be replaced by C spins heats up Ce vibrates © enlarges The word “cinder” in line 25 is closest in meaning to CAD gaseous substance burned object dense cloud CB fine dust | Loo
Trang 15 The word “protostar” in paragraph 2 describes 8
CA) a star~—shaped object
a heavy star
Cc) the earliest form of a star
CB an extremely hot star
6 The phrase “This process” in line 13 refers to
CAD gravitational force
contraction
Ce) fusion reaction
@) radiation
7 The word “exerted” in line 15 is closest
in meaning to
forced
dropped
Ce) spread
©) created
10
Exercise 3.4.D
Read each passage and follow the directions on the right side of the screen
According to some scholars, the
earliest appearance of a lotus in art is on a
statue of the Great Mother Goddess found
in the Indus Valley, dating from the third millennium B.C This connection with the Great Mother helps explain the many uses the lotus has served in Asian cultures The lotus stands for events concerning the divine births of the Buddha and Brahma, and it alse signifies earth and creation,
immortality, purity, and spirituality
The last two meanings do not derive from the Indian Mother Goddess, but rather stem from the Japanese, who take the lotus as a symbol of purity, unsullied by the muddy waters in which it grows
The word “swells” in line 22 could best
3.4 VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT
Which of the following is NOT true about the main sequence of a star?
CAD Astar contracts during its main sequence
Our sun is about halfway through its main sequence
Ce The main sequence is the longest part of a star’s existence
(> A star in its main sequence gives off energy
be replaced by C) spins heats up
Ce) vibrates
©) enlarges
The word “cinder” in line 25 is closest in
meaning to
CAD gaseous substance
burned object dense cloud
CB) fine dust
| Look at the word signifies in the passage Circle another word or phrase in the bold text that is closest in meaning to signifies
HIU1001101010SN011100
TTTHHHHNHHNHHNHHTTNITHHNNHEITNTHiTNtmamnmnnmmnn ẫ
Seon Se
Seas e
Ste
Bose eats
Ine
ge an
SEEHE1LDLEELLSILEEDN Si 022505588 so toi cộng
Trang 2
3A VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT
According to some scholars, the earliest appearance of a lotus in art is ona statue of the Great Mother Goddess found
in the Indus Valley, dating from the third millennium B.C This connection with the Great Mother helps explain the many uses the lotus has served in Asian cultures The lotus stands for events concerning the divine births of the Buddha and Brahma, and it also signifies earth and creation, immortality, purity, and spirituality The last two meanings do not derive from the Indian Mother Geddess, but rather stem from the Japanese, who take the lotus as a symbol of purity, unsullied by the muddy waters in which it grows
Look at the word stem in the passage Circle another word or phrase in the bold text that has the same meaning as stem
404
According to some scholars, the earliest appearance of a lotus in art is on a statue of the Great Mother Goddess found
in the Indus Valley, dating from the third millennium B.C This connection with the Great Mother helps explain the many uses the lotus has served in Asian cultures The lotus stands for events concerning the divine births of the Buddha and Brahma, and it also signifies earth and creation, immortality, purity, and spirituality The last two meanings do not derive from the Indian Mother Goddess, but rather stem from the Japanese, who take the lotus as a symbol of purity, unsullied by the muddy waters in which it grows
Look at the word unsullied in the
passage The word unsullied is
closest in meaning to
stimulated untamed not dampened not dirtied
Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test
Trang 33.4 VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT
SIGE ie)
Asthma is the most common long— Look at the word airtight in the
term illness in childhood Exactly why passage The word airtight is
this is true is not known, but closest in meaning to
Centers for Disease Control, 25 percent of expensive
American children live in areas that exceed well-designed
federal standards for ozone, which can small
irritate the lungs and contribute to asthma
can harm the lining of the lungs
Children with asthma are more
‘likely to have an attack because they are
| allergic to something Allergy testing is
| sometimes effective in identifying some
standards for ozone, which can irritate the Look at the word laden in the
lungs and contribute to asthma Even passage The word Jaden is closest
modern airtight homes can intensify in meaning to
asthma attacks because they trap and
recycle air that is laden with substances ventilated
that can harm the lining of the lungs loaded
Children with asthma are more
likely to have an attack because they are
allergic to something Allergy testing is
sometimes effective in identifying some
causes of allergic reaction Before
recommending allergy testing, however,
most doctors recommend a thorough
cleaning of the patient’s home, paying
specific attention to places where
excessive moisture may cause the
formation of molds that may aggravate
asthma
graded moving slowly
Trang 4
3A- VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT
standards for ozone, which can irritate the lungs and contribute to asthma Even modern airtight homes can intensify asthma attacks because they trap and
| Look at the word aggravate in the passage Circle another word or phrase in the bold text that is closest in meaning to aggrayate
recycle air that is laden with substances that can harm the lining of the lungs
Children with asthma are more likely to have an attack because they are allergic to something Allergy testing is sometimes effective in identifying some causes of allergic reaction
Before recommending allergy testing, however, most doctors recommend a thorough cleaning of the patient’s home, paying specific attention to places where excessive moisture may cause the formation of molds that may aggravate asthma
Answers to Exercises 3.4.A through 3.4.D are on page 658
LEG PT EE EE
Working in pairs, students identify context clues in the reading passages in Exercises
3.4.A to 3.4.D What types of context clues do you find? Structural clues? Punctuation
clues? Key words?
In reading done outside class, students select a paragraph in which they have learned at
least one new word Copy the paragraph and underline the new word Bring 3 or 4
photocopies to class In groups of 3 to 4, pass out the copies of the paragraphs Work as
a team to identify context clues and/or word parts that help you understand the meaning
of each underlined word Use the clues to write a short definition or description of each
word Then, look up the words in a dictionary Are your definitions accurate?
Students begin a vocabulary notebook to help prepare for the TOEFL In the notebook,
write new words learned through reading Include sentences showing the new words in
context Determine a way to organize the notebook Suggestions: words by subject area
(science, business, music); words from your major field of study; words with the same
prefix or stem; words that are difficult to remember
Discuss these questions: What is the best way to acquire new English vocabulary? How
did you learn in the past? What works best for you now? (Possible answers: listen to
lectures; write down three new words every day; memorize word lists; translate words
into your native language; read a lot of different types of material; read in your major
field of study; try using new words in conversation; watch television and movies.)
406 Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test
Trang 5
Quiz 4
ASSESSING PROGRESS — 3.4
Quiz 4 (Time — 13 minutes)
Read the following passages and choose the one best answer to each question Answer all questions
on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage
QUESTIONS 1-4
In reading rocks for clues to their identity, one must look beyond their beauty and focus on their physical characteristics One of the most important features is rock shape
Water is instrumental in shaping rocks, but the precise shape sculpted by the water is
determined by several factors within the rock layer itself These include its thickness, as
5 well as its hardness or softness Harder rock layers contain more of the natural elements,
such as iron oxide or calcium carbonate, while sofier rocks contain fewer of these agents
In some rock layers, the quantity of these elements varies throughout the rock so that
some portions which are softer than others erode at a different rate, producing a variety of
interesting shapes and, in some instances where the rock is very soft, creating pockets in
10 the rock
The shape of a particular rock layer is also affected by the hardness or softness of the rock layers immediately above and below it in the rock stack These exposed
alternating layers of hard and soft rock are visible along the walls of canyons and on the
steep slopes of plateaus and mesas, either formed by faulting and uplifting of the land or
15 _ by the action of a river cutting down on all sides of a land mass, leaving it elevated above
the surrounding land If the top of one of these elevated land masses is composed of soft
rock, it will erode until a layer of erosion—resistant harder rock under it emerges to the
surface, forming a flat protective cap over the rock layers below it
1 The word “instrumental” in line 3 is 3 The word “alternating” in line 13 is
2 The word “erode” in lines 8 and 17 4, The word “faulting” in line 14 is
Trang 6Quiz 4
QUESTIONS S—10
Human decision making is being influenced profoundly by modern mathematics, and several particular mathematical subjects have been created primarily to assist in
arriving at good decisions Many aspects involved in arriving at a decision are, of course,
nonquantitative in nature These may relate to history, past experience, instinct,
5 judgment, morality, and so forth As a consequence, one often refers to decision making
as an art On the other hand, many ingredients in contemporary decision making are
mathematical in nature, and one can also view this activity as a science
A decision maker will begin by listing the options over which he or she has some control and the likely outcomes resulting from these choices The person may attempt to
10 identify all relevant variables and the relationships among them and may associate
quantitative measures when possible Moreover, the decision maker must clarify his or
her own values, identify desired goals, and spell out explicitly any limiting resources or
social constraints One then seeks the best possible result obtainable
The situation is typically confounded by a variety of different uncertainties
15 involving data and forecasting that typically cannot be completely resolved in advance
The effect that other decision makers may have on the outcome, and the best responses to
their moves, should be predetermined Various ethical concerns such as fairness may well
need consideration, and ways to ascertain group opinions may be necessary Finally,
decision makers must study the social and political context in which the decision will be
20 implemented
5 The word “nonquantitative” in line 4 is
closest in meaning to
CA) not numerical
immeasurable
Ce) difficult
Cp) unimportant
6 The word “outcomes” in line 9 could
best be replaced by
CA) decisions
CB) calculations
consequences
(> numbers
7 The phrase “spell out explicitly” in line
12 is closest in meaning to
CA) express clearly
CB) try to avoid
Cc) count carefully
@) write neatly
8 The word “constraints” in line 13 has the same meaning as
CA) goals CB) results resources
@) limitations
9 The phrase “confounded by” in line 14
is closest in meaning to CA) clarified by made up of Cc) confused by CD) solved by
10 The word “implemented” in line 20
is closest in meaning to CA) carried out
announced Ce) tried out
@ evaluated
Answers to Reading Quiz 4 are on page 658
DELTA'e Key To THE TOEFL® Test
Trang 7
Quiz 5 (Time - 22 minutes)
Read the following passages and choose the one best answer to each question Answer all questions
on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage
QUESTIONS 1-10
Most Americans still get married at some point in their lives, but even that group
is shrinking Among current generations of adult Americans—starting with those born in
the 1920s—more than 90 percent have married or will marry at some point in their lives
However, based on recent patterns of marriage and mortality, demographers calculate that
5 a growing share of the younger generations are postponing marriage for so long that an
unprecedented number will never marry at all
More Americans are living together outside of marriage Divorced and widowed people are waiting longer to remarry An increasing number of single women are raising
children, Put these trends together with our increasing life expectancy, and the result is
10 inevitable: Americans are spending a record low proportion of their adult lives married
Marriage rates for unmarried men and women have dropped from their post-1950s highs to record lows Part of this fall is due to the change in the age at which people first
marry The median age at first marriage is the age by which half the men or women who
will ever marry have done so It fell almost continuously from the time it was first
15 measured, in 1890, at 22.0 years for women and 26.1 for men, to a low of 20.3 for women
and 22.6 for men between 1947 and 1962 Since then, it has risen at a rapid-pace, to a
record high of 23.8 for women and 26.2 for men in 1994,
The length of time between marriages is also increasing, and more divorced people are choosing not to remarry In 1990, divorced women had waited an average of 3.8 years
20 before remarrying, and divorced men had waited an average of 3.5 years, an increase of
more than one year over the average interval in 1970
Data on cohabitation and unmarried childbearing suggest that marriage is becoming less relevant to Americans 2.8 million of the nation’s households are unmarried
couples, and one-third of them are caring for children, according to the Census Bureau
1 The passage supports all of the 2 The word “those” in line 2 refers to
following statements EXCEPT
CA) adult Americans CA) almost all Americans get married married Americans
Americans are spending fewer years (©) younger generations
married than they did in the past
Ce) divorced Americans are waiting 3 The word “unprecedented” in line
Americans are having fewer children
than they did in the past CAD impossible to count
decreasing Cc) never before seen CD) unbelievable DELTA’S KEY To THE TOEFL® Test
Quiz 5
409
Trang 8
Quiz 5
4
410
According to the passage, recent
demographic patterns suggest that
CA) an increasing number of young
people will never marry
most young people delay marriage
for personal reasons
CE) 90 percent of the younger generations
will marry
CP) young people prefer to marry in order
to have children
The word “inevitable” in line 10 is closest
in meaning to
CA) incredible
unavoidable
Cc) surprising
CD) serious
The phrase “median age” in line 13 means
CA) most common age for marrying
CB) age by which half have married
Cc) youngest age for marrying
@) half of the marriage age
Between 1890 and the 1950s, the age at
which men first married
Ca) remained about the same
CB increased by almost 2 years
Cc) decreased by less than 2 years
CD decreased by more than 3 years
8 In paragraph 3, the author shows that the median age at first marriage
CA) rose and then fell between 1890 and 1962 reached a record high for women in the early 1960s
Ce) rose between the 1960s and the 1990s fell continuously between 1947 and 1962
9 A word or phrase in paragraph 4 that has the same meaning as the word “interval”
in line 21 is CAD length of time divorced people Ce) increase of more than one
CD 3.5 years
10 The word “them” in line 24 refers to
Americans CB) single women Ce) unmarried couples CB) divorced women
Detta’s KEY 10 THE TOEFL® Test
Trang 9Quiz 5
QUESTIONS 11-20
il
12
American humor and American popular heroes were born together The first popular heroes of the new nation were comic heroes, and the first popular humor of the
new nation was the antics of its hero—clowns The heroic and the comic were combined in
novel American proportions in popular literature
5 The heroic themes are obvious enough and not much different from those in the
legends of other times and places: Achilles, Beowulf, Siegfried, Roland, and King Arthur
The American Davy Crockett legends repeat the familiar pattern of the Old World heroic
story: the pre-eminence of a mighty hero whose fame in myth has a tenuous basis in fact;
the remarkable birth and precocious strength of the hero; single combats in which he
10 distinguishes himself against antagonists, both man and beast; vows and boasts; pride of
the hero in his weapons, his horse, his dog, and his woman
Davy Crockett conquered man and beast with a swaggering nonchalance He overcame animals by force of body and will He killed four wolves at the age of six; he
hugged a bear to death; he killed a rattlesnake with his teeth He mastered the forces of
15 nature Crockett’s most famous natural exploit was saving the earth on the coldest day in
history First, he climbed a mountain to determine the trouble Then he rescued all
creation by squeezing bear—grease on the earth’s frozen axis and over the sun’s icy face
He whistled, “Push along, keep movin’!” The earth gave a grunt and began moving
Neither the fearlessness nor the bold huntsman’s prowess was peculiarly
20 American Far more distinctive was the comic quality All heroes are heroic; few are also
clowns What made the American popular hero heroic also made him comic “May be,”
said Crockett, “you'll laugh at me, and not at my book.” The ambiguity of American life
and the vagueness which laid the continent open to adventure, which made the land a rich
storehouse of the unexpected, which kept vocabulary ungoverned and the language fluid—
25 this same ambiguity suffused both the comic and the heroic In a world full of the
unexpected, readers of the Crockett legends were never quite certain whether to laugh or
to applaud, or whether what they saw and heard was wonderful, awful, or ridiculous
What is the main point the author 13 Which of the following is NOT mentioned
CAD American popular literature was based CA Fluid use of language
on the legends of other times and places Pride in the hero’s woman
American popular heroes were : Ce) Boasting by the hero
Ce) Davy Crockett wrote humorous stories
about mastering the forces of nature 14 The word “antagonists” in line 10 could
CB) The Davy Crockett stories reflected the best be replaced by
adventurous spirit of early America
CA) opponents
Ce) forces
CB) heroic themes
@) comic heroes
CA) a popular writer
an Old World hero
Ce) a heroic theme
Cp3 a hero-clown
Trang 10
Quiz 5
16
17
18
412
In paragraph 3, the author mentions
a story in which Davy Crockett
CA) ate a rattlesnake
killed a wild boar
Ce) saved the earth
Cb) saved a bear
The word “exploit” in line 15 is closest
in meaning to
CA) character trait
CB) heroic act
CS) skill
CD) resource
The word “prowess” in line 19 is closest
in meaning to
CA) caution
goal
Cc) bravery
CD) weapon
19, In paragraph 4, the author makes the point that CA) American writers strove to create a distinctively American literature Americans enjoyed laughing at other people
Ce) Americans valued comic qualities more than heroic qualities
American life was open to adventure and full of the unexpected
The word “ambiguity” in lines 22 and 25
is closest in meaning to
CA uncertainty
quality ridiculousness richness
Answers to Reading Quiz 5 are on page 658
DELTA'e KEY 1o THE TOEFL Test