Tài liệu Delta''''s key the toefl test part 46 pdf

Where in the passage does the author Franklin could best be described as mention a scientific experiment.. CA the history of American housing CB a popular American house style Ca Decora

Quiz 7

ASSESSING PROGRESS — 3.5 through 3.6

Quiz 7 (Time — 13 minutes)

Read the following passages and choose the one best answer to each question Answer all questions on the

basis of what is stated or implied in that passage

QUESTIONS 1-4

The mathematics of chance, the mathematical description of randomness, is called the theory of probability Probability describes the predictable long-run patterns of

random outcomes

Toss a coin in the air Will it land heads or tails? It lands sometimes heads and

5 sometimes tails We cannot say what the next fall will be Perhaps you would argue that

the coin has an equal chance of falling heads or tails on the next toss

Suppose that we toss a coin not once but ten thousand times John Kerrich, an English mathematician, actually did this while a prisoner of World War II Kerrich’s first

ten tosses gave four heads, a proportion of 0.4 The proportion of heads increased to 0.5

10 after twenty tosses and to 0.57 after thirty tosses In a small number of tosses, the

proportion of heads fluctuates—it is still essentially unpredictable However, many

tosses will produce a smoothing effect A proportion of 0.507 resulted after Kerrich

threw the coin five thousand times Moreover, in all ten thousand trials, he again scored

0.507 of the total After many trials, the proportion of heads settled down to a fixed

15 number This number is the probability of a head

1 What is the purpose of the passage? 3 Where in the passage does the author

summarize Kerrich’s experiment?

CA) To illustrate a theory

To compare a theory and an experiment Ca) Lines 1-3

Ce) To outline a procedure CB) Lines 4-5

Co) To explain why a coin toss favors heads Ce) Lines 7-9

(> Lines 13-15

2 It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that

4 With which of the following statements CA) we cannot guess the result of a coin toss would the author most probably agree?

how a coin lands depends on its

monetary value CA) A coin toss is not an accurate way

Ce a coin has an equal chance of to predict probability

falling heads or tails John Kerrich’s experiment was scientifically

(@®) a coin has two sides: “heads” and “tails” unreliable because he was a prisoner

C> A large number of trials is necessary to determine the probability of an outcome

@) Ten coin tosses will produce the same outcome as ten thousand tosses

Quiz 7

QUESTIONS 5-10

10

15

20

Benjamin Franklin said many things we still say today, did many things we still talk about today, and created many things that called forth new American words:

postmaster, rocking chair, lightning rod, bifocals This practical, tinkering, mobile

American who had so many interests, was born in 1706, the fifteenth child of a Boston

soap and candle maker Apprenticed to a brother, a printer, Benjamin ran away to

Philadelphia at seventeen, owned his own printing shop at twenty—four, and retired at

forty-six to devote himself to science, philosophy, and politics

Franklin was a problem solver His passion was to make the large scientific theories of his day practical, to improve the daily lives of common people He helped

establish the first American hospital in Philadelphia in 1751, and that same year was

widely talked about for his famous “kite-key experiment,” which demonstrated that

lightning is electricity At a time when electricity was nothing more than a parlor trick, he

used it to roast turkeys He invented the bifocals that he himself wore For his own

home, he invented the lightning rod and that marvel of efficiency, the Franklin stove

His Pennsylvania Gazette was the most valuable newspaper in the American

colonies between 1730 and 1748, and his Poor Richard's Almanac was the most widely

read and quoted almanac in the colonies at a time when the almanac served as a family

guide, popular encyclopedia, and home entertainment center

Franklin rose quickly in the political life of the colonies and is best known for his place in American history He represented the colonies in England and France, was a

member of the Second Continental Congress, helped Thomas Jefferson draft the

Declaration of Independence, and was the elder statesman of the Constitutional

Convention He was a whole man, a man of the world who imagined the complete

experience of American life, yet in his will, he listed himself first as “Printer.”

5 The author’s attitude toward Benjamin 8 Where in the passage does the author

Franklin could best be described as mention a scientific experiment?

Cc) indifferent Ce) Lines 13-14

6 In lines 1-3, the author suggests that 9 Where in the passage does the author discuss

Franklin’s role in the government?

(A) Franklin influenced American English

Franklin remains controversial today CA) Paragraph 1

Ce) many new words were created to Paragraph 2

CB Franklin’s writings are still well-read Paragraph 4

today

10 It can be inferred from lines 20-24 that

7 It can be inferred that the Pennsylvania

Gazette and Poor Richards Almanac CA) Franklin was a friend of the kings

of England and France CA) taught many people to read Thomas Jefferson could not finish the

influenced American politics Declaration of Independence alone

Ce) were printed by Franklin Ce) Franklin was a wealthy, materialistic man

(@) made Franklin a rich man (> Franklin considered printing his

most important role

Answers to Reading Quiz 7 are on page 660

Detta’s KEY 10 THE TOEFL® Test

Quiz &

ASSESSING PROGRESS — 3.1 through 3.6

Quiz & (Time — 22 minutes)

Read the following passages and choose the one best answer to each question Answer all questions on

the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage

QUESTIONS 1—9

The house style that dominated American housing during the 1880s and 1890s was known as “Queen Anne.” This may seem a curious name for an American style, and

it was, in fact, a historical accident The style originated with fashionable architects in

Victorian England who coined the name with apparently no reason other than its pleasing

5 sound The style was loosely based on medieval buildings constructed long before 1702,

the beginning year of Queen Anne’s reign

A distinctive characteristic found in most Queen Amne houses is the unusual roof shape—a steeply pitched, hipped central portion from which protrude lower front and

side extensions ending in gables It is often possible to spot these distinctive roof forms

10 from several blocks away Another feature usually found on this style is wood shingle

siding cut into fanciful decorative patterns of scallops, curves, diamonds, or triangles

Queen Anne houses are almost always asymmetrical If you draw an imaginary line down

the middle of one, you will see how drastically different the right and left sides are, all the

way from ground level to roof peak A final common characteristic is the inviting

15 wraparound porch—one that includes the front door area and then extends around to either

the right or left side

Queen Anne houses faded from fashion early in the twentieth century as the public’s taste shifted toward the more “modern” prairie and craftsman houses Today,

however, Queen Anne houses are favorite symbols of the past, painstakingly and lovingly

20 restored by old—-house buffs They are also being reproduced by contemporary builders,

with faithful attention to the distinctive shapes and detailing which were first popularized

more than one hundred years ago

1 The passage primarily discusses 3 Which of the following is NOT mentioned

as a characteristic of a Queen Anne house?

CA) the history of American housing

CB) a popular American house style Ca) Decorative windows

Cc) English influence on American architecture Wood shingle exterior

Cb) why Queen Anne houses are being Ce) Large porch

2 The word “This” in line 2 refers to 4, From the phrase “fanciful decorative patterns”

in line 11, it can be inferred that

CA) a house style

CB) American housing CA) Queen Anne houses were expensive to build

“Queen Anne” the wood shingles were hand-made

@)> a historical accident ce) Queen Anne houses were orate

Ce) bright colors were popular in the 1880s and 1890s

Detta’s Key TO THE TOEFL® Test 445

Quiz &

5 The word “asymmetrical” in line 12 is 8 In paragraph 3, the author implies that

closest in meaning to

CA) old-fashioned styles are no

Queen Anne houses from real ones

6 According to the passage, why did Queen CB people’s tastes in housing are

(A) They became seen as a symbol of the past 9 Where in the passage does the author

People started moving to the suburbs mention an architectural influence on the

Ce) People were more interested

in newer styles CA) Lines 5-6

expensive to build Ce) Lines 17-18

Cp3 Lines 20-22

7 The word “buff§” in line 20 is closest

in meaning to

CA) sellers

CB) buyers

Cc) painters

Ce) fans

446 DELTA'2 KEY To THE TOEFL® Test

QUESTIONS 10-20

10

il

Quiz é

After the Anasazi abandoned southwestern Colorado in the late 1200s or early 1300s, history’s pages are blank The Anasazi were masons and apartment builders who

occupied the deserts, river valleys, and mesas of this region for over a thousand years,

building structures that have weathered the test of time

5 The first Europeans to visit southwestern Colorado were the ever—restless,

ambitious Spanish, who sought gold, pelts, and slaves In 1765, under orders from the

Spanish governor in Santa Fe, Juan Maria Antonio Rivera led a prospecting and trading

party into the region Near the Dolores River in southwestern Colorado, he found some

insignificant silver—bearing rocks, and it is thought that it was he who named the

10 mountains nearby the Sierra de la Plata or the Silver Mountains Rivera found little of

commercial value that would interest his superiors in Santa Fe, but he did open up a route

that would soon lead to the establishment of the Old Spanish Trail This expedition and

others to follow left names on the land which are the only reminders we have today that

the Spanish once explored this region

15 In 1776, one of the men who had accompanied Rivera, Andre Muniz, acted as a

guide for another expedition That party entered southwestern Colorado in search of a

route west to California, traveling near today’s towns of Durango and Dolores Along the

way, they camped at the base of a large green mesa which today carries the name Mesa

Verde They were the first Europeans to record the discovery of an Anasazi

20 archaeological site in southwestern Colorado

By the early 1800s, American mountain men and trappers were exploring the area

in their quest for beaver pelts Men like Peg—leg Smith were outfitted with supplies in the

crossroads trapping town of Taos, New Mexico These adventurous American trappers

were a tough bunch They, possibly more than any other newcomers, penetrated deeply

25 into the mountain fastness of southwestern Colorado, bringing back valuable information

about the area and discovering new routes through the mountains One of the trappers,

William Becknell, the father of the Santa Fe Trail, camped in the area of Mesa Verde,

where he found pottery shards, stone houses, and other Anasazi remains

What does the passage mainly discuss? 12 Why does the author mention “gold,

pelts, and slaves” in line 6?

CA) Early exploration of Colorado

The history of the Anasazi in Colorado CA) To point out the wealth of the region

Cc) The Spanish influence in Colorado To classify the natural resources

(2) Economic exploitation of Colorado Ce) To criticize the cruelty of the Spanish

(> To show commercial interest in the region The phrase “weathered the test of time”

in line 4 means that 13 The phrase “the region” in line 8 refers to

(AD the Anasazi culture was very old CA) Sierra de la Plata

because of the desert conditions Ce) southwestern Colorado

Ce Anasazi buildings can still be seen Cp) New Mexico

(©) climatic conditions have changed

since the time of the Anasazi

Quiz &

14 It can be concluded from lines 12-14 that

CA) Rivera’s expedition was unsuccessful

many places in the area have

Spanish names

Ce) not much is known of the Spanish

exploration of the region

() the Spanish culture quickly overtook

the native culture

15 The purpose of the expedition of 1776 was

to look for silver in the mountains

C5 to build the towns of Durango

and Dolores

Ce) to look for a way to reach California

Cb) to study the archaeology of the region

16 The word “fastness” in line 25 is

closest in meaning to

wasteland

CB) stronghold

Cc) desert

CD) starvation

17 In paragraph 4, the author suggests that

CA) mountain men and trappers survived

in harsh conditions

Peg—leg Smith owned a trading post

in New Mexico

Ce) American trappers traded with the Spanish

(>) beaver pelts were becoming scarce

in Colorado in the 1800s

18

19

20

Which of the following is most likely true about William Becknell?

He collected Anasazi pottery

Ce) He was well-educated about Anasazi culture

@®) He built the Santa Fe Trail

He was wealthy from selling beaver pelts

CB)

Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

CA3 A comparison of Spanish and

American expeditions

A description of southwestern Colorado Ce> A historical account of southwestern Colorado

(@) An illustration of archaeological

discovery Which of the following sentences should NOT be included in a summary of this passage?

The Anasazi were early inhabitants

of Colorado

The discovery of gold and silver changed Colorado history

Cé> The Spanish were the first Europeans to explore Colorado

> Economic interests influenced the exploration of Colorado

Answers to Reading Quiz 8 are on page 661

3.7 COHERENCE

3.7 Recognizing Coherence

Q Focus

Read the sentences below Put the sentences in order so that they form a paragraph Which should

come first? Beside each sentence, write 1, 2, or 3 to show its order in the paragraph

The trunk’s inner core consists of vertically oriented cells which are closely

packed together in parallel rows

Millions upon millions of such cells form the heartwood of the trank—the nonliving

central pillar on which the living tree hoists itself skyward

The most distinguishing characteristic of a mature tree is its self-supporting woody

spine, or trunk

The most logical order for the sentences is:

& The most distinguishing characteristic of a mature tree is its self supporting woody spine, or trunk Hf The trunk’s inner core consists of

vertically oriented cells which are closely packed together in parallel rows Hl

Millions upon millions of such cells form the heartwood of the trunk—the

nonliving central pillar on which the living tree hoists itself skyward Hl

The following sentence can be added to the above paragraph

All trees share certain growth characteristics that distinguish them from other

members of the plant kingdom

Where would it best fit? Choose the square [ @ ] where the sentence could be added

The sentence would best fit at the first square In the revised paragraph below, notice how each

sentence introduces the subject of the next sentence, helping the paragraph flow smoothly

All trees share certain growth characteristics that distinguish them from other members of the plant kingdom The most distinguishing

characteristic of a mature tree is its self-supporting woody spine, or trunk

The trunk’s inner core consists of vertically oriented cells which are closely

packed together in parallel rows Millions upon millions of such cells form

the heartwood of the trunk—the nonliving central pillar on which the living

When a passage fits together logically and smoothly, it is coherent

DELTA'e KEY TO THE TOEFL® Test 449

3.7 COHERENCE

W DO YOU KNOW ?

Approximately four items on the computer-based TOEFL will test your ability to recognize

coherence in the order of the sentences in a passage You must be able to identify where a

sentence can be added to a passage

2 Coherence is the quality of agreement and unity among the parts of a piece of writing Ifa

passage is coherent, there are logical connections among the ideas within sentences and among

the sentences within paragraphs Coherence is the quality of “making sense” because the various

parts of a passage fit together logically

Sometimes you can eliminate an incorrect answer choice if it would separate two sentences that

should appear consecutively

3 Coherence is related to the organizational structure and purpose of a passage (See 3.6)

Organization and purpose control the order of sentences Look at this example:

Two reasons for government regulation of industry stand out First, economists have traditionally stressed the importance of containing market power A second reason, deriving from public—choice theories, is that the regulators are captured by the regulated

4, Transitions, or connecting expressions, create coherence (See 3.2)

Akira Kurosawa’s masterful works burst on the international film scene in the 1950s with the sound of fireworks and epic battles Jn contrast, the quiet dignity and unobtrusive techniques of Satyajit Ray’s films also placed him among the world’s great directors

Note: In contrast makes a logical connection between the two sentences above This transition

determines the order of the sentences (See 3.2 for a list of useful transitions.)

5 Pronouns and other reference words create coherence (See 3.3)

The brain of a computer is its central processing unit In the case of a microcomputer, this is a chip called the microprocessor Jf is connected to the other units by groups of wires along which binary code signals pass

Note: The pronoun this refers back to central processing unit in the previous sentence The

pronoun Jf refers back to the microprocessor The use of pronouns and referents is linked

to the order of the sentences

Your knowledge of organization, purpose, transitions, and referents will help you determine

where to add a sentence to a passage

6 On the computer test, questions about coherence look like this:

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pe ae In as ne: ee ae

a ee Wi | to add the sentonce to the passage/paragraph |

Look at an example:

erie So Beg

Even the best plans are rarely

carried out without some problems

Good managers learn to deal with

problems as they come up Hi They make

decisions as they are needed and adjust

plans when necessary Flexible plans

allow for several contingencies & For

example, rain is a contingency that might

3.7 COHERENCE

The following sentence can be added to the passage

Contingencies are events that might affect what you plan to do,

¡| Where would it best fit in the passage? Click on the square [ Hl ]

but rarely are out of your control

affect the success of an outdoor event Hi

Trying to move indoors at the last minute

could be a disaster Therefore, your plan

should include a “rain plan.”

You need to reserve some money

and time for the unexpected [f you budget

your money down to the last penny, you

might not be able to take advantage of a

bargain that you suddenly hear about If

to add the sentence to the passage

:

b

a

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TTT

ereeeesees

What is the purpose of the sentence to be added? It gives a definition of contingencies

The author first mentions contingency in the sentence Flexible plans allow for several contingencies

The next sentence gives an example of a contingency: For example, rain is a contingency that might

affect the success of an outdoor event

The logical order would be to mention the new term, define it, and then give an example to

illustrate it

The sentence would best fit at the third square That paragraph should read:

Even the best plans are rarely carried out without some problems Good

managers learn to deal with problems as they come up They make decisions as

they are needed and adjust plans when necessary Flexible plans allow for several

contingencies Contingencies are events that might affect what you plan to do,

but rarely are out of your control For example, rain is a contingency that might

affect the success of an outdoor event Trying to move indoors at the last minute

could be a disaster Therefore, your plan should include a “rain plan.”

Adding the sentence at any of the other squares would result in a less coherent paragraph because

it would interrupt the smooth flow of ideas between the sentences

DELTA'2 KEY TO THE TOEFL® Test 451

3.7 COHERENCE

Look at another example:

The following sentence can be plans when necessary Flexible plans added to paragraph 2

allow for several contingencies For example, rain is a contingency that might affect the success of an outdoor event, Trying to move indoors at the last minute could be a disaster Therefore, your plan

should include a “rain plan.”

> i You need to reserve some money and time for the unexpected If you budget your money down to the last penny, you might not be able to take advantage of a bargain that you suddenly hear about Hf Similarly, if you schedule your time too tightly, you might not be able to deal with those “unexpected

events” that always seem to happen

An important part of dealing with contingencies is making sure that all your resources are not scheduled for use

Where would it best fit in the paragraph? Click on the square [ ] to add the sentence to the paragraph

Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow

Tàn HN

The purpose of the sentence to be added is to expand on the definition of contingency and

introduce the topic of reserving resources to deal with contingencies The purpose of paragraph 2

is to give reasons for reserving resources by discussing the consequences of not doing so

The sentence would best fit at the first square Here, it serves as the topic sentence of paragraph

2 It also serves as a transition between the definition of contingency in paragraph 1 and some

real-life applications of the concept That paragraph should read:

An important part of dealing with contingencies is making sure that all your resources are not scheduled for use You need to reserve some money and time for the unexpected If you budget your money down to the last penny, you might not be able to take advantage of a bargain that you suddenly hear about

Similarly, if you schedule your time too tightly, you might not be able to deal with

those “unexpected events” that always seem to happen

Why would adding the sentence at any of the other squares be incorrect?

Note: On the TOEFL, when you click on a square, the sentence will appear in the passage at the

place you have chosen You can then check to see if this is the best place to add the sen- tence To change your answer, click on a different square You can try out the sentence at any square until you are satisfied