sách giáo khoa ngữ văn 11 tập 1

Tinh chung txong ngdn ngii eua cdng ddng dugc bidu hidn qua nhiing phugng di^n sau: 1, Trong thdnh phin cua ngdn ngu ed nhiing yiu td chung cho tit ci inpi cd nhdn trong cdng ddng.. Ci

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO

TAP MOT

BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO

PHAN TRONG LUAN (Tong Chu bien)

LA N H A M T H I N - TRAN DANG SUYEN (dong Chu bien phan Vdn) BUI MINH TOAN (Chii bien phan Tieng Viet) - LE A (Chu bien p h ^ Lam van)

LE NGUYEN CAN - NGUYEN THAI H O A - D 6 KIM H 6 I - NGUYfiN XUAN NAM

D O A N DUC PHUONG - VU DUONG QUY - TRAN NHO THIN

TRINH THI THU TIET - HA BINH TRI - DOAN THI THU VAN

Ngu van 11

TAP MOT

(Tdi bdn ldn thii ba)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VI$T NAM

Ban quy6n thudc Nha xudt ban Giao due Viet Nam - B6 Gido due vd Dao tao

01-2010/CXB/572-1485/GD Ma s6 : CHlllTO

VAO PHU CHUA TRINH

(Trich Thugng kinh ki sg)

Lfi H O U TRAC

^

KfTQUAcANOAT-Cdm nhdn disgc gid trj hi^n thuc sdu sic cua tdc

phim vd nhdn cdch thanh cao cCia tdc gid qua ngdi biit kf su chdn thuc, sic sdo v4 cuOc sdng trong phti chda Tnnh

TIEU DAN

Le Huu Trdc (1724 -1791) hi$u Ik Hdi Thugmg Lan 6ng, ngu6i l ^ g Li6u XA, huy$n Dutog H^o,

p M Thuong H6ng, t r & Hdi Duong (nay thuOc huy$n Y6n MI, tinh Hung Y6n) Ong id mOt danh y, khdng chi chOa b$nh md c6n so?n sdch vd m6 tnitog d?iy ngh^ thu6c d^ truyin bd y hpe Phin 16n cuOc ddi ho?it dOng y IIQC vd trudc tdc cda dng gib vdi qu6 ngoai 6 xa Son Quang, huy^n Huong

Son, tinh Hd Tinh BO Hdi ThuQngy tdng tdm link g6m 66 quy^n, Id cdng trinh ngliien ciiu y hoc

xuSt sdc nh^t trong tiidi trung d?ii Vi^t Nam Tdc phim cung ghi lai nhung cdm xiic chdn that cda tdc gid trong nhiing Iiic 1 ^ Ipi di chvra b$nh 6 cdc miin que, bdc Id tam huy^t vd due dO cda ngudi

thiy thudc Qua tdc phim, cd thi thiy Lfi HQu Trdc cdn Id mdt nhd vdn, nhd tho vdi nhiing ddng

gdp ddng ghi nhdn cho vdn hoc nudc nhd

Thuang kinh ki sg (Kl su d^n kinh dd) Id tdp

ki su b ^ g chQ Hdn, hodn thdnh ndm 1783, dupe

x€p d cudi bO Hdi Thitqng y tong tdm Unh nhu

mOt quy^n phy luc Ki su Id mOt thi ki, ghi ch^p

su yi0c, cdu chuydn cd thdt vd tuomg ddi hodn

chinh Thuong kinh ki sg td quang cdnh 6 kinh

dd, cuOc sdng xa hoa trong phd chiia Trinh vd

quyin uy, th^ luc cda nhd chiia - nhiing diiu L6

Huu Trdc m^t th^y tai nghe trong chuydn di tvr

Huong Son ra Thdng Long ehiia b$nh cho th^ tii

Trinh Cdn vd chiia Trinh Sam Qua dd, ngudi

dpc th^y dupe thdi dd coi thudng danh Ipi cda

tdc gid Tdc phim kl^t thuc vdi vide Ld Httu Trdc

duoc vl lai qud nhd, tr6 vl vdi cuOc sdng tu do

trong tdm trang hdn hoan, tl^p tuc c6ng hi^n ddi

minh cho y thudt

D o ^ Vdo pha chda Trinh ndi vl vi$e Ld Huu

Trdc ldn tdi kinh dd, dupe dSn vdo phii chiia dl Ld Hflu Trdc

bit mach, kd don cho Trinh Cdn (Nguyin TiifnXihung vS)

VAN BAN

Mong 1 thang 2 Sang tinh ma, toi nghe tieng go cua rat g^p Tdi chay ra m6 cua Thi ra mot ngudi day ta quan Chdnh dudng^i' vua ndi vvra tha hdn hen:

- Cd thanh chi'^) trifu^^' cu vao ! Quan truyin m^nh^^' hi$n dang 6 nha cu lan

con, con vang l$nh chay den day bdo tin linh a dinh da dem cdng ddn ddn cu a

ngodi cua Xin cu vdo phu chau ngay

Tdi ben sua sang do mu chinh te, l§n cdng vdo phu Ten day td chay ddng trudc het dudng Gang chay nhu ngua long, tdi bi xdc mdt me, khd khdng ndi het Chung tdi di cua sau vao phu Ngudi truyen menh dan tdi qua may lan cua nua, theo dudng ben trai ma di Tdi ngang dau ldn : dau dau cung Id cay cdi irni turn, chim keu riu rit, danh hoa dua thdm, gid dua thoang thoang miii huang Nhiing day hanh lang quanh co ndi nhau U6n tidp Ngudi giu cua truyen bdo r^n rang, ngudi cd viec quan qua lai nhu mdc cui Ve si canh giu cua cung, ai mudn ra vdo phai cd the

Tdi nghl bung : Minh vdn con quan, sinh truang a chdn phdn hoa, chd nao

trong ceun thdnh minh cung da tung biet Chi cd nhung viec trong phu chtia la minh chi mdi nghe ndi thdi Budc chan den day mdi hay canh giau sang cua vua

chua thuc khdc hin ngudi thudng! Ben ngam mpt bdi tha di ghi nhd vi^c nay:

Linh nghin ciia vdc don^^^ nghiim nhdt,

Cd trdi Nam sang nhdt Id ddy I Ldu timg gdc vS tung mdy

Rem chdu, hiin ngQC, bdtigmai dnh vdo

Hoa cung thoang nggt ngdo dua tdi, Vudn ngu nghe v^t ndi doi phen

Qui mua, cung cdm chua quen, Khdc gi ngu phu ddo nguyin thud ndo^^ I

(1) Quan Chdnh dudng: chiic quan coi tat cd cdc cdng vi^c 6 phu chiia; 6 ddy chi Huy Qudn cdng

Hodng Dinh Bdo

(2) Thdnh chi: chi thi cua vua; 6 day diing cho chiia Trinh Sam,

(3) Trieu: gpi (dung cho ngudi trdn ddi vdi ngudi dudi)

(4) Quan truyin m$nh (hay quan truyin chi): quan giu viec truyin m^nh l$nh, chi^u chi cua vua (5) Vdc ddng (tu cd): chi gido, mdc - nhiing binh khi thdi xua

(6) Ngu pha: ngudi ddnh cd Ddo nguy^: sudi hoa dao, chi canh tien Cd cau lay y tu bai Dao hoa

nguyen ki ciia Dao Tilm, kl vl vi?c mpt ngudi ddnh cd mdt hdm ch6o thuyin di ngupc ddng

sudi bdiig i ^ vdo cdnh ti6n huyen do, tho mdng

Di dugc vdi tram buac, qua may lan cua moi den cai diem^" "Hau md quan tuc true "(2) Didm ldm b6n cdi ho, cd nhung cdi cay la lung vd nhung hdn da ki la Trong diem cot vd bao Ion lugn vdng, kieu cdch that Id xinh dep Quan Chdnh dudng mdi khi d trieu ra thi nghi d day Thay tdi, dng bdo quan truyin ehi:

- Chieu qua, tdi da tdu len Thdnh thugng^^' cho phep cu vdo de hau mach Ddng cung thd tu(4)

Ong cung vdo vdi quan truyen chi, bao tdi di theo ciing may ngudi tieu hodng mdn^^' Di bd ddn mdt cdi ciia ldn, thi ve, qudn si thay tdi dn mac cd ve la lilng, mudn giu lai Quan truydn ehi ndi:

- Cd thdnh chi triSu

Hp ben de cho tdi di Qua ddy hdnh lang phia tay, den mpt cdi nhd ldn that Id

cao vd rdng Hai ben la hai cdi kieu dd vua chiia di D6 nghi trugng^^^ deu son son

thep vdng 6 giua ddt mpt cdi sap thdp vdng Trdn sdp mic mpt cai vdng didu Trudc sap vd hai ben, bdy bdn ghd, nhung dd dac nhdn gizin chua tttng thay Tdi chi ddm ngudc mat nhin rdi lai cui dau di Lai qua mdt cua nira, den mpt cdi ldu cao vd rdng 6 day, cdt ddu son son thdp vdng Tdi hdi nho c^uan truydn chi, dng

ta ndi:

- Ta vua di qua nhd "Dai dudng" Nhd ay gpi Id "Quydn bdng", cdi gdc nay gpi

la "Gdc tia" Vi thd tu "diing trd" d day, cho nSn gpi nd Id "phdng trd" (Sd la d ddy kieng danh tir "thudc" nen gpi thudc Id "trd".)

Bay gid trong "phdng trd" ed bay, tdm ngudi Thay quan Chdnh dudng ddn, tat

ca deu dung day Quan Chdnh dudng ngdi ghd tren Mpi ngudi ngdi theo thu tu Quan Chdnh dudng bao tdi ngdi vao giiia Liic diu tdi khdng hieu, sau mdi bidt dd

Id cdc vi luong y eua sdu cimg, hai vi$n dugc du vdo vide hau trd, ngdy dem chau chuc d day Thay tdi, hp deu nhin nhau Cd ngudi ciii xudng hdi nhd Quan Chdnh dudng cudi:

- Cu nay la con dng Lieu Xd a Dirdng Hdo vdo ngu cu trong Huong Son, lam

thudc hay cd tidng, nay vang thdnh ehi vdo kinh

Bdy gid cd ngudi chit khan lugt tdu, cudi va bao tdi:

(1) Diirn: tram, noi de nghi chdti hode chd dpi

(2) "Hdu md qudn tiic tnic": ten tr?im, nghia id "Noi qudn Hau md chd sin (de ehiia sai phdi)" (3) Thdnh thugng: ti^ diing de ehi nhd vua; 6 ddy chi chiia Trinh Sdm

(4) Dong cung th^td: eon trai eua ehiia da dupe chpn dl ndi ngdi; 6 ddy ehi Trinh Cdn, eon thii

ciia Trjnh Sdm

(5) Tiiu hodng mdn: quan ho^n hau h? noi cung cam

(6) D6 nghi trwpng: do dung eiia vua chua theo ngiii thuc do triiu dinh ddt ra

- Cu cd biet tdi khdng ?

- Tdi la kd d noi qu6 miia, lam sao bidt dugc cdc vi 6 noi tridu dinh ddng due nhu the ndy?

- Tdi la ngirdi An Vidt, huy$n La Son, 6 nhd, tdi vSn nghe tieng cii nhu sam

dpng ben tai, nhimg chua hd dugc gSip

B^y gid tdi mdi bidt dng ta ldm gido quan 6 Aii Vi6t, t§n la Chiic, dugc dng Nguydn Kiem ngtrdi Tien Dien lam Thy tran dd cu lam th4y thudc chiu chuc 6

ddy Sau dd, lai dugc ldm thudc b bO Binh, giii chuc Tham ddng Tdi ndi:

- Chd b ciia tdi khdng xa chd b dia ngdi bao nhieu Tdi m^y lin mudn ddn

thdm nhung phidn mdt noi Id khdng cd djp

Dang db cau chuy$n thi quan truydn mfnh ddn ndi nhd vol quan Chdnh

dirdng Quan Chdnh dudng dirng d$y, bio tdi:

- Ta hay vao dn com sang mOt Idt da

Tdi theo dng, di theo con dudng cii trd vl didm "H$u ma" 6ng ndi:

- Thdnh thugng dang ngu b ddy, xung quanh cd phi tan chiu chyc, ndn chua

thd ydt kidii Ta hay tam ra ngodi

Ong san mam com cho tdi dn Mdm vdng, chdn b^ci dd dn todn Id ciia ngon v^t l£i, tdi biy gid mdi bidt cdi phong vi ciia nhd dai gia An xong, thiy mdt vidn quan hiu e ^ chay lai mdi quan Chdnh dirdng vao va bio tdi di theo, DOt nhi§n, thiy dng ta md mdt chd trong mdn gam rdi budc vao 6 trong tdi om, khdng thiy cd eiia ngd ^ cd Di qua dd ndm, sdu lin trudng gim nhu v$y, ddn mdt cdi phdng

rdng, d giiia phdng ed mdt cdi s^p thdp vdng Mdt ngudi ngdi trdn s$p dO ndm, sdu

tudi, mdc do lua dd Cd miy ngirdi dizng hiu hailjen Giiia phdng la mpt cay ndn

to cim tren mdt cdi gid bdng ddng Bdn sap dat mOt cdi ghd rdng son son thdp vang, tr§n ghd bay n0m gim Mdt cdi man Id che ngang san 6 trong ed miy ngudi cung nhdn dang dijtng xiim xit Den sdp ehidu sang, ldm ndi mdu m^t p h ^ vd mdu

do dd Xung quanh lip lanh, huang hoa ngdo ng^t Xem chiing Thdnh thugng thudng thirdng vin ngdi trdn ghd rdng nay, nay ngudi rut lui vdo man de tdi xem m^ch Ddng cung cho th$t Id

Tdi nin thd dung chd d xa Quan Chdnh dudng truyin l§nh cho tdi lay bdn l?y Thd tu cudi:

- Qng ndy l?iy khdo!

Quan Chdnh dirdng lai truydn m$nh:

- Cy gid yeu, cho phdp cu ngdi hiu m?ich

Tdi khiim mim ddn trudc s^p xem m?ich Xem xong, nghe trong man ed tidng ndi nhd:

- Cho dng ta xem ci thdn hinh niia!

Mpt vien quan nOi thin'i^ diing chiu ddn bdn sap xin phep thd tur Thd tu diing d^y, cdi do, dirng ben giudng cho tdi xem Tdi xem ki tit ci lung, byng vd chdn tay mOt lugt Quan Chdnh dudng l?ii truyin m$nh bio tdi leiy ta rdi di ra Tdi diing d^y l^y bdn l^y Thiy quan Chdnh dirdng bio mOt tidu hodng mdn dua tdi ra "phdng trd" ngdi Mdt Idt sau, dng ddn hdi:

- Cu xem mach nhu thd ndo ? Ndn diing thu thudc ^ thi cu cu vidt mpt td trinh len

Rdi dng 1^ tiep:

- B$nh da nua ndm nay Trudc kia giy lim, nay da hoi ed da, ed thit, bin chit

ydu, b$nh da lau ma khdng bd dugc, vi dung duong dirgc^^) thi ndng, ma dimg dm dirgc'3) thi ti'^^*\ Cd khi phdi dimg nhyng vi phdt tdn^^) m6i xong!

Ong bdo quan Ti vidn dem nhiing thii don thudc dang dung ddn cho tdi xem

Nguydn khi dng d l cu tdi vd ndi miy eau nay la ciing cd f mudn tdi bidt chung

Ong ciing cd bidt thudc, tuy kidn thiie vd thudc chua sdu, nhung h i bdn ddn thudc

la cii mudn diing thii thudc cdng pheit Ong thudng ndi: "Cd b^nh thi trudc hdt Id phai dudi b#nh Khi dd dudi cdi ta di rdi hay bd, thi mdi Id cdi phdp diing din

nhat" Nhung theo "y tdi, dd la vi thd tii d trong chdn mdn che trudng phu, an qua

no, mdc qud im ndn tang phu ydu di Vi lai, b$nh mic da ldu, tinh khi khd hdt, da m^t khd, rdn ldi to, gan thdi xanh, tay chdn giy gd Dd Id vi nguydn khi dd hao mdn, thuong tdn qud miic Ndu ehi lo diing thii thudc cdng ph^t khic bde^^' md khdng bidt ring nguydn khi cdng hao mdn din thi ehi ldm cho rigudi them ydu Benh thd nay khdng bd thi khdng dirge Nhung sg minh khdng d lau, ndu minh ldm cd kdt qui ngay thi se bi danh Ipi nd rang buOc, khdng ldm sao vd niii dugc niia Chi bing ta dimg thii phuong thudc hod hoan, ndu khdng tning thi ciing khdng sai bao nhidu Nhung rdi l^i nghi: Cha dng minh ddi ddi chiu on eua nude,

ta phii ddc hdt ci ldng thdnh, dd ndi tidp cai ldng trung eua cha dng minh mdi dugc Nghi di nghi lai mOt hdi, tdi mdi ndi:

(1) N0i thdn: quan hdu trong cung

(2) Duong dugc: thudc cd tinh ndng

(3) Am dugc: thudc cd tinh mdt, l^nh

(4) Tr$: ngung dpng, khdng luu thdng dupe

(5) Phdt tdn: thudc udng vdo ldm cho dd m6 hdi

(6) Thudc cdng phgt khdc bdc: thudc trj b$nh cdng hi$u mamh song lai ldm thuong tdn co thi

- Tdi thiy thdnh thd giy, m^ch lai td, sdc'i' Thd Id dm duang diu bi tdn hai, nay phdi dung thudc that bd dd bdi dudng ti vd than, cdt giii cdi cdn bin tidn tiiidn'^)

vd ldm ngudn gdc cho cdi hdu thien^^' Chinh khi d trong md thing thi bdnh d ngodi se tu nd tidu dan, khdng tri bdnh md benh se mat ' '

Ong td y kidn ndi di ndi lai miy lin, nhung tdi vdn cii giai thich mdi Ong ndi:

- Cu da cd chii y nhu thd thi cu cir viet ra thanh phuong thudc de dang ldn

Tdi vang Idnh vidt td khai rdhg:

"Chdu mgeh, thdy sdu mgeh ti, sdc vd vo luc, hiiu quan yiu, huu xich lgi cdng yiu han Ay Id ti dm hu, vi hod qud thinh, khdng give duac khi duang; nin dm hod

di cdn: Vi vgy, bin ngodi thdy co trudng, do Id tu<?ng trung ngodi thi phU, bin trong thi trdng Nen bo ti tho thi yen Nay phdng dung: bgch trudt (mot lgng), thuc dia (ba ddng), can khuong (hai dong), ngu vi (mdt ddng) Sdc cho dgc, mdi m0t ldn udng mot thia trd dieu vdi nudc sdm sdc dgc Udng khi lung bgng

Tiiu thdn Li Hiiu Trdc phung ki."

Tdi vidt xong dua Idri Ong nhin Id mdt hdi, xem ed y ngai Cdc thiy lang ngdi diy cung mudn xem Ong khdng cho, diit giiy vdo tiii do, cudi :

- Phuong thudc vd lap ludn cua cu khdc chiing ta nhiiu

Ong bio mdt ndi thin mang td giay vdo Mdt Idt sau, dng diing d|y bio tdi di theo, trd vd didm "Hdu md" Udng trd mdt Idt, dng ndi vdi tdi:

- Cu di xa xdi vit vd, gid hdy tam vl nghi Cd bd con ban be mdi mpe ciing khdng dugc di ddu De ehd thdnh chi xem nhu thd ndo

• Tdi tii gid, len cdng vl dinh Trung Kidn Trong vdng mudi ngdy, ban be trong kinh deu ddn thdm hdi, thudng tinh nhu thd

(Theo LE H0U TRAC, Thugng kinh ki su,

bdn djch ciia PHAN VO, NXB VdA hpe, Hd Npi, 1971)

(1) Mqch te, sdc: m^ch nhd, dap nhanh

{2)Ti§n thien: thi chat bIm sinh

(3) tidu thiin: thi ch^t do su nudi dudng vd rdn luy?n vl sau md ndn

8

HUIDMG D A N HOC BAI

1 Quang canh trong phu chiia dugc midu ta nhu the ndo ? Cung cdch sinh hoat trong phu chiia ra sao ? Nhiing quan sdt, ghi nhdn ndy ndi len cdch nhin, thai

dp cua Ld Hiiu Trdc ddi vdi cudc sdng noi phu chiia nhu the ndo ?

2 Phdn tich nhiing ehi tidt trong doan trich md anh (chi) cho Id "dit", cd tdc dung ldm ndi bat gia tri hidn thue cua tde pham

3 Cdch chin dodn vd ehiia b$nh eua Le Hiiu Trde cimg nhiing didn bidn tdm tu eua dng khi kd don cho ta hieu gi vl ngudi thiy thudc ndy ?

4 Theo anh (chi), biit phdp ki sii cua tde gia cd gi ddc sic ? Phdn tich nhiing net ddc sic dd

, GHI NHO

Doan trfch Vao phu chua Trmh mang gid trj hien thuc sdu sic Bang tai quan

sat tinh td vd ngdi but ghi chep chi tiet, chan thuc, sac sao, tac gia da ve lai

mdt buc tranh sinh ddng v l cudc sdng xa hoa, quyen quy cua chua Trjnh,

ddng thai cung bdc Id thai dd coi thudng danh Igi

LUYINTAP

So sdnh doan trich Vdo phu chua Trinh vdi mdt tde pham (hode doan trich) ki

khdc cua van hpe trung dai Vidt Nam md anh (chi) da dpc vd ndu nhdn xdt vl net dac sic eua doan trich nay

Tir N G 6 N N G U CHUNG D I N LOI N O I CA NHAN

• Cd y thiic tdn trpng nhung quy t i c ngdn ngu chung ciia xd hOi, giCr gin vd phdt huy bdn sic ngdn ngCf cda ddn tOc

I - NGdN NGiJr - TAI S A N CHUNG CUA XA Hdi

Ngdn ngu la tai sin chung cua mOt dan tpc, mpt cpng ddng xd hOi (cd thd bao gdm nhiing ngudi ctog mOt ddn tOe, hode thudc cac dan tdc khdc nhau) Mudn giao tiep vdi nhau, xd hdi phii cd phuong tidn chung, trong do phuong ti^n quan trpng nhit Id ngdn ngii Phuong tidn dd viia giiip cho moi ed nhdn trinh bay nhiing ndi dung ma minh mudn bidu hidn, vtra giiip hp Unh hdi dugc ldi ndi ciia ngirdi khdc Cho ndn, mdi ed nhdn diu phii tich luy va bidt su dyng ngdn ngii chung eua cdng ddng xa hdi

Tinh chung txong ngdn ngii eua cdng ddng dugc bidu hidn qua nhiing phugng

di^n sau:

1, Trong thdnh phin cua ngdn ngu ed nhiing yiu td chung cho tit ci inpi cd

nhdn trong cdng ddng Mdi ed nhan diu can tieh luy nhiing ydu td chung dd vd bidt sii dyng chung de tao ndn ldi ndi, ddp ling nhu ciu bieu hidn ndi dung vd giao tidp vdi ngudi khdc Nhiing ydu td chung bao gdm:

- Cdc am vd cdc thanh (cdc nguydn am, phu dm, thanh di§u, ) Vi dy: a, e, i,

o, b, h, t, thanh huyen, thanh sdc, thanh ngang,

- Cdc tidng (tuc cdc dm tidt) do su kdt hgp cia cic dm vd thanh thep nhiing quy tie nhit dinh Vi du: nhd, cdy, ngudi, thu^, chiin, vd,

- Cdc tu VI dvi: ddt, nudc, d?p di, xe dgp, mdy bay, cd chim, md hdi, vd, nhung, hode, se, hdy, chu, a,

- Cdc ngii cd dinh (thdnh ngii, qudn ngii) Vi dy: thugn budm xudi gid, nudc do

ddu vit chdn udt chdn rdo, cay nhu dt, cao nhu nui, ndi togc mdng heo, cua ddng t0i, ndi tdm lgi,

2 Tinh chung cdn thd hi$n b cdc quy tic vd phuong thiic chung trong vi^c ciu

t?o va su dvmg cdc don vi ngdn ngii Cic quy tie va phuong thue ndy dugc hinh thdnh din trong Uch sii phdt tridn ciia mOt ngdn ngii vd can dugc mdi ca nhan tidp

nh|in vd tudn theo, ndu mudn cho sxf giao tidp vdi eOng ddng dat dugc hi0u qui

Vl dy mdt sd quy tic hode phuong thiic nhu:

- Quy tie ciu tsio cdc kieu cdu VI dy : ciu t^o kieu cdu ghep chi quan h$

nguydn nhan - kdt qui (bing cdp quan h$ tu vi {cho) nin va hai cum chu - vi) nhu: VI ta khdng khit cho ngudi dddang (Truydn Kiiu)

- Phuong thiic chuydn nghia tii : chuydn tii nghia gdc sang nghia phdi sinh

Vi dy: chuydn nghia theo phuong thiic an dii ddi vdi cdc tu chi t r ^ g thdi eua qui

cdy {non, gid, chin) sang chi cdc miic dp cua sy do ludng {non mOt can, gid mdt cdn), chi cdc muc dd eua nh$n thiic, tri tud (suy nghi cdn non, suy nghi da chin,

suy nghl g z a ^ n )

Cdn nhidu quy tie vd phuong thiic chung khdc niia thuOc cdc Unh vuc ngii am,

tu vixng, ngii phdp, phong cdch, ciia ngdn ngii Chiing cd tinh chit phd bidn vd bit buOc ddi vdi mpi ci nhdn khi t^o ra ldi ndi dd thuc hidn vide giao tidp vdi cdc

ed nhdn khdc trong cdng ddng xa hpi

II - Ldi Ndi - SAN PHAM RIING CUA CA NHAN

Khi giao tiep (ndi ho^c vidt), moi ca nhan su dvmg ngdn ngii chung de tao ra ldi ndi ddp ling nhu ciu giao tidp Ldi ndi (gdm ldi ndi mieng va van vidt) ciia mdi cd nhdn viia dugc t^o ra nhd cdc ydu td va quy tie, phuong thiic chung, viia cd sic

thdi ridng va phin ddng gdp cba cd nhdn Cdi ridng trong ldi ndi eua ed nhdn dugc bidu Ip b cdc phuong didn nhu sau:

1 Gigng ndi cd nhdn Khi ndi, gipng mdi ngirdi cd mpt vd ridng khdng gidng

ngirdi khdc, tuy ring mdi ngudi vin dung cdc am, cdc thanh chung thudc ngdn ngii cua cdng ddng Chinh vi vd ridng trong gipng ndi cua ed nhan ma ta cd thd

n h ^ ra gipng ndi ciia ngirdi quen ngay ci khi khdng nhin thay hay khdng tidp xiic true tidp vdi ngirdi dd

2 Vdn til ngd cd nhdn Mdc dii tii vimg ciia mdi ngdn ngii Id tai sin chung eiia

mpi ngudi, nhung mdi cd nhan ua chudng vd quen dung nhiing ttr ngii nhit dinh Vdn tir ngii cd nhdn phia thudc vdo nhidu phuong di?n : liia tudi, gidi tinh,

cd tinh, nghl nghidp, vdn sdng, trinh dd hieu biet, quan he xa hdi, dia phuong sinh sdng, Ching h?ui, ddy Id ldi n h ^ dinh eua mdt chdu bd vl ldi ndi eiia ngirdi bdc:

Bdc ndi, giong no khang khdc thi ndo dy Trdi bdc ndi Id gioi Sg bdc ndi

Id hdi

(Ma Vdn Khdng)

Cdc tu trdi, gidi, sg, hdi diu thudc tu vung chung cua tidng Vidt Nhung ngudi bdc lai quen dung tir gidi, tu hdi, edn diia chdu thi quen dung tu trdi, tvr sg

3 Su chuyin ddi, sdng tgo khi sii dung tic ngd chung, quen thudc Tir ngu la vdn

chung, quen thudc eiia todn xd hdi, nhung d ldi ndi cd nhdn ed su chuydn ddi, sdng tao trong nghia tir, trong kdt hgp tir ngii, trong vide tdch tir, gdp ttr, chuyin loai tir hode trong sic thdi phong cdch, tao ndn nhiing su bidu hidn mdi Vi du,

trong cdu tha cua Xudn Didu : Tdi mudn budc gid lgi - Cho huang dimg bay di, ttr bugc dugc chuydn nghia (ehi mong mudn khdng ed gid hoacgid ngiing thdi) ndn kdt hgp dugc vdi tir gid

4 Viec tgo ra cdc tit mdi Cd nhan cd the tao ra nhiing tii mdi tii nhiing chit li$u

cd sdn vd theo cdc phuong thiic chung VI du cdc ttr dp Idt, sdhod, sdn chai trong cdc

cdu sau ddu Id nhiing ttr mdi dirge tao ra vd su dung trong nhiing nam gin day:

- Cdng ti nhdn xdy dung cdc Id kinh, nhd mdy ggch dp lat cao cdp, su vi sinh cao cdp,

(Bdo Qudn ddi nhdn ddn)

- Vdo ddu nhung ndm 80, mgt cugc cdch mgng khdc trong ki xdo dugc thgc hiin, dd Id hinh dnh sdhod

(Tap chi KiS^n thdc ngdy nay)

- Cdn APEC, cd thi ggi Id sdn chai cua thiki XXI, nai md ASEAN cd nhiiu thdnh ' viin cua minh tham gia Id mdt thuc thi hgp tdc qudc tikiiu mdi

(Bdo Sdi Gdn gidi phdn^

Nhiing tir nay ban diu chi diing trong ldi ndi eua mdt ed nhdn hay mdt vdi

cd nhdn Nhung dan din chiing cd the dugc cdng ddng chap nhdn, sii dung vd trd thdnh tdi sdn chung, phuong tidn chung cua xa hdi Liic do chiing mang tinh chung, tinh phd bidn

5 Viicv4n dgng linh hogt, sdng tgo quy tdc chung, phuang thdc chung Khi ndi

hay vidt, cd nhdn cd thi tao ra cdc sin phim (ngii, cdu, doan, bdi, ) ed su chuydn hod linh hoat so vdi nhiing quy tic vd phuong thiic chung: lua chpn vi tri cho tii ngii, tinh luge tu ngii, tdch eau, VI du:

Tinh thu mdt bdc phong cdn kin, Gid nai ddu gugng mdxem

(Nguyin Trdi)

- Tiing ngua quan chdu thi khdng kimua hoi hay mua Ida Quandi bdt phu

ldm dudng, xi ndi hdm xe lua Quanh ndm

GHINH6 Ngdn ngu la tai san chung, Id phuang tien giao tiep chung cua ca cpng dong

xd h o i ; cdn Idi ndi la san phdm dugc ca nhdn tao ra trdn ca sd van dung cac ydu td ngdn ngu chung va tudn thii cdc quy t i c chung

(Nguyin Khuyin, Khdc Duong Khui)

2 Nhdn xet vl each sip ddt ttr ngii trong hai cau tha sau Cdch sip ddt nhu the tao

dugc hieu qua giao tidp nhu thd ndo ?

Xiin ngang mat ddt, riu tttng ddm, Ddm togc chdn mdy, dd mdy hdn

(Ho Xuan Huong, Tu tinh - bdi II)

3 Tim them nhiing vi du thd hi$n dugc quan he giiia cdi chung vd cdi ridng nhu quan he giiia ngdn ngii chung eua xd hdi vd ldi ndi ridng eua cd nhan

VliT BAI LAM VAN S6 1 : NGHl L U A N XA H 6 I

KfTQUAcANOAT

Vdn dgng kidn thuc vd kT ndng dd hpe v l vdn nghj ludn, vidt dugc bdi nghj ludn xa hOi cd ndi dung sat thyc td ddi sdng va hpe tdp cua hpe sinh phd thdng

^

I - HUdNG DAN CHUNG

Anh (chi) cin dn tap tnrdc nhiing kidn thiic vd ki ndng da hpe vl vdn nghi ludn Chii]^:

1 Bd eye bdi vdn nghi lu$n

a) Md bdi: Gidi thidu vd ndu vin d l ein nghi luan

b) Thdn bdi: Lin lugt trien khai cdc ludn didm, lu$n eii nhim lam sdng td vin dl e) Kit bdi: Thau tdm nhung ndi dung ca bin, tiep tuc ggi md suy n ^ cho

ngirdi dpc, hode ndu cim nghi ridng ciia ngudi vidt,

2 Ldp lu^n

- Cdch xay dtmg ludn didm, tim luan cu, cdch lap lu$n,

- Cac thao tac lap luan

H-GCnYMdTS6BEBAl

1 Dpc truyfn Tdm Cdm, anh (ehi) suy nghi gi vd cudc dau tranh giura cai thidn

vd cdi dc, giiia ngtrdi tdt vd ke xau trong xa hdi xua va nay ?

2 Bay td y kidn ciia minh vl vmi dl ma tdc gii Than Nhan Trung dd ndu trong

Bdi ki di danh tien si khoa Nhdm Tudt, niin hi$u Dgi Bdo thu ba - 1442 :

"Hiin tdi Id nguyin khi cua qudc gia", nguyin khi thinh thi thi nudc mgnh, rdi lin cao, nguyin khi suy thi thi nudc yiu, rdi xudng thdp

3 Vidt bdi nghi lu§n bdy td y kidn ciia minh vd phuong chdm Hgc di ddi vdi hdnh

- 0 dl 2 : Ngudi tdi dire ed vai trd quan trpng trong su nghiep xdy dung

dat nudc Hpe sinh ein phin diu trd thanh ngirdi tdi diic di gdp phin xay dung

dit nudc

2 Lap dan f va vidt bdi:

Dua vao kdt qui phan tich d^, ldp dan y rdi vidt bai Khi vidt, U Id vd din chiing

phii bdm sat ydu ciu eiia de; dimg tu chuin xdc vd didn d?it trdi chiy

a DQC TH£M

S 6 N G DON GIAN - XU TH^ CUA TH^ Ki XXI

Vdi ndm lai day, b phuong Tay xuit hidn mdt trdo luu sdng mdi gpi Id sdng don

giin: mpi ngudi tu nguydn don giin hod cudc sdng eua minh

Nhu thd ndo gpi Id sdng don giin ? Theo quan niem ciia nhiing ngudi dl xudng

ra trdo luu ndy, sdng don gian khdng ddng nghia vdi cudc sdng khd h^nh vd nghdo ddi, ma Id mdt cudc sdng dugc lua chpn sau mdt qud trinh nghidn ciiu ki ludng;

mdt cudc sdng hod ddng vdi thidn nhidn, tim kidm su can bdng trong mdi quan

he ddng - finh ; mdt cudc sdng hdn nhidn, vd tu, khdng lo ling, sidu phdm va thodt tuc Sdng don gidn ehinh la tu minh ling nghe tidng ndi cua ldng minh, xem rd diiu minh thdt su can thiet Id cdi ^ ? Ld sdng mdt cudc sdng thirc su la cua ban than minh chii khdng phai la bit chudc theo ldi sdng eua ngtrdi khdc hoac sdng theo ydu ciu eua ngudi khdc

De cd the sdng don gian cin phai cd siic sang tao vd long quyet tdm ldn, phai thuc su hod minh vao eude sdng dd cam nh$n Ndu nhu ban mudn mua mdt edn nhd, ban can phai nghi den ea cdi loi vd cdi hai cua nd, cd lgi it ciing se cd hai, cdi dupeva mat ludn di Uln vdi nhau, bit eii lua chpn nao ciing diu cd mat trdi cua

nd Mdt can nhd rdng rdi dep de tat se dem den su thoai mai de chiu cho ngirdi 6

vd ea nhiing ldi khen ngpi eua nhiing ngudi khae ; nhung, de ed tiin chi tri cho

nd, ban budc phai lam vide cat liic vd ed thd edn phai tir bd mdt sd thii khdc trong cudc sdng cua ban niia Sau khi mua nhd vdi thdng hoac vdi ndm, cd the se cd luc ban nghi ring khdng hieu vi sao ban phai sdng mdt cudc sdng khd sd vat va, mdt cudc sdng het siic don didu nhdm chdn ehi de cd tiin tri cho mdt can nhd nhu the ndy nhi ?

Mudn cd dugc mdt cudc sdng thoii mdi, sung sudng la mdt nhu ciu hodn

todn chinh dang cua eon ngudi Chiing ta ein phii dn, b, dilai, chiing ta ciing

ein phai ed nhiing cdng vide ed thii lao vd c i nhiing cdng vide khdng cd thii lao

Ld eon ngudi, chiing ta khdng the khdng cd thii gi, chiing "fa cd nhu cau theo dudi cdi hay cdi dep d miic do nhit dinh Nhung, chiing ta lai thudng khdng biet dung lai dung luc vi long tham cua con ngudi la vd day Long tham dd se day chiing ta vdo canh ng nin, met mdi va cung quan, tii dd tam hdn chiing ta

se trd thdnh chai san, tra U

Sdng don gian Id sdng sdu sic hon, quan tdm ddn nhau hon, thdn thiet voi nhau hon Cin phii thidt lap mpt mdi quan he than mat gin giii vdi eon ngtrdi vd cdnh vdt trong mdi trtrdng sdng cua chiing ta hon Trong cudc sdng hay ddnh mdt khoang thdi gian vd khdng gian sdng eua minh dd tim hieu, gin giii vd ydu qu^ nhiing con ngirdi sdng xung quanh chiing ta Hdy tu minh sdng mdt cudc sdng chdn thuc vd tao dimg xung quanh minh mdt cudc sdng hodn todn chdn thiic ddi vdi minh Chi cd khi ndo ban thiic su cam thay nhe nhdng, bit diu sdng an nhdn,

cd y nghia thi ban mdi cd the phdt hidn ra tinh hoa cua cudc sdng nay

Dua vdo nguydn tic ciia cudc sdng dan giin, tidu chuin tdi thieu eua cudc sdng Id: ddp ling diy du nhiing nhu ciu thiet ydu eua cudc sdng nhu an, mac, a, di lai Tit nhidn, de dat dtrgc diiu do, ban phii bd ra mdt sd cdng sue va thdi gian nhat dinh Nhung, diiu quan trpng d ddy Id, ngodi tat ci nhiing thii dd, trong thdi gian

cdn Ijii, vide md b ^ cin ldm Id bidn minh thinh mdt eon ngirdi nhdn nha vd binh

ydn, khdng hao phi thdi gian vd cdng sire vao nhiing vi^c ldm vd bd Hi$n nay,

xu thd sdng don giin vin chtra dupe thuc su chii y b Vidt Nam chiing ta

Nhung thuc ra, ldi sdng ndy da dugc cha dng chiing ta rit coi trpng tir xua v i da

trd thdnh mdt trong nhiing gid tri vdn hod truyin thdng ciia ngirdi Vidt Khdng ehi

do ngirdi Vidt Nam chiing ta eluu dnh hirdng ciia cdc tu tudng tridt hpe, tdn gido

phtrong Ddng nhu Nho, Phdt, DJIO ndn cd xu hudng vl mdt cudc sdng an nhdn tu

do tu t ^ md 6 thdi dai ndo chiing ta ciing cd nhiing con ngudi bidt each sdng nhdn

nhung khdng phii la lin trdnh cudc sdng thuc td ma Id sdng mdt cdch cd ich cho

ddi Cd thd ke ra d ddy rit nhiiu danh nhan cua dit Viet dd ttmg cd cudc sdng nhu

vdy: Nguyin Trai, Nguyin Binh Khiem, Ho Chi Minh,

Trong cudc sdng hidn dai ngay nay, eon ngtrdi ludn trong trang thdi phii chiu

dung mdt dp luc qua tai do eude sdng mang lai Ngay tu khi dang edn la mdt diia

trd, ngirdi ta da bi cudn theo mdt nhip sdng gip gdp cua thdi dai Chinh vi v$y, da

niy sinh nhiing edn bdnh mang tinh thdi dad nhu bdnh stress, ldm tdn thuong ddn

euOc sdng eua bidt bao con ngudi Trong mdt hodn canh nhu v£iy, vi?c xay dung

cho minh mdt eude sdng don giin - mdt cudc sdng nhdn nhd theo diing nghia:

nhan tam, lam vifc ed khoa hpe, bidt diing lai d mire du, biet minh bidt ngirdi, cd

thdi dd ling xb diing din, vdn hod - la vide lam ed ich cho mdi ngirdi Didu nay

khdng nhiing phu hgp vdi xu thd vdn minh cia thdi dai md ciing rit phii hgp vdi

truyin thdng vdn hod eua ddn tde Vidt Nam chiing ta

{Theo Chuong Thdu, bdo Vdn nghi, sd Tit 2002)

TU TINH

(Bai 11)

H6XUAN HUONG

Cdm nhdn dugc tdm trang vira budn tui vCra phdn udt trudc duydn phan eo le vd khdt vpng sdng, khdt vpng hanh phuc d Hd Xudn Huang Thiy dugc tdi ndng tho Ndm cua Hd Xudn Huong : tha Dudng ludt viet bdng tidng Viet, each dung tCr ngu, hinh dnh gian dj, gidu siic bidu cdm, tdo bao ma tinh td

chii Ndm vd chii Hdn Theo gidi nghien

ciiu, hien cd khodng tren duoi 40 bdi tho

Ndm tuong truyin Id eua Hd Xudn Huong

Nu si cdn ed tap tho Luu huang ki (phdt

hien nam 1964) gIm 24 bdi chu Hdn va 26

bdi chir Ndm Trong lich sii van hpe Vipt

Nam, Ho Xudn Huong Id hien tupng rdt

ddc ddo : nhd tho phu nii viet vl phu nii,

trao phung ma trii tinh, dam da chat van

hpe dan gian tii dl tai, cam hiing den ngdn

ngii, hinh tupng Noi bat trong sdng tde tho

Ndm Hd Xudn Huong Id tiing ndi thuong

cdm ddi voi ngudi phu nii, la su khang

dinh, dl cao vl dep vd khdt vpng eua hp

Ho Xudn Huong timg dupe m?nh danh Id

"Ba Chiia Tho Ndm"

Tu tinh (bdi 11) ndm trong chum tho

Tu tinh gom ba bdi eua Ho Xudn Huong

Ho Xudn Huong

{Tranh sen ddu cua Dgng Quy Khoa)

HITDING B A N HOC BAI

1 Bdn cau tha diu cho thiy tdc gia dang d trong hodn canh vd tdm trang nhu the

nao ? (Chii y khdng gian, thdi gian, gid tri bieu cam cua cdc tir ngii: vdng vdng, ddn, tra, cdi hdng nhan, say lgi tinh, mdi tuong quan giiia hinh tugng trdng sip tdn {bdn^xi) ma van khuyit chua trdn vdi than phdn nii si.)

2 Hinh tugng thidn nhidn trong hai cdu 5 vd 6 gdp phan didn ta tajn trang, thdi dd eCia nhd tha trudc sd ph^n nhu thd ndo ?

3 Hai cdu kdt ndi ldn tdm su gi cua tde gii ? (Chii y nghia eua tii xudn, ttr hfi; nghd thudt tdng tidn: Mdnh tinh - san se - ti - con con.)

4* Bai tha vira ndi ldn bi laeh duydn phin vtra cho thay khdt vpng sdng, khdt vpng hanh phiic cua Ho Xudn Hirong Anh (chi) hdy phdn tich diiu dd

, GHI NHO ,

Ti/tinh (bdi II) thd hidn tdm trgng, thai dd cCia Hd Xudn Huong : vua dau budn,

vtra phdn udt trudc duyen phdn, glng gugng vuon len nhung vdn rai vdo bi

kjch Bai tha cho thiy khdt vpng sdng, khdt vpng hanh phuc vd tdi nang dpc

ddo ciia "Ba Chiia Tha Ndm" trong nghe thuat su dung tu ngu va xdy dung

hinh tupng

(1) Tut nay cd bdn chdp id canh

(2) Canh: mOt khodng thdi gian cda ddm (mdt ddm chia ra ndm canh)

(3) HSng nhan: md h6ng; chi ngudi phy nii dpp

LUYINTAP

1 Dpc Tg tinh (bdi I) dudi diy, ndu nh$n xdt vl su gidng nhau va khdc nhau giiia

Tu tinh (bdi I) vd Tu tinh (bai II)

Tdi td vdn nhdn^^^ aiddtd?

Thdn ndy ddu dd chiu gid tom!

{ThaHd Xudn Huong, Sdd)

2 Hpe thudc vd dpc diin cim Tu tinh (bdi II)

(1) Bom: phia sau mpt con thuyin, noi ngudi ddn chdi thudng nudi nhdt gd

(2) Chdm: xdm nhd 6 mdt sd viing

(3) Tdi td: ngudi cd tdi vd sdng phdng khodng Vdn nhdn: ngudi cd hpe vd cd tdi vdn chuong

CAu CA MUA THU

(Thu dau)

NGUYIN KHUYDN

K^ QuA CAN OAT

• Cdm nhdn dugc vd dep ciia cdnh thu didn hinh cho mua thu Idng cdnh Vidt Nam va tinh ydu thidn nhidn, d i t nudc, tdm trang thdi thd cda nhd tha

• Thiy dugc nghd thudt ta cdnh, ta tinh va sii dgng tidng Vidt cua Nguyin Khuydn

TI^UOAN

Nguyen Khuyin (1835 - 1909) hi$u Id Qui Son, liic nhd tdn Id Nguyin Thing, sinh tai qud ngo^ - xd Hodng Xd (nay Id xd Ydn Trung), huy$n V Ydn, tinh Nam Djnh, ldn ldn vd sdng chii yiu

6 que nOi - ldng Vd (tdn chii Id Vi UBL), xd Ydn D6, huy#n Binh Lye, tinh Hd Nam Ong xueft thdn

trong mdt gia dinh nhd nho nghdo Ndm 1864, dng dd dau ki thi Huong M^y kl sau thi tiip l^i truprt, din ndm 1871, dng d5 ddu cd thi H^i vd thi Dinh Do dd diu cd ba Id thi ndn Nguyin Khuyin dupe gpi Id Tam Nguydn Yen Dd Tuy dd d^t cao nhung dng chi ldm quan hon mudi ndm, edn

phan ldn cuOc ddi Id d^y hpe vd sdng thanh b^ch d qud nhd Nguyin Khuyin Id ngudi tdi ndng, cd

cdt cdch thanh cao.xd t&i ldng ydu nudc thuong ddn, timg bdy td thdi dd kidn quyit khdng hpp tdc vdi chinh quyin thyc ddn Phdp

Sdng tdc eiia Nguyin Khuyen gom ed chii Hdn vd

ehu Ndm vdi s6 lupng ldn, hipn cdn trdn 800 bdi g6m tho, vdn, cdu d6i nhung chu yiu Id tho Tho Nguyin

Khuyin ndi ldn tinh ydu qud huong dat nudc, gia dinh, bd ban; phdn dnh cuOc sdng cda nhiing eon

ngudi khd cxfc, thudn hdu, eh^t phde; chdm biim, dd

kich thue ddn xdm lupe, tang ldp thdng tri, dong thdi b0c Ip tdin ldng im di ddi vdi ddn, vdi nudc Ddng gdp ndi bdt cda Nguyin Khuyin cho nin vdn hpe ddn tde

td 6 mdng tho Ndm, tho viit vl ldng qud, tho trdophting

Cdu cd mua thu nlm trong chtun ba bdi tho thu

cda Nguyin Khuyin Theo Xudn Didu, "Nguydn Khuyin ndi tieng nhat trong vdn hpe Vi0t Nam Id vl tho Ndm Md trong tho Ndm cua Nguyin Khuyen,

niic danh nhat la ba bdi tho miia thu : Thu di^u, Nguyin Khuyin Thu dm, Thu vynh"

(Hdng Ki phgc hog ndm 1922)

VAN BAN

Ao thu lanh leo nudc trong veo, Mgt chide thuyin eau be teo teo

Sdng bide theo lan hoi ggn ti

La vdng tnrdc gid khe dua veo

Ting may la lung trdi xanh ngit, Ngd true quanh co khdch ving teo

Tiia gdi budng cin^^^ lau ching dugc,

Cd ddu ddp ddng dtrdi chan beo

{Tha vdn Nguyin Khuyin,

NXB Vdn hpe, Hd Ndi, 1971)

HiroMG BAN HUC BAI

1 Diem nhin canh thu cua tdc gii cd gi ddc sic ? Tu didm nhin iy, nhd tha dd bao qudt canh thu nhu thd ndo ?

2 Nhiing tu ngii, hinh inh ndo gpi ldn dugc net ridng ciia canh sac miia thu ?

Hay cho bidt dd Id cdnh thu b miin que nao

3 Anh (ehi) cd nhdn xdt ^ vl khdng gian trong Cdu cd miia thu qua cdc chuyin ddng, mdu sac, idnh inh, am thanh ? Khdng gian trong Cdu cd mua thu gdp

phan diin ta tdm trang nhu the nao ?

4 Cdch gieo vin trong bdi tha ed ^ ddc bidt ? Cdch gieo vin iy gpi cho ta cim gidc

^ vl canh thu va tinh thu ?

5 Qua Cdu cd mua thu, anh (chi) cd cim nhan nhu thd nao vl tam ldng eiia nhd

tha Nguyin Khuyen ddi vdi thidn nhidn, dit nude ?

GHINHO-Bai tha Cau ca mua thu thd hien su cdm nhdn vd nghd thudt ggi td tinh te ciia

Nguydn Khuyen vl cdnh sic mua thu ddng bang Bic Bd, ddng thdi cho thiy tinh yeu thidn nhidn, dit nudc; tam trang thdi the vd tai tha Ndm ciia'tdc gid

LUYEN TAP

1 Phdn tich cdi hay cua nghd thudt su dung tu ngu trong bdi Cdu cd miui thu

2 Hpe thudc vd dpc diin cim bai tho

(1) Cdn: edn cdu

PHAN TICH D E , LAP D A N Y B A I V A N N G H I L U A N

K^TQUACANOAT

• Nim dugc cdch thuc phdn tfch de vdn nghi ludn

• Bidt cdch ldp dan y bdi vdn nghj ludn

l-PHANTiCHBi

Dpc cae dl bdi sau vd tri ldi eau hdi ndu d dtrdi

De l.Tuykidn dudi ddy, anh (ehi) suy nghi givl vide "chuan M hdnh trang vdo the ki mdi"?

"Cdi manh eiia con ngudi Vidt Nam Id sg thdng minh vd nhay bdn vdi cdi mdi Nhtmg bdn canh cdi manh dd vin tdn tai khdng it cdi ydu Ay Id nhiing 16 hdng vl kidn thiic ca bin do thidn hudng chay theo nhiing mdn hpe "thdi thugng", nhit

Id khi ndng thgc hanh vd sdng tao hi han chd do ldi hpe chay, hpe v?t ndng nl "

{Theo Vu Khoan, Chudn bf hdnh trang vdo theki mdi)

De 2 Tam su eua Ho Xuan Huong trong bdi Tu tinh (bdi II)

Be 3 v l mdt ve dep eiia bdi tha Cdu cd miia thu {Thu diiu) cua Nguyin Khuydn

1 De nao cd dinh hirdng cu the, dl ndo ddi hdi ngtrdi viet phai tu xdc dinh hudng triin khai ?

2 Vin dl can nghi iuan cua mdi dl la ^ ?

3 Ph?im vi bai vidt ddn dau ? Dan chiing, tu Ueu thudc linh vuc ddi sdng xa hdi hay vdn hpe?

H-LAPUANV

Lap dan y Id sip xep cdc y theo trinh tu Idgic Lap ddn y giiip ngudi vidt khdng

bd sdt nhiing ^ quan trpng, ddng thdi logi bd dugc nhiing y khdng cin thidt Ldp dugc ddn y tdt, cd thd viet dl ddng hon, nhanh hon vd hay hon

Dua vao kdt qui phdn tich dl, anh (chi) hay ldp ddn y cho cdc dl vdn ndu d muc I

1 Xdc ldp ludn didm

Ggiy:

(3de\,t\i^ kidn ciia Vii Khoan, ed the xdc dinh dugc bao nhidu ludn didm, bao

nhidu lu$n cii cho tung l u ^ diem ? Dd Id nhiing ludn didm, ludn cii ndo ?

6 dl 2, cin dua vdo bai hgc b phin Vdn hpe dl xdc dinh tdm sg vd diin bidn tdm

trang ciia nhd tha Mdi net tam trang ed thi coi nhu mdt lu|n diim trong bdi vidt

6 dl 3, ngirdi vidt phdi tu xdc dinh mpt vin dl md minh nim viing ho$e tdm die nhat dd triin khai, ching han: vd d?p miia thu trong bdi tha, tdm trgng oia nhd thg, vd dep ngdn ngii cua bai tha, Tu^ vin dl dugc Iga chgn md xdc dinh cdc luan diim ldm sdng td cho vin dl dd,

2 Xdc l$p lu$n oil

Tun nhung ludn cd: lam sdng td cho tung lu$n diim

3 Sip xdp ludn diim, lu$n cii

a) Md bdi: Nhin chung phin md bai thudng ed nhidm vu gidi thidu vd dinh

hirdng trien khai vin dl

Anh (chi) hdy dg kidn cdch md bdi cho bdi vdn vidt 6 d l 1 (hode de 2, de 3) b) Thdn bdi: Sip xdp cdc ludn diem, lu$n cu trpng lu$n didm theo mdt trinh t\f

Idgic (quan hd chinh thd - bd ph|ln, quan hd nhdn - qui, diin bien tam trang, )

c) Kit bdi: Tdm luge ndi dung da trinh bdy ho$c ndu nhiing nh|bi dinh, binh

ludn, nhim khoi gpi suy nghi cho ngtrdi dpc

Anh (chi) hay dg kidn ndi dung vd cdch thiie kdt bdi cho bdi vdn vidt d dl 1 (hodcdl2,dl3)

4 Di ddn f mgeh Igc, ein ed ki hidu trudc mdi d l muc, vi du : I, II, III, ;

1,2, o, ; a, D, c,

, : GHI NHd

Phdn tich d l Id cdng vide trudc tidn trong qua trinh lam mdt bdi vdn nghj

ludn Khi phdn tich d l , c i n dpc kT d l bdi, d i d y nhung tu ngu then chdt dd xac djnh ydu c i u v l ndi dung, hinh thiic vd pham vi tu lidu c i n sudung

Qua trinh ldp ddn y bao gdm : xdc ldp ludn didm, ludn ctr, sip xdp cdc ludn

didm, ludn cu theo mdt trinh tg Idgic, chdt chd C i n cd kf hidu trudc mdi dk

muc di phdn bift ludn didm, ludn cii trong ddn y

LUYEN TAP

Phdn tieh dl vd lap ddn y hai dl sau:

Dl 1 Cam nghi eiia anh (chi) vl gid tri hi$n thuc ctia dogn trich Vdo phu chua Trinh (trich Thugng kinh ki su cua Ld Hiiu Trde)

De 2 Tdi ndng su dung ngdn ngii dan tdc cua Hd Xudn Huong qua mdt bdi tho

Ndm {Bdnh trdi nudc hode Tu tinh - bdi II)

THAO TAC LAP L U A N P H A N T I C H

Kfr QUA CAN DAT

-• N i m dugc muc dich, ydu c i u ciia thao tdc ldp ludn phdn tich

• Bidt phdn tfch mdt v i n d l xa hdi hode vdn hoc

I - MUC BiCH, YlU cAu CUA THAO TAC LAP LUAN P H A N TICH

Mdi su vide, hidn tupng bao gid ciing dugc tgo bdi nhiiu ydu td Cdc ydu td.ndy khdng tdn tgi ddc lgp ma cd mdi lidn hd, tdc dOng qua lgi lan nhau trong mgt chinh thd thdng nhit Trong qud trinh nh$n thiic, vide chia nhd ddi tugng thdnh nhidu ydu td dd di sdu xem xdt mdt cdch ki cdng ndi dung vd mdi quan hd bdn trong cung nhu bdn ngodi ciia chiing gpi Id phdn tich

Dgc dogn trich sau vd thgc hidn cdc ydu ciu ndu d dudi

Nhung trong xd hdi ndy, bdn thiu vd bdn ti$n thi cd le khdng ai bdng Sd Khanh Trong cdc nghi bdt chinh ngdy xua, cd mgt cdi nghi rdt tdi tdn la nghi sdng bdm cdc thanh ldu, nghi ldm chdng hd cda gdi diim Nhung trong cdi bgn tdi tdn dy cung rdt it ai tdi tdn nhu Sd Khanh Sd Khanh vd ldm nhd nho, ldm hi$p khdch vd Sd Khanh vdyiu dikiim chdc, diddnh lua mdt ngudi con gdi Ngudi dy lgi Id ngudi vi hiiu thdo md rai vdo chdn ldu xanh, lgi la ngudi dd td ra rdt tin, rdt dgi an Sd Khanh Vd Sd Khanh lua ngudi ta Id di ngudi ta bi ddnh ddp tai bdi, bi nim vdo kiip ldu xanh khdng cdch gi cudng lgi Cho nin luc Tu Bd dudi tdi nai vd Sd Khanh ri ddy cuong biin mdt, tdm li cua bdt kl ai, ddu hiin lanh din mdy, khi dgc tdi dd Id: gid cd cdch gi tdm dugc Sd Khanh thi cdi viic ddu tiin

Id phdi ddnh cho mdt trdn Nhung cdi tdn nhdn vd vd liim si cda Sd Khanh khdng phdi chicd thi Hdn cdn di xa han nda Sau dd, hdn cdn ddn mat mo din, mdng dt Kiiu vd toan ddnh Kiiu nda Cdi trd lira bip vd lim bip xong Id trd mat ndy lgi khdng phdi la chuyin ngdu nhiin, chuyin mgt ldn Theo Md Kiiu thi cdi chuydn ndy hdn dd diin ra khdng biit ldn thu mdy, hdn dd thdnh tay ndi tiing bgc tinh Nhdn vdt Sd Khanh hodn thdnh biic tranh vi cdc nhd chiia Nd Id cdi mdc cao nhdt cda tinh hinh ddi bgi trong xd hgi ndy

1 ' —- — —

{Hodi Thanh todn tdp, tdp II, NXB Vdn hpe, Hd NOi, 1999)

1 Xdc dinh npi dung y kidn ddnh gid cua tdc gid ddi vdi nhan vgt Sd IQianh

2 De thuyet phuc ngudi dpc, tdc gii dd phdn tich y kidn cua minh nhu the ndo ?

3 Chi ra su ket hgp chdt chd giiia phan tieh vd tdng hgp trong dogn trich

4 Ke them mdt sd ddi tupng phdn tieh trong cae bdi vdn nghi ludn (xa hdi vd vdn hpe)

5 Anh (ehi) hieu the ndo Id phan tieh trong vdn nghi lugn ? Nhiing ydu ciu cua thao tdc ndy Id gi ?

II - CACH P H A N TiCH

Dpc lai dogn trich d muc I vd eae dogn trich dudi day dl tim hieu cdch phdn tieh

(1) Nhung ndi din nhiing luc lugng bgo tdn cua sdminh, khdng thi khdng ndi din thi luc cua dong tiin Trong xd hdi "Truyin Kiiu", ddng tiin dd thdnh mdt sdc mgnh tdc qudi rdt ghi Nguyin Du khdng phdi khdng nhdc din tdc dung tdt cua dong tiin Cd tiin Thuc Sinh, Tic Hdi mdi chudc dugc Kiiu, Kiiu mdi ciiu dugc cha

vd sau ndy bdo dime an cho ngudi ndy, ngudi ng Dd Id nhiing khi ddng tiin ndm trong tay ngudi tdt Nhung chu yiu Nguyin Du vdn nhin vi mgt tdc hgi Vi Nguyin

Du thdy rd cd mgt logt hdnh ddng gian dc bdt chinh diu Id do dong tiin chi phdi Quan lai vi tiin md bdt chdp cdng li; sai nha vl tien md tra tdn cha con Vuong dng;

Tu Bd Md Gidm Sinh, Bgc Bd, Bgc Hgnh vi tiin md ldm nghi budn thit bdn ngudi;

Sd Khanh vi tiin md tdng tgn luang tdm; Khuyin, Ung vi tiin md ldm nhiing diiu dgi dc Cd mdtxd hgi chgy theo tiin

Mdu tham hi thdy hai dong thi mi

Dong tiin ca ho dd thdnh mdt thi luc vgn ndng Tdi hoa, nhgn sdc, tinh nghia, nhdn phdm, cdng li diu khdng cdn cd nghia gi trudc thi luc cua dong tiin Tdi tinh, hiiu hgnh nhu Kiiu cung chi cdn la mdt mdn hdng, khdng han khdng kim Ngay Kiiu nda, cdi vi?c dgi ddt nhdt, tdi ldi nhdt trong sudt ddi ndng, cdi viic nghe ldi Hd Tdn Hiin khuyin Tic Hdi ra hdng, mgt phdn cung bdi xiiu ldng vi nggc vdng cua Ho Tdn Hiin

Cho nin ndi din ddng tiin, phdn nhiiu Nguyin Du cd gigng rat hdn hgc vd khinh bi Ngay khi ddng tiin cd tdc dung thu xip vg dn Vuang dng Nguyin Du vdn mia mai chua chdt:

Trohg tay dd sdn dong tiin, Ddu ldng ddi trdng thay den khd gi

Hg Chung ra siic giup vi,

Li tdm dd ddt, tung ki cung xong

{Hodi Thanh todn tdp, t§p II, Sdd) (2) Tic giiia thi ki XX, ddn sd thi gidi tdng vdi nhip dd chua tdng thdy Ndm 1950, ddn sd thi gidi Id 2,5 ti ngudi vd din ndm 1980, sau 30 ndm dd lin tdi 4,4 ti ngudi, ndm 1987 la 5 ti Niu cu theo tdc dd gia tdng cua nhiing ndm 80 cua thiki ndy (thiki XX) thi din giiia thiki XXI (ndm 2050), ddn sd thi gidi si dgt con sdgdn 9 ti ngudi

Ddn sdngdy cdng tdng dd dnh hudng rdt nhiiu din ddi sdng ciia mdi cd nhdn, mdi ddn tdc cung nhu todn thi cdng ddng Nhiing dnh hudng dd Id: khdng cd du luang thuc, thuc phdm cung cdp cho bda dn hdng ngdy, tic dd ddn din cdnh ddi ngheo, tinh trgng thiiu dinh dudng ddn din susuy thodi siic khoe, giudng ndi khdng nhang khdng phdt triin md cdn de ddng bi thodi hod Ddn sdtdng, trong khi viic ldm, casdsdn xudt cd hgn ddn din thiiu vi^c ldm, thdt nghiip ngdy cdng tdng, ddn

sd tdng cdng nhanh thi chdt lugng cudc sdng ciiu cgng ddng, cda gia dinh vd cd nhdn si ^m sdt

(Din theo Nguyin Minh Thuyit (Chd bidn),

Tiing Viit thuc hdnh, NXB Dai hpe Qudc gia Hd NOi, 1996)

Nhin chung, phdn tieh Id chia nhd ddi tupng ra ttmg ydu td, tiing khia cgnh theo nhiing tidu chi, nhiing mdi quan h$ nhit dinh de tim hidu cdn ke, sau sic ddi tugng

- Hay lan Itrgt phan tieh cdch phdn chia ddi tugng trong mdi doan trich trdn

- Chi ra mdi quan hd giiia phdn tieh vd tdng hgp dugc t h i hidn trong mdi doan trich

GHINHO-Mgc dfch ctia phdn tfch Id lam ro ddc diem vd ndi dung, hinh thiic, cau true

va cdc mdi quan hd bdn trong, bdn ngoai cua ddi tugng (su vdt, hien tugng) Khi phdn tfch, can chia, tdch ddi tugng thanh cdc yeu td theo nhCrng tidu chf, quan hd nhit djnh (quan hd gi&a cac yeu td tao ndn ddi tugng, quan hd nhdn qud, quan hd giua ddi tugng vdi cac ddi ttrgng lidn quan, quan hd giua ngudi phdn tfch vdi ddi tugng phdn tfch, )

Phdn tfch cdn di sdu vao tCmg ydu td, tung khfa canh, song can ddc bidt Itru

y ddn quan hd giua chiing vdi nhau trong mdt chfnh thd toan ven, thdng nhat

(Ld Tri Viln, Din vdi tha hay, NXB Gido dye, 2001)

b) Con rdt nhiiu cdu cd thd tiiu bieu cho ldi cdm xuc riing cda Xudn Di$u Tdi chi ddn mdt thi du ndy nda Trong bdn dich "Ti bd hdnh" cua Phan Huy Vinh c6 hai cdu:

Thuyin mdy Id dong tdy lgng ngdt, Mgt vdng trdng trong vdt long sdng

td cdnh chung quanh thuyin sau khi ngudi ti bd phg vua ddnh ddn xong Mdt cdi cdnh ldng le, lanh lung dn mdt mdi budn dm thdm, kin ddo ThiLu cdledd nhd den hai cdu dy khi viit:

Tiing diiu sdo nao nao trong vdt, Trdi quang mdy xanh ngdt mdu la

Mgc ddu hai chd "nao nao" cd dua vdo trong cdu tha mdt chut rung ddng ta vdn chuaxagi cdi khdng khi binh yin trin bin Tdm Duong Vdi Xudn Di$u cd tinh ldn cdnh trd nin xdn xao vd cung Ngudi kt nu cua Xudn Di$u cdng ba va nhu ngudi ti

bd phg Nhung ndng khdng ldng le budn, ta thdy ndng run lin vi dau khd:

Em sg ldm Gid bdng trdn mgi neo;

Trdi ddy trdng Ignh Iia sudt xuang da

(Hodi Thanh - Hodi Chdn, Thi nhdn Viit Nam, NXB Vdn hpe, 1988)

2 Phdn tich vl dep eua ngdn ngii nghd thudt trong Tg tinh (bdi II)

T H U O N G V O TRANT^XUCfNG

K^TQUACANOAT-• Cdm nhdn dugc hinh dnh bd Tii vd tinh cam thuang ydu, quy trpng ngirdi vg cung nhCrng tdm sg cua nhd tha

• Thiy dugc thdnh cdng nghd thudt cua bai tha:

sii dung tidng Viet gian dj, tu nhidn, gidu sire bidu cdm ; vdn dung sdng tao hinh dnh, each ndi cCia vdn hpe ddn gian

^

TI^UBAN

Trin T l Xuong (1870 - 1907) thudng gpi Id Tii Xuong, qud ir ldng Vi Xuydn, huydn MI LOc, tinh

Nam Dinh (nay thuOc phudng VI Hodng, thdnh phd Nam Dinh) Tu Xuomg chi sdng 37 ndm vd chi

dd.tii tdi nhung sy nghiep tho ea ctia dng dd trd thdnh bit tii Vdi khodng trdn 100 bdi, chii yiu Id

tho Ndm, gdm nhiiu thi tho (thit ngdn bdt cd, thit ngdn hi tuydt, lye bdt) vd mpt sd bdj vdn tl,

phii, cdu ddi, sdng tdc ciia Tii Xuong gdm hai mdng: trdo phiing vd trii tinh, diu bit ngudn tii

tdm huyit eiia nhd tho vdi ddn, vdi nudc, vdi ddi

Tho xua viit vl ngudi vp dd it, md viit vl ngudi vp Idii dang cdn sdng cdng hiim hoi hon

Tho Trin T l Xuong Isii khdc Trong sdng tdc cda dng, cd hin mOt dl tdi vl bd Tii gdm ed tho,

vdn tl, cdu ddi Bd Tu tiing chiu nhiiu vit vd gian trudn trong cudc ddi, nhung bd lai ed niim h^nh

phiic Id ngay liic cdn sdng da dupe di vdo tho dng Tii vdi tit ed niim thuong ydu, trdn trpng

cda chdng

Thuang vg\h mOt trong nhiing bdi tho hay vd cdm ddng nhit cda Tu Xuong viit vl bd Tii

VAN BAN

Quanh nam budn ban b mom sdng'",

Nudi dii ndm con vdi mdt chdng

Ldn Ipi thdn cd khi qudng ving,

Eo seo(2) m^t nude budi dd ddng

(1) Mom sdng: phin dit 6 bd sdng nhd ra phia ldng sdng, noi ngudi ldng chdi thudng hay ty t|ip

mua bdn

(2) £o 5eo: ki kdo, kdii ea phdn nan mdt cdch khd chiu

Mpt duydn'i' hai ng(2) du ddnh phdn'^), Ndm ning mudi mtra dam quin cdng

Cha me thdi ddi dn d bgc,

Cd chdng hd hiing cung nhu khdng

{Tha vdn Trdn Ti Xuang

NXB Gida due, Ha NOi, 1984)

HirdNG BAN HOC BAI

1 Cdm nhgn eiia anh (ehi) vl hinh inh bd Tu qua bdn cdu tha diu ? (Chii y nhiing ttr ngu cd gid tri tgo hinh, hinh anh con ed trong ea dao dugc tac gia v$n dung mdt cdch sdng tgo.)

2 Phdn tich nhiing cdu tha ndi ldn dire tinh cao dep cua ba Tii

3 Ldi "chui" trong hai eau tha cudi Id ldi cua ai, ed y nghia gi ?

4 Ndi ldng thuong vg eua nhd tha dugc thd hidn nhu the ndo ? Qua bdi tha, anh (chi) cd nhdn xdt gi vl tdm sg vd ve dep nhdn cdch ciia Tii Xuong ?

GHI NHd Vdi tinh cam thuong yeu, quy trpng, tdc gia da ghi lai mdt cdch xuc ddng,

chdn thyc hinh dnh ngudi vg.tan tao, giau dtrc hi sinh Thuong vg\k bdi tha

tieu bieu cho tha trCr tinh cua Tran Te Xuong : cam xuc chdn thdnh, Idi tha gian dj ma sdu sic

LUYEN TAP

Phdn tich su vgn dung sang tao hinh anh, ngdn ngii vdn hgc dan gian trong bdi tha trdn

(1) Duyin: d ddy cd nghia la quan h0 vp chong do trdi dinh sdn

(2) Ng: 6 ddy ed nghia la gdnh ndng phdi chiu NgudLxua cho rdng vp chdng lay nhau niu tdt dep

Id duyin, trdi l?ii thi la ng

(3) Au ddnh phdn {du ddnh - tiing co : thdi danh): thdi ddnh do sd phdn

L Q U lOiOC DUONG KHUi NGUYDN KHUYEN

TI^U B A N

Duong Khud (1839 - 1902) ngudi ldng Vdn Dmh, tdng Phuomg Dinh, tinh Hd Ddng (nay Id huypn ting Hod, thuOe Hd NOO, dd tiin si ndm 1868, ldm quan din ehiie Tdng ddc Nam Djnh, Ninh Binh Ong Id ban thdn cda Nguyin Khuyin

Bai Khdc Duang Khui liic diu viit bing chu Hdn {Vdn dong niin Vdn Dinh tiin si Duang

Thugng thu), sau dd dupe ehinh Nguyin Khuyin djch ra chii Ndm vd bdn chii Ndm 1^ cd phin

phd biin hon bdn chu Hdn

VAN BAN

Bdc Duong thdi da thdi rdi

Nude mdy man mdc ngdm ngiii ldng ta

Nhd ttr thud ddng khoa^^' ngdy tnrdc, Vdn sdm hdm tdi bdc cung nhau;

Kfnh ydu ttr trudc den sau, Trong khi gap gd khdc ddu duydn trdi^^) ? Ciing ed luc choi noi dam khdch, Tidng sudi nghe rdc rdch lung deo ;

Cd khi ttmg gdc eheo leo, Thii vui con hdt Iga'chilu cam xoang'^)

Cling ed liic rugu ngon ciing nhap, Chdn quynh tuong'^^ dm ip bau xudn

Cd khi bdn sogn cdu vdn, Bidt bao ddng bich, didn phin^^' tnrdc sau

Budi duong diut^' ciing nhau hogn ngn, Phdn diu thdng(7) ching ddm tham trdi ; Bac gii, tdi cQng gid rdi,

Bidt thdi, thdi the thi tiidi mdi Id!

{I) Ddng khoa: tia 6.0

(2) "5? cd cdu tho: sv gdp gd ciia hai ngudi b?n nhu cd trdi xui khien

(3) Cdm xoang {cdm: ddn; xoang: di^u hdt): 6 day chi vide tde gid vd bsm di hdt a ddo

(4) Quynh tuang: chi thii nipu ngon

(5) Ddng bich \ chi phdng dpc sdch Diin phdn: tiic tam phdn ngd diin, chi cdc sdch thdi thupng

cd Tnmg Qudc md nhd nho xua nghidn ciiu

(6) Budi duang cdu: thdi budi suy ddi, vdn h^ui; 6 day chi thdi gian nude ta b j thyc dan Phdp xdm lupe (7) Phdn ddu thdng: ddu vd thdng Id dyng cu dong thdc g?io thdi xua Cdc, quan ngdy xua nhdn

luong bdng thdc ndn ndi phdn ddu thdng la ndi phdn ngudi ldm quan

Mudn di lgi tudi gid thdm nhdc, Tnrdc ba ndm gdp bdc mdt lin;

c i m tay hdi hdt xa gin, Mirng ring bac hay tinh thin chua ean

Kl tudi tdi cdn hon tudi bdc, Tdi lgi dau tnrdc bdc miy ngdy;

Lam sao bdc vdi vl ngay, Chgt nghe, tdi bdng chan tay rgng rdi

Ai ching bidt chdn ddi Id phii, Sao vgi vdng dd mii ldn tidn;

Rugu ngon khdng cd ban hiin, Khdng mua khdng phii khdng tiin khdng mua

Cdu tha nghl ddn do khdng vidt, Vidt dua ai, ai biet ma dtra

Giirdng kia treo"^ cung hiing hd, Ddn kia^2) gjy cung ngin nga tidng dan

Bdc ching d, diu van ching 6, Tdi tuy thuang, liy nhd Igm thuong;

Tudi gia hgt Id nhu suong

Hoi ddu chudc lay hai hdng ehiia chan!

{Tha vdn Nguyin Khuyin, Sdd)

3 Day la mdt bai tha cd nghd tiiudt tu tir ddc sic Hay phdn tieh nhiing bidn phdp nghd thudt tu ttr thd hi^n ndi trdng ving eua nhd tha khi bgn qua ddi

(1) Giuang treo: Trin Phdn thdi Hdu Hdn ed ngudi b^n thdn Id Tit Trf Phdn ddnh ridng cho b^n

mpt cdi giudng, khi ban din choi thi mdi ngdi, liic ban vl 1^ treo giudng ldn

(2) Ddn kia: Tuomg truyin Bd Nha vd Chung Tu Ki la hai ngudi ban Bd Nha Id ngudi choi ddn gidi

Tii Ki cd tdi nghe tieng ddn eiia Bd Nha md hilu dupe diiu Bd Nha dang nghl Ngudi ta gpi dd

Id ban tri dm (hilt dupe tiing dan) Sau khi Tii Kj chit, Bd Nha ddp bd ddn vi cho ring khdng

ed ai hilu dtipc tiing ddn eua minh Cd thuyit ndi Id Bd Nha treo ddn khdng gdy nfia

/ O Q C T H £ M

U Q J V I N H KHOA THI HUONG TRANT^XUONG

TI^UBAN

Vfnh khoa thi Huang (ed ban ghi \k Li xudng danh khoa thi Dinh Ddu) Id bdi tho thudc dl tdi

"thi eii" - mOt d l tdi khd ddm ndt trong sdng tdc eua Tu Xuong (13 bdi viia tho vita phii), dd thi

hidn thdi dd mia mai, phdn uat cda nhd tho ddi vdi chi dd thi cii duong thdi va ddi vdi eon

duong khoa cii cua rieng dng Qua nhiing bdi tho ndy, tdc gid ve ndn rnOt phlri hi$n thyc nhdn

nhdo, d hpp cda xa hOi thyc ddn niia phong kiln budi diu, ddng thdi ndi ldn tdm sy cda minh

trudc tinh cdnh dat nudc

VAN BAN

Nha nirdc ba ndm md mdt khoa^", Trudng Nam thi lan vdi tnrdng Ha^2)_

Ldi thdi si ttr vai deo Ip'^^

Am oe quan tnrdng midng thdt loa

Lpng^*^ cim rgp trdi quan sii ddn'^^

Vdy Id qudt dit mu dim ra^^^

Nhdn tdi dit Bic ndo ai dd, Ngoinh cd md trdng cdnh nudc nhd

{Tha vdn Trdn Ti Xuang, Sdd)

(1) Nhd nudc: bO mdy qudn li qudc gia, 6 ddy chi triiu dinh phong kiln nhd Nguyin Ba ndm: theo

1$ thudng dudi thdi phong kiln, cii ba ndm cd mdt khoa thi Huong

(2) Truang Nam: trudng thi 6 Nam Dinh Trudng Hd: trudtig thi d Hd NOi Dd la hai trudng thi

Huong 6 Bic Ki thdi xua Thyc ddn Phdp ddnh ehilm Ha Ndi, trudng thi Ha NOi bj bai bd

Tii ndm Binh Tult (1886), cdc si tii trudng Hd NOi xudng thi chung d trudng Nam Dinh

(3) Lg: Ip dvmg nuoc udng (thi sinh lam bdi 6 trong llu cd ngdy, phdi mang theo dd dn, thiic udng)

(4) L(>«g: cd bdn ghi Id cA

(5), (6) Khoa thi Huong ndy cd Todn quyin Phdp d Ddng Duong la PdnDu-me (PaulDoumer) ciing

vp din d\f Ddy Id cdnh ddn rude Todn quyin din trudng thi Nam Djnh tai ldng Mi Trpng biy

gid (nay thudc thdnh phd Nam Djnh)

HUdNG BAN BOC THEM

1 Hai eau diu cho tiiay ki till ed gi khdc thudng ? (Chii y phdn tich Id tir ldn.)

2 Anh (chi) cd nhdn xet gi vl hinh inh si tu vd quan trudng ? (Chii y cdc tir ldi thdi,

am oe vai bien phap nghd thudt dao ngii; cae hinh inh vai deo lg cua si tii, mieng thet loa ciia quan trtrdng.) Ttr hai cau tha 3 vi 4, anh (chi) cd cam nhdn

nhir the ndo vl canh thi cu liic bay gid ?

3 Phan ti'eh hinh inh quan sii, bd dim vd sue mgnh cham bidm, di kich ciia bi^n phdp nghd thudt ddi d hai eau 5, 6

4 Phdn tieh tdm trgng, thdi dd eua tde gii trudc canh tupng trudng thi Ldi nhin gpi eua Tii Xuong d heii cdu tha cudi ed y nghia tu tudng gi ?

TU NGON NGU CHUNG D I N LOI NOI CA N H A N

(Tidp theo)

III - QUAN HE GIUA N G O N NGU CHUNG VA Ldi NUI CA N H A N

Giiia ngdn ngii chung ciia cdng ddng xd hdi vd ldi ndi eiia cd nhdn ed mdi quan

he hai chiiu:

- Ngdn ngii chung la ea sd de mdi ed nhdn san sinh ra nhiing ldi ndi cu the cua rninh, ddng thdi linh hdi dugc ldi ndi eua cd nhan khdc Mudn tgo ra ldi ndi (khi ndi, khi vidt) de thoa man nhu ciu biiu hidn vd giao tidp trong nhiing tinh hudng

eg thd, mdi ed nhan phai huy ddng cdc ydu td ngdn ngii chung (nhu cdc tir) vd van dung cdc quy tie hode phuang thue chung Mat khdc, khi nghe, khi dgc, mdi ed nhan cin tidp nhdn, tim hieu, linh hdi ndi dung vd muc dich giao tidp trong ldi ndi eua ngudi khdc, liic dd ed nhdn ciing cin dga trdn ea sd nhiing ydu td chung, nhiing quy tic vd phuong thiie chung thudc ngdn ngii eiia cdng ddng xd hdi

- Ldi ndi cd nhdn Id thue te sinh ddng, hidn thuc hod nhiing ydu td chung, nhiing quy tic vd phuong thiic chung eiia ngdn ngur Vi du : Quy tic ciu tgp cdu

don gdm ba thdnh phin trgng ngd - chu ngic-vi ngd dugc hien thgc hod qua eau tha dau tidn trong Truy$n Kiiu cua Nguyin Du:

Trdm ndm trong cdi ngudi ta, Chd tdi, chu minh khio Id ghit nhau

Hon niia, chinh nhiing su bien ddi vd chuyin hod diin ra trong ldi ndi cd rihan din din gdp phin hinh thdnh va xdc lap nhiing cdi mdi trong ngdn ngii, nghia la lam cho ngdn ngii chung phdt trien (Xem nhiing tir mdi d mgc II.4.)

, GHI NHO

Ngdn ngCr chung ciia xa hdi Id ca sd dd sdn sinh vd iTnh hdi Idi ndi ca nhdn Ngtrgc lai trong Idi ndi ca nhdn vCra cd phin bieu hidn cua ngdn ngCr chung, vtra cd nhu-ng net ridng Han nua cd nhdn cd thd sdng tao, gdp phan lam bien

ddi va phdt tridn ngdn ngCr chung

LUYiN TAP

1 Tir ndch la mdt tii phd bien, quen thudc vdi mpi ngudi ndi tidng Vidt vdi nghia

"m|it dudi chd cdnh tay ndi vdi nggc" {TU diin tiing Viit - Hodng Phd chii bidn) Nhung trong caii tha dtrdi day, Nguyin Du (trong Truyin Kiiu) dd cd sg sang tgo ridng khi dung tir ruich nhu the ndo ?

Ndch tudng bdng liiu bay sang ldng giing

2 Trong nhiing cau tha sau, tir xudn dugc diing theo sg sdng tgo ridng ciia moi nha tha nhu thd ndo ? Hay phan tich nghia ciia tii xudn trong ldi tha ciia

mdi ngudi

- Ngdn ndi xudn di xudn lgi lgi '

(Hd Xudn Huong, Tg tinh - bdi H)

Cdnh xudn dd bi cho ngudi chuyin tay '

(Nguyin Du, rrM>^/j iS^u)

Chen quynh tuang dm dp bdu xudn

(Nguyin Khuyin, Khdc Duang Khui)

Mua xudn Id Tit trdng cdy, Ldm cho ddt nudc cdng ngdy cdng xudn

(Hd Chi Minh)

3 Cung la tii mtir trdi trong ngdn ngii chung, nhung mdi tde gii trong nhiing cdu

tha sau dd cd sdng tgo nhu thd nao khi su dung ?

a) Mdt trdi xudng biin nhu hdn Ida

Sdng dd cdi then, dim sdp cua

(Huy Cdn, Dodn thuyin ddnh cd)

b) Tic dy trong tdi bimg ndng hg,

Mdt trdi chdn li chdi qua tim

c) Mdt trdi cua bdp thi ndm trin ddi

Mdt trdi cua m?, em ndm trin lung

(j6mrai,Titdy)

(Nguyin Khoa Diem, Khdc hdt ru nhOng em bi l&n trin limg m?)

4 Theo anh (chi), tirong nhiing cau sau, ttr ndo Id tu mdi dugc tgo ra trong thdi

gjan gin ddy ? Chiing dugc tgo ra dga vdo nhiing tidng ndo ed sSn vd theo

phuang thiic ciu tgo ttr nhu thd ndo ?

a) Nhung ngdm nghi mdt chut, hg si thdy nhiing vdt rhgn mdn nhdt chda cd mdt

BAI CA N G A T N G U O N G NGUYfiNCONGTRU

K ^ QUA CAN DAT

-• Hidu dung thuc chit vd y nghTa cCia phong each sdng cd ban ITnh cd nhdn (dugc gpi la

"ngit ngudng") cCia Nguyin Cdng TrCr trong khudn khd xd hdi phong kien chuyen chd

• N i m dugc mpt vdi dac didm ciia thd hdt ndi

TIEU BAN

Nguyin Cdng Tni (1778 - 1858), ty Id Tdn Chit, hi$u Ngp Trai, bidt hi$u Hi Vdn, xuit thdn

trong mOt gia dinh Nho hpe, ngudi ldng Uy Viin, huydn Nghi Xudn, tinh Ha Tinh Tii nhd cho

den ndm 1819, dng sdng nghdo khd vd chinh trong thdi gian ndy, Nguyin Cdng Tni dd cd diiu kidn tham gia sinh ho^t hdt ca trii vdn khd phdt triin 6 ldng Cd Dam gin ldng dng Ndm 1819,

dng thi dd Gidi nguydn yd dupe bd Idm quan Bdng cudc ddi ciia chinh bdn thdn, dng da chung td minh Id ngudi cd tdi ndng

vd nhidt huyit tren nhiiu linh vyc ho^it ddng

xd hOi, tir vdn hod, kinh t l din quan sy Nhimg eon dudrng Idm quan ciia Nguyin Cdng Tni khdng bing phlng Ong dupe thdng chiic vd hi gidng chiie thit thudng Cd Iiic, Nguyin Cdng Trti dupe bd nhi$m Idm Tdng ddc HIi An, cd Iiic lai bJ gidng chiie

Idm linh thii it Qudng Ngai

Nguyin Cdng Tni sdrig^tdc hau hit bing chii Ndm The l o ^ ua thich cda dng Id hdt ndi (hdt ndi Id mOt diOu ciia ea trii nen cd ngudi cdn gpi chimg la ca trii) Hdt ndi da khd phd biin tu cdc t h i ki trudc, nhat la cudi t h i ki XVIII, song Ngsyin Cdng Trir Id ngudi dau tien da cd cdiig dem din cho hdt ndi mOt nOi dung phii hpp vdi chiie ndng vd

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ elu tnic ciia nd

Nguyin Cdng Tru

(Tranh chdn dung tgi nhd thd d ldng Uy Viin)

Liic binh Tay^^^ ed dgi tudng,

Cd khi vl Phu dodn Thua Thidn^e)

Dd mdn giii td chi nien<^, Dac ngga bd vdng deo ngat ngudng^^'

Kia nui ng^^^ phau phau may trdng, Tay kidm cung md ndn dgng tii bi

Got tidn theo dung dinh mdt ddi di^^^^

But cung ngc cudi dng ngit ngudng

Dugc mit duong duong ngirdi thdi thupng'^", Khen ehd phoi phdi ngpn ddng phong^^^)

(1) Mpi vide trong khodng trdi dit diu la phdn sijr cda ta

(2) Tdi bd: tdi hoa Vdo iSng: Idm quan dupe xem Id bi giam ham trong ldng, mit ttf do

(3) Tha khoa: dd diu, chi vide Nguyin Cdng Tni dd Gidi nguydn ki thi Huong ndm 1819 Tham

tdn : ndm 1833, dng Idm Tham tdn qudn vu ; ndm 1841, dupe thdng Tham tdn d?u thin Ting ddcDdng: ndm 1835, dng giu ehiie Tdng ddc Hdi An (Hdi Duong vd Quang Ydn) Ddy Id hai tinh

phia ddng Ha NOi Cd cdu •^ ndi dng cd tdi ndng nhiiu m$t, da hoat dOng tren nhiiu linh vvrc (4) Thao luge: tai ndng qudn sii

(5) Binh Tdy: hoat ddng qudn su eua dng 6 miin tdy Nam Bd trong cdc ndm 1840 -1841

(6) Pha dodn : quan dau tinh, noi cd kinh dd ; ndm 1848, Nguydn Cdng Tni chinh thiic ldm

Phii doan Thua Thidn

(7) Gidi td: cdi day deo an Nghia cd cdu: ndm 6 kinh dd cdi tra ^ (cua quan lai) de vl huu

(8) Tuong truyin dng vl huu, thirdng cudi bd vdng cd deo nh^e ngua; lai treo cdi mo cau d.phln tren dudi bd, ndi Id dl che midng thi gian

{9) Ndi no: mii Dai Nai gan thj xa Hd Tinh

(10) Nguyin Cdng Tni thudng dua theo cdc ed hiu gdi len chua Thidn Tupng trdn nui Hdng Phan Bdi Chau cd tho vinh vi$e nay: "Ha nhu Uy ^^dn tudng qudn thii - Tu^ ung hdng nhi thupng phdp mdn" (Sao ed dupe cdi thii cua Uy Viin tudng qudn - Rupu say dua cdc cd gdi tti len ehiia)

(11) Ngudi thdi thugng: y ndi cflng nhu ngudi thdi thupng cd, khdng quan tdm chuydn dupe vail (12) Ddng phong: gid miia xudn Theo ngu hdnh, phuong ddng ling vdi hdnh Mpe, ehu vl mfla xuda

Y ea cdu: chuydn khen che bd ngodi tai, trudc mpi ldi khen che cii vui phoi phdi nhu di trong gi6 xudn ain dp