Tài liệu Vocabulary for the toefl ibt part 19 doc

APPENDIX 6 The following table lists the most common English language prefixes, their mean- ings, and examples of words with each prefix.. 174 VOCABULARY FOR TOEFL iBT PREFIX MEANING

WORD LIST

Prewixes,

and Word Roots

PREFIXES

SuTTixes

APPENDIX 6

The following table lists the most common English language prefixes, their mean- ings, and examples of words with each prefix

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

ante- prior to, in front of, before antedate, antecedent, antebellum

ant-, anti- opposite, opposing, against antidote, antagonist, antipathy

bi- two, twice bisect, bilateral, bicameral

circum- around, about, on all sides circumference, circumnavigate,

circumspect

CO-, com-, with, together, jointly cooperate, community, consensus

con-

contra- against, contrary, contrasting contradict, contraindication

counter- contrary, opposite or opposing; counterclockwise, countermeasure,

de- do the opposite or reverse of; remove from, deactivate, dethrone, detract

reduce

dis- away from, apart, reversal, not disperse, dismiss, disinterested

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VOCABULARY FOR TOEFL iBT PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

duo- two duo, duet, duality

ex- out, out of, away from expel, exclaim, exorbitant

in- (also il-,

im- ir-)

in- (also il-,

im-, ir-)

inter-

intra-

intro-

mal-

mis-

mono-

multi-

neo-

non-

over-

poly-

post-

pre-

pro-

pseudo-

re-

semi-

sub-

super-

trans-

tri-

un-

uni-

in, into, within

not

between, among, within

within, during

in, into, within

bad, abnormal, evil, wrong

bad, wrong, ill; opposite or lack of

one, single, alone

many, multiple

new, recent, a new form of

not

exceeding, surpassing, excessive

many, much

after, subsequent, later (than), behind

before

(a) earlier, before, prior to; in front of (b) for,

supporting, in behalf of (c) forward, projecting

false, fake

back, again

half, partly, incomplete

under, beneath, below

above, over, exceeding

across, beyond, through

three, thrice

not

induct, impart, inculcate

invariable, incessant, illicit, inept,

impervious

intervene, interact, intermittent intramural, intravenous

introvert, introduction

malfunction, malpractice, malign misspell, miscreant, misanthrope

monologue, monogamy, monocle

multiple, multimillionaire, multifarious

neologism, neonatal, neophyte

nonconformist, nonentity, nonchalant overabundance, overstimulate

polytechnic, polyglot postpone, postpartum, postoperative precaution, precede, presage proceed, proclivity, profess

pseudonym, pseudoscience

recall, reconcile, rescind

semiannual, semiconscious

subconscious, subdue, subjugate

superhero, superficial, supercilious

transmit, translate, translucent

triangle, tricycle, triumvirate

unable, uninterested, unorthodox unite, uniform, unilateral

PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND WORD ROOTS

SUFFIXES

The following table lists the most common English language suffixes, their mean- ings, and examples of words with each suffix

NOUN ENDINGS

SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

-age (a) action or process (b) house or place of (c) drainage, orphanage, marriage

state, rank

-an, -ian of or relating to; a person specializing in guardian, pediatrician, historian

-ance, action or process; state of adolescence, benevolence,

-ency

-ant, -ent one that performs, promotes, or causes an disinfectant, dissident, miscreant

action; being in a specified state or condition

-ary thing belonging to or connected with adversary, dignitary, library

-cide killer, killing suicide, pesticide, homicide

-cy action or practice; state or quality of democracy, legitimacy, supremacy

-er, -or one that is, does, or performs builder, foreigner, sensor

-ion, -tion act or process; state or condition attraction, persecution, denunciation -ism act, practice, or process; state or doctrine of criticism, anachronism, imperialism -ist one who (performs, makes, produces, anarchist, feminist, imperialist

believes, etc.)

-ity quality, state, or degree clarity, amity, veracity

-ment action or process; result, object, means, entertainment, embankment,

or agent of an action or process amazement

-ness state, condition, quality or degree happiness, readiness, goodness -ology doctrine, theory, or science; oral or biology, theology, eulogy

written expression

-or condition, activity candor, valor, succor

-ure act or process; office or function exposure, legislature, censure -y state, condition, quality; activity or laundry, empathy, anarchy

place of business

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ADJECTIVE ENDINGS

SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

-able, -ible = capable or worthy of; tending or liable to flammable, culpable, inscrutable -al, -ial, having the quality of; of, relating to, educational, peripheral, ephemeral -ical or characterized by

-an, -ian one who is or does; related to, characteristic of human, American, agrarian

-ant, -ent performing (a specific action) or being (in important, incessant, preeminent

a specified condition)

-ful full of; having the qualities of; tending or liable to —_— helpful, peaceful, wistful

-ic pertaining or relating to; having the quality of fantastic, chronic, archaic

-ile tending to or capable of fragile, futile, servile

-ive performing or tending towards (an action); sensitive, cooperative, pensive

having the nature of

-less without, lacking; unable to act or be acted on endless, fearless, listless

(in a specified way)

-ous, -ose, full of, having the qualities of, relating to adventurous, glorious, egregious -y characterized by, full of; tending or inclined to sleepy, cursory, desultory

VERB ENDINGS

SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

-ate to make, to cause to be or become violate, tolerate, exacerbate, emanate

-en to cause to be or have; to come to be or have quicken, lengthen, frighten

-ify, -fy to make, form into beautify, electrify, rectify

-ize to cause to be or become; to bring about colonize, plagiarize, synchronize

PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND WORD ROOTS 17

WORD ROOTS

The following table lists the most common word roots, their meanings, and exam-

ples of words with those roots

There are more than 150 roots here, but don’t be intimidated by the length of this list To learn these roots, try breaking the list down into manageable chunks of

ten to 20 roots and memorize them section by section Some of these roots many

already be familiar to you—you use words with these roots every day!

ROOT MEANING EXAMPLES

ac, acr sharp, bitter acid, acute, acrimonious

act, ag to do, to drive, to force, to lead agent, enact, agitate

ad, al to, toward, near adjacent, adhere, allure

al, ali, alter other, another alternative, alias, alien

am love amiable, amity, enamor

amb, amph both, more than one, around ambiguous, ambivalent, amphitheater anim life, mind, soul, spirit unanimous, animosity, equanimity

annui, ennui year annual, anniversary, perennial

apt, ept skill, fitness, ability adapt, adept, inept

arch, archi, archy chief, principal, ruler hierarchy, monarchy, anarchy

auto self automatic, autonomy, automaton

be to be, to have a certain quality befriend, bemoan, belittle

cad, cid to fall, to happen by chance accident, coincidence, cascade

cant, cent, chant

cap, capit, cipit

cap, cip, cept

card, cord, cour

carn

cast, chast

ced, ceed, cess

centr

cern, cert, cret,

crim, crit

chron

to sing

head, headlong

to take, to get

heart flesh

cut

to go, to yield, to stop

center

to separate, to judge, to distinguish,

to decide

time

chant, enchant, recant

capital, principal, capitulate

capture, intercept, emancipate encourage, cardiac, discord carnivore, reincarnation, carnage caste, chastise, castigate exceed, concede, incessant central, concentric, eccentric ascertain, critique, discern

chronic, chronology, synchronize

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VOCABULARY FOR TOEFL iBT ROOT MEANING EXAMPLES

cis to cut scissors, precise, incisive

cla, clo, clu shut, close closet, enclose, preclude

claim, clam to shout, to cry out exclaim, proclaim, clamor

cli, clin to lean toward, bend decline, recline, proclivity

cour, cur running, a course recur, incursion, cursory

cre, cresc, cret to grow creation, increase, increment

cred

cryp

cub, cumb

culp

dac, doc

dem

di, dia

dic, dict, dit

dign

dog, dox

dol

don, dot, dow

dub

duc, duct

dur

dys

epi

equ

err

esce

eu

fab, fam

fac, fic, fig, fait,

feit, fy

fer

ferv

fid

fin

flag, flam

flect, flex

flu, flux

to believe, to trust

hidden

to lie down blame

to teach people apart, through

to say, to tell, to use words

worth opinion

suffer, pain

to give doubt

to lead hard

faulty, abnormal

upon

equal, even

to wander becoming

good, well

speak

to do, to make

to bring, to carry, to bear

to boil, to bubble faith, trust

end

to burn

to bend

to flow

incredible, credit, incredulous

crypt, cryptic, cryptography

succumb, incubate, incumbent

culprit, culpable, exculpate

doctor, indoctrinate, docile democracy, epidemic, pandemic dialogue, diatribe, dichotomy predict, dictionary, indict

dignity, indignant dogma, orthodox, paradox

condolence, indolence, dolorous donate, endow, endow

dubious, indubitable, dubiety conduct, induct, conducive endure, durable, obdurate

dysfunctional, dystopia, dyslexia epidemic, epigram, epigraph equation, equanimity, equivocate err, error, erratic

adolescent, coalesce, acquiesce

euphoria, eulogy, euthanasia

fable, famous, affable

fiction, factory, feign

offer, transfer, proliferate fervor, fervid, effervescent confide, fidelity, infidel final, finite, affinity flame, flammable, inflammatory deflect, reflect, flexible fluid, fluctuation, superfluous

PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND WORD ROOTS 179

ROOT MEANING EXAMPLES

fore before foresight, forestall, forbear

fort chance fortune, fortunate, fortuitous

fra, frac, frag, fring to break fracture, fraction, infringe

fus to pour infusion, diffuse

gen birth, creation, race, kind generous, genetics, homogenous

(h)etero different, other heterosexual, heterogeneous, heterodox

ject to throw, to throw down eject, dejected, conjecture

join, junct to meet, to join joint, junction, juxtapose

lect, leg to select, to choose election, select, eclectic

lev lift, light, rise elevator, lever, alleviate

loc, log, loqu word, speech dialogue, eloquent, loquacious

luc, lum, lus light illustrate, lucid, luminous

lud, lus to play illusion, elude, allude

lug, lut, luv to wash lavatory, dilute, deluge

man hand manual, manufacture, manifest

min small minute, diminish, minutiae

min to project, to hang over prominent, imminent, preeminent

mis, mit to send transmit, remit, intermittent

mon, monit to warn monitor, admonish, remonstrate

anthropomorphic

mort death immortal, morbid, moratorium

mut change mutate, immutable, permutation

nam, nom, noun, _ rule, order economy, taxonomy, autonomy

nown, nym

nat, nas, nai to be born native, nascent, renaissance

nec, nic, noc, nox harm, death innocent, noxious, innocuous

nom, nym, name nominate, homonym, nominal

noun, nown

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VOCABULARY FOR TOEFL iBT

EXAMPLES nounc, nunc

nov, neo, nou

ob, oc, of, op

omni

pac, peas

pan

par

para

pas, pat, path

pau, po, pov, pu

ped

ped, pod

pen, pun

pend, pens

per

peri

pet, pit

phil

phone

plac

ple

plex, plic, ply

pon, pos, pound

port

prehend, prise

pro

prob

pug

punc, pung, poign

que, quis

qui

rid, ris

rog

sacr, sanct, secr

sal, sil, sault, sult

sci

scribe, scrip

se

to announce

new toward, to, against, completely, over all

peace

all, everyone

equal

next to, beside feeling, suffering, disease few, little, poor

child, education

foot

to pay, to compensate

to hang, to weigh, to pay completely, wrong around

to go, to seek, to strive

love sound

to please

to fill

to fold, to twist, to tangle, to bend

to put, to place

to carry

to take, to get, to seize much, for, a lot

to prove, to test

to fight

to point, to prick

to seek quiet

to laugh

to ask sacred

to leap, to jump

to know

to write apart

announce, pronounce, denounce novice, novel, neophyte

object, obstruct, obsequious omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient

pacify, appease, pacifier panorama, pandemic, panacea par, disparate, parity

parallel, paragon, paradox passionate, antipathy, apathetic poverty, pauper, impoverish pediatrician, encyclopedia, pedantic pedestrian, expedite, impede penalty, punishment, penance depend, compensate, pensive perplex, permeate, pervade perimeter, peripheral, peripatetic compete, petition, impetuous philosophy, philanthropy, bibliophile telephone, homophone, cacophony placid, placebo, complacent complete, deplete, plethora complex, comply, implicit expose, component, juxtapose import, portable, importune surprise, apprehend, reprisal proliferate, profuse, proselytize probe, probation, reprobate repugnant, pugnacious, impugn point, puncture, punctilious inquisitive, conquest, query quiet, tranquil, acquiesce

riddle, ridiculous, derision

interrogate, surrogate, abrogate

sacred, sacrament, sanction

assault, insolent, desultory conscious, science, omniscient scribble, prescribe, circumscribe

separate, segregate, seditious

PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND WORD ROOTS 181

sec, sequ

sed, sess, sid

sens, sent

sol

spec, Spic, spit

sta, sti

sua

tac, tic

tain, ten, tent, tin

tend, tens,

tent, tenu

theo

tract

us, ut

ven, vent

ver

vers, vert

vi

vid, vis

voc, vok

vol

to follow

to sit, to be still, to plan, to plot

to feel, to be aware

to loosen, to free

to look, to see

to stand, to be in place smooth

to be silent

to hold

to stretch, to thin

god, religion

to drag, to pull, to draw

to use

to come, to move toward truth

to turn

life

to see

to call

to wish

consequence, sequel, obsequious

subside, assiduous, dissident sense, sentiment, dissent dissolve, resolution, dissolution

perspective, speculation, circumspect

static, obstinate, steadfast suave, persuade, dissuade tacit, reticent, taciturn detain, sustain, tenacious extend, tension, tenuous

atheist, theology, apotheosis

attract, detract, tractable abuse, utility, usurp

convene, venture, intervene

verdict, verisimilitude, veritable revert, aversion, versatile vivid, vigorous, vicarious

evident, survey, visionary

vocal, advocate, equivocate volunteer, volition, benevolence

NOTES