the New World

CA) of the Mesozoic was CA) to be over the heroic age

was the end of the Mesozoic it the heroic age

Cc) the end of the Mesozoic was Ce) was the heroic age over

the end was of the Mesozoic the heroic age was over

5 After banks have determined how much the 7 The terminus of the Northeast Passage, -

money of one country is worth in another, a major ice-free port and base for naval and

Na people from both places exchange one fishing vessels

type of money for another

CA) Murmansk

to help Ce) Murmansk is

Ce) and they help (@) is Murmansk

©) they help

8 - , founded in 1837, that was the first ì

6, - limits on the dollar amount of contributions institution of higher education for women i

CA) There Mount Holyoke College ¬

CD Why there may be It was Mount Holyoke College a

7

m

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

9 Fixed bridges do not moving parts, while movable bridges, such as lift bridges and drawbridges,

either lift or swing open

10 A jointed—arm robot can perform complex actions because the various sections of its arm around

six joints, each of which is driven by an electro—hydraulic system

Answers to Exercise 2.8.A are on page 641

q & EXTENSION

ree TI TEE

1 In Exercise 2.8.A, students identify main and subordinate clauses In clauses where it

or there is the “false” subject, identify the true subject

2 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of where

subjects and verbs are needed in clauses Students write their own sentences or use

sentences they find in print Include a lot of sentences with more than one clause Omit

the subject of a clause and leave a blank space where it should be Classmates must

complete the sentences by supplying an appropriate subject

3 Do activity #2 again, but this time omit a verb, and leave a blank space where it should

be Write four possible “answers” (one of them must be correct!), Each student contributes

one “TOEFL item” to a student-made quiz that can be given to the whole class

De.ta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 199

ASSESSING PROGRESS — 2.7 through 2.8

Quiz 3 (Time — 10 minutes)

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

1 The first engine - heat to drive a machine 5 em crude hydrocarbons into such products

was the steam engine as gasoline and petrochemicals is at the heart

of the petroleum industry

CA) made use of

CB to make use of CAD Refine

of using Refined

@) Refining

2 The enormous size of full-grown mammoths

meant that - to attack them 6, - slow changes in the distribution of

the earth’s magnetic field

most fearless men dared the only

only the most fearless men dared CA) The

Ce) to dare the most fearless men only CB) How the

(®) dared only the most fearless men Do the

(> There are

3 Traditional religious beliefs are dominant in

Cameroon, but - large minorities of 7 The hummingbird’s agility in flight lets it

Christians and Muslims, ——— from flower to flower like an insect

CAD there CA) flit

Cc) there are Ce) to flit

@) are Co) flitted

4 An important function of banks - 8 Though built on a bend in the Mississippi

international trade and investments River, - protected by a series of levees

CA) promote CA) New Orleans is

CB) to promote is New Orleans

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

9 Although Nathaniel Ward remained in the American colonies only thirteen years before return to

England, he left his mark by writing the first code of laws for Massachusetts

10 Mozart’s genius was evident during his lifetime, and his compositions continue exert a particular

fascination for musicians and music lovers

11 The gray whale feeds by stirring up mud in shallow water, sucking in the water, and use its baleen ¬

as a filter to trap prey while forcing the mud and water back out of its mouth Q

TAN

12 In 1920 the U S Census revealed that more people in cities than on farms, and usually they left m

the former and reached the latter by automobile

13 In the Hquid-fuel rocket, the purpose of the valves is copfrol the flow of the propellants, enabling

the engine to work at different degrees of power

D

14, Although pocket gophers damage crops, their tunneling aerates the soil, which helps conserve

ground water and preventing erosion

D

15, The British began setting up new industries in India such as mills to process cotton and factories

for extract indigo for dye

D

Answers to Structure Quiz 3 are on page 641

ASSESSING PROGRESS — 2.1 through 2.8

Quiz 4 — REVIEW (Time — 15 minutes)

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1 In an experiment, octopuses were trained to distinguished between shapes and also to recognize

objects by touch

D

2 Because of the increasing amount of panhandling on city streets, travelers are advised not to carry

many cash but to rely on traveler’s checks or credit cards

3 The first part of a plant’s scientific name always capitalized and is usually assigned to a number

of species with many characteristics in common

D

4 As a zipper is opened, the triangular upper wedge in slide detaches the teeth and forces them apart

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

5 Because their instructors are highly trained 7 The ancient Egyptians constructed the

professionals, - many efforts at Great Pyramid by using - „ the first

innovative teaching within community colleges principle of technology to be put to work

CA) there CA) inclined plane

CB) the inclined plane

CB there are

202

CD and are

6 One purpose of the African elephant’s

enormous ears is - a stream of air

over the animal’s body, like a fan

CAD create

CB) created

to create

©) creation

©) with the inclined plane

While some monarchs tried to prohibit coffee, Frederick the Great of Prussia

me it

CA) had decide to simply tax

to decide simply taxing Ce) simply decided to tax

©) simply deciding to tax

De.ta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test