TV D A U THE Ki XX DEN CACH MANG
T H A N G T A M N A M 1945
KflQUACANDAT-
• Thiy dtrgc mdt sd ndt ndi bat v l tinh hinh xa hdi va van hod Viet Nam niia dau thd ki XX.
• N i m vung nhung dac didm ca ban va thanh tgu chu yeu cua van hgc Vidt Nam tu dau thd kf XX ddn Cach mang thang tam ndm 1945.
Cd kT nang van dung nhung kidn thiic do vao viec hoc nhCrng tac gia vd tdc pham cy thd.
Tir diu thd ki XX ddn Cdch mang thdng Tdm ndm 1945 Id mdt thdi ki rat quan trpng ttong lich sii ddn tdc ndi chung vd Uch su vdn hpe ndi ridng. Vdi khdng day niia the ki, xd hdi Viet Nam da ed nhimg bidn ddi sdu sic chua ttmg thiy. Vugt len sg kim ham cua cdc the lgc thuc dan phong kidn, hod nhip vdi sg ldn manh ciia ddn tdc, nin vdn hoc nudc nhd da phdt ttien theo hudng hidn dgi hod vdi tdc d6 rit nhanh vd dat dugc nhimg thdnh tgu to ldn.
I - BAC BIEM C0 BAN CUA V A N HOC VIET NAM TUTBAU THE Kl XX BEN CACH MANG
T H A N G T A M N A M 1945
1. Van hgc ddi mdi theo hudng hidn dai hoa
Nam 1858, thiic ddn Phdp tien hdnh cudc chidn ttanh xdm luge nudc ta. Sau gin nua thd ki binh dinh vl qudn sg, den khoang diu thd ki XX, chiing mdi thuc sg khai thdc thudc dia vl kinh td. Sau bed cudc khai thac thudc dia (lin thii nhit ttr ndm 1897 den ndm 1914, lin thii hai ttr nam 1919 den ndm 1929), ea ciu xd hdi Viet Nam cd nhiing bidn ddi sdu sic. Mdt sd thdnh phd cdng nghidp ra ddi, dd thi, thi tran mge ldn d nhiiu noi. Nhiing giai cip, ting ldp xd hdi mdi : tu sin, tieu tu sin (vidn chiic, hgc sinh, nhiing ngudi budn bdn hay sin xuit nhd,...), cdng nhdn, ddn nghdo thdnh thi,... xuat hidn ngdy cdng ddng dao. Mdt ldp cdng chiing cd ddi sdng tinh thin vd thi hieu mdi da hinh thdnh ddi hdi mdt thii vdn chuong mdi.
Tii dau thi ki XX, van hod Viet Nam din din thodt khdi anh hudng eua vdn hod phong kien Trung Hoa, bit diu md rdng tidp xiic vdi vdn hod phuang Tay md chu yeu la vdn hod Phdp. Ludng vdn hod mdi tiidng qua ting ldp tti thiie Tdy hoc
(phan ldn id tidu tu sdn) ngdy cdng thim sau vdo y thiic vd tdm hdn ngudi cim biit ciing nhu ngudi dgc sdch.
Ddn diu the ki XX, chii qudc ngii dd thay thd chii Hdn, chii Ndm ttong nhiiu Unh vge, tir hanh chinh cdng vu tdi vdn chuong nghd thudt. Chii qudc ngu dugc phd bien rdng rdi da tao diiu kien thudn lgi cho cdng chiing tidp xiic vdi sdch bdo. Nhu ciu vdn hod eua ldp cdng chiing mdi dd ldm nay sinh nhimg hogt ddng kinh doanh van hod, ldm cho nghl m, nghl xuat ban, nghl ldm bdo theo kl thudt hien dai phdt trien khd mgnh. Viet vdn ciing ttd thdnh mdt nghl Idem sdng tuy rit khd khdn, chat vdt.
Nhiing nhdn td trdn dd tgo diiu kidn cho vdn hgf Viet Nam ddi mdi theo hudng hidn dgi hod. Hiin dgi hod b day dtrgc hieu la qud trinh ldm cho van hgc thodt ra khdi he thdng thi phdp vdn hgc tnmg dgi vd ddi mdi theo hinh thiie van hgc phuong Tay, ed the hdi nhdp vdi nin vdn hgc hidn dgi thd gidi.
Qud ttinh hidn dgi hod eua vdn hgc Viet Nam ttr diu thd ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 dd didn ra qua ba giai dogn:
a) Giai dogn thu nhdt (tir diu the ki XX ddn khoing ndm 1920)
Ddy Id giai dogn chuan bi cdc diiu kidn ein thidt cho cdrig cudc hidn dgi hod vdn hgc. Chii qudc ngii dugc phd bidn ngay cang rdng rdi. Ciing vdi bdo ehi, phong ttdo dieh thudt ma chu ydu la dich tidu thuydt cd dien, Tdn thu Trung Qudc, tiiu thuyet vd kich Phdp, cimg ed tde ddng khd quan trgng tdi vide hinh thdnh vd phdt trien nin vdn xudi qudc ngii.
Tii cudi thd ki XDC, d Nam Ki da xuit hidn mdt sd sdng tde vdn xudi vidt bing chii qudc ngii. Cd gid tri han ci Id truydn ngin Thdy La-za-rd Phiin^^^ (1887) cua Nguydn Trgng Quan - mdt trong nhimg dng vdn xudi qudc ngii diu tidn dugc coi Id tdc phim md diu cho truydn ngin hidn dgi Viet Nam. Nhtmg phii den nhimg ndm diu thd ki XX mdi ra ddi nhiiu tde pham vdn xudi bang chii qudc ngii, ttong do, ddng chii y Id tieu tiiuyet Hodng Td Anh hdm oan^^^ (1910) cud Thidn Trung (tiic Trin Chdnh Chidu). Tuy nhidn, phin ldn truydn ngin, tiiu thuyet viet theo ldi mdi d giai dogn ndy cdn vgng vl, non ndt.
Thanh tiiu chu ydu cua vdn hgc giai dogn nay Id tha vdn cua cdc chi si cdch mgng : Phan Bdi Chdu, Phan Chdu Trinh, Nguydn Thupng Hiin, Ngd Diic Ke, Huynh Thiie Khdng,... Sang tdc cua nhimg cay biit Hdn hpe ndy, mac du dd cd nhiing ddi mdi rd ndt vl ndi dimg tu tudng, nhung the lo^i, ngdn ngu, van tg vd thi phdp, ndi chung vdn thudc phgm trii van hgc trung dgi.
(1) Thdy La-za-rd Phiin: truydn ngdn viet v^ bi kich cua thay La-za-ro Phien vi mdc muu gian md sinh ghen tudng, giet oan vp vd b^n.
(2) Hodng TdAnh hdm oan : tieu thuyet vi^t vl ndi oan ue cda Hodng Td Anh - rndt e6 gdi ngh^o 6 Sdi Gdn.
b) Giai dogn thu hai (khoing ttr nam 1920 den nam 1930)
Qud trinh hidn dgi hod cua vdn hgc ddn giai dogn ndy dd dgt dtrgc nhimg thanh tuu dang ke. Mdt sd tdc gii giau siic sdng tgo da khing dinh dugc tai ndng cua minh. Nhiiu tde pham cd gid tri xuit hidn. Dd Id tiiu thuyet eiia Ho Biiu Chdnh;
truyen ngin cua Phgm Duy Tdn, Nguyin Bd Hgc ; tha cua Tin Dd, A Nam Trin Juan Khii; kich eua Vii Dinh Long, Vi HuyIn Dac, Nam Xuong,...
Song song vdi qud trinh hidn dgi hod eua vdn hgc ttong nudc, truydn ki cua Nguydn Ai Qudc (dang hogt ddng each mgng d Phdp) viet bing tieng Phdp ed tinh chien diu cao vd but phdp hien dgi, didu luyen.
Nhu v$^y, nhin tdng qudt, nin van hgc nirdc ta ddn giai dogn ndy dd dgt dugc mdt sd thdnh tgu rit dang ghi nhgn ttong qud trinhhidn dgi hod, ldm cho vdn hpe ed tinh hidn dgi. Tuy nhidn, nhiiu ydu td cua vdn hgc tnmg dgi vdn edn tdn tai phd bidn d mgi the logi tir ndi dtmg den hinh thiie.
c) Giai dogn thu ba (khoing ttr ndm 1930 den ndm 1945)
Den giai dogn ndy, ndn vdn hgc nude nlid dd hodn tit qud trinh hidn dgi hod vdi nliilu'cudc cdch tan sdu sic ttdn mgi the logi, dac bidt Id tieu thuydt, truydn ngin vd tha.
Nhd tidp thu kinh nghidm eua vdn hoc phuong Tay ma chu ydu Id cua vdn hgc Phdp, truydn ngin vd tiiu thuyet d giai dogn nay dugc vidt theo Idi mdi, khdc xa vdi each vidt trong van hgc ed, ttr cdch xay dgng nhdn vat den nghd thudt kl chuydn vd ngdn ngii nghd thudt. Tha ca ciing ddi mdi sdu sic vdi phong trao Tha mdi - "mdt cudc cdch mang trong thi ca" (Hoai Thanh). Cudc cdch mgng ndy khdng chi diin ra d phUong di$n nghd thudt (phd bd nhiing ldi diin dgt udc Id, nhiing quy tie ciing nhie, cdng thiic gd bd,...) ma edn didn ra d ci phuong didn ndi dung (cdch nhin, cdch cim xuc mdi md ddi vdi con ngudi vd the gidi). Nhiing the logi mdi nhu kich ndi, phdng sg vd phd binh vdn hoc xuit hidn ciing khang dinh sg ddi mdi eua van hgc. Tdm lgi, hidn dgi hod da diin ra ttdn mgi mat cua hogt ddng van hgc, ldm bidn ddi todn didn vd sdu sic didn mgo nin vdn hgc Vi^t Nam.
Hidn dgi hod vdn hgc Id mdt qud trinh. 6 hai "giai dogn diu, dac bidt Id d giai dogn thii nhit, sg ddi mdi edn ed nhimg ttd nggi nhit dinh, bdi sg niu kdo cua qdi cu. Vl the, vdn hgc ttr ndm 1900 ddn ndm 1930 dtrgc ggi Id vdn hgc giao thdi. Den giai dogn thii ba, cdng cudc hidn dgi hod mdi dtrgc hodn tit, ldm cho ndn van hgc nude nhd thuc su hiin dgi, ed thi hdi nhgp vdo nen van hgc thd gidi.
2. van hoc hinh tiianh hai bd ph$n va phdn hod tiianh nliilu xu hudng, vua diu tranh vdi nhau, vira bd sung cho nhau d l cimg phat ttien
Phdt trien trong hodn canh c|ia mdt nudc thudc dia, chiu sg ehi phdi mgnh md va sdu sic eua phong ttdo diu ttanh giii phdng dan tdc, vdn hgc Vidt Nam thdi ki nay da hinh thdnh hai bd phdn : cdng khai va khdng cdng khai^^\ Vdn hgc cdng khai la van hgc hgp phdp, tdn tgi trong vdng phdp lugt cua chinh quyen thgc dan phong kidn. Vdn hgc khdng cdng khai bi ddt ra ngodi vdng phdp lugt, phai luu hdnh hi rndt.
a) Bd phdn vdn hgc cdng khai
Do khdc nhau vl quail diim nghd thudt vd khuynh hudng tham mi ndn bd phan vdn hpe cdng khai lai phdn hod thdnh nhiiu xu hudng, trong dd ndi ldn hai xu hudng chinh Id vdn hpe ldng mgn vd vdn hpe hidn thgc.
Vdn hpe lang man Id tidng ndi cua ed nhan trdn diy cam xiic, ddng thdi phdt huy cao dd tri tudng tugng dl didn ta nhiing khdt vgng, udc ma. Nd coi con ngudi Id trung tam ciia vii trg, khang dinh "edi tdi" cd rihdn, dl cao eon ngudi the tgc, quan tdm ddn nhimg sd phan cd nhan vd nhimg quan he ridng tu. Bit hod nhung bit luc trudc thgc tgi, vdn hgc ldng mgn tim cdch thodt khdi thgc tgi do bing cdch di sdu vdo thd gidi ndi tdm, tiid gidi eua mdng udc. Xu hudng van hgc ndy thudng tim den cdc dl tdi vl tinh ydu, vl thidn nhidn vd qud khii, thd hidn khdt vgng vugt ldn trdn cudc sdng hidn tgi chgt chdi tu tiing, dung tgc, tim thudng. Vdn hgc ldng mgn thirdng chii ttgng didn t i nhiing cim xiic mgnh md, nhiing tuong phin gay git, nhiing bidn thdi tinh vi trong tdm hdn eon ngudi.
Trudc nam 1930, tha eua Tan Da, tiiu thuydt eua Hodng Nggc Phdch thudc xu hudng vdn hgc ldng mgn. Tu khodng ndm 1930, da thgc sg xuit hidn ttdo luu ldng mgn chii nghia vdi nhimg thdnh tiru ndi bdt dugc kdt tinh d Tha mdi, tiiu thuyet Tg lgc vdn dodn, truydn ngin trii tinh eua Thgch Lam, Thanh Tinh, Hd Dzdnh, tuy biit va truydn ngan cua Nguydn Tudn. Tuy nhidn, nhm vdo tung hidn tugng eua ttdo luu nay, ngudi ta thiy khuynh hudng tu tudng cung khdng tiidt thuin nhit.
Van hgc ldng mgn gdp phin quan trgng vdo vide thiic tinh f thiie cd nhan, diu tranh chdng luan U, ll gido phong kidn cd hu de giii phdng ed nhdn, gianh quyin hu&ng hgnh phiic ed nhdn, ddc bidt Id ttong linh vge tmh ydu, hdn nhdn vd gia dinh. Nd gdp phan ldm cho tdm hdn ngtrdi dgc tiidm tinh td va phong phii, giiip cho hg thdm ydu thuang mdnh dit qud huong, quy ttgng tidng me de, tu hao vl nin vdn hoaldu ddi cua ddn tde vd biet budn dau, till nhue trudc canh mat nudc...
Tuy nhidn, vdn hgc lang mgn It gin ttgc tidp vdi ddi sdng xd hdi ehinh tti cfia dat nirdc, ddi khi sa vdo khuynh hudng dl cao ehu nghia ea nhdn cge doan.
(1) C6n e6 edeh gpi khdc Id vdn hpe hgp phdp vd van hpe bdt hgp phdp.
Van hgc hidn thgc tap trung vdo vide phoi bdy thiic ttgng bit cdng, thdi ndt cua xd hdi duong thdi, ddng thdi di sdu phin dnh tinh cinh khdn khd cua cae ting ldp nhdn ddn bi dp biic bdc lot vdi mdt thdi dp cam thdng sdu sdc. Nd ldn tidng diu ttanh chdng dp biic giai cap, phin dnh mau thuin, xung ddt giiia ke gidu vdi ngudi nghdo, giiia nhan ddn lao ddng vdi ting ldp thdng tri. Cdc nhd vdn hidn thuc thudng dl cap tdi ehu dl the sg vdi thai dd phd phdn xd hdi tten tinh thin ddn chu vd nhdn dgo, chii ttgng midU ta, phdn tieh vd U giai mdt cdch chan thgc, ehinh xdc
qud trinh khdch quan eua hidn thgc xd hdi thdng qua nhimg hinh tupng dien hinh.
Niiin chung, vdn hpe hien thgc ed tinh chdn that cao vd tham dugm tinh thin nhdn dao. Tuy nhidn, cdc nhd van hidn thgc phd phdn ehi thiy tdc ddng mdt ehilu cua hodn canh ddi vdi con ngudi, coi eon ngudi Id ngn nhan bat lgc cua hodn einh.
Tii diu the ki XX den khoang ndm 1930, sdng tac eua Nam Xuong, Nguydn Ba Hgc, Ho Bieu Chdnh,... thudc xu hudng vdn hgc hidn thgc. Tii khoing ndm 1930 den ndm 1945, cd the ndi da thgc sg hinh thdnh ttdo luu hidn thgc chu nghia ttong vdn hgc Viet Nam. Thanh tgu cua ttdo Itm vdn hgc hidn thgc dugc kdt tinh d cac the logi vdn xudi: truydn ngin ciia Nguydn Cdng Hoan, Nguyen Hong, Nam Cao, Td Hodi, Biii Hien ; tieu thuydt eua Vii Trgng Phgng, Ngd Tat Td, Nguydn Hdng, Mgnh Phii Tu, Nam Cao ; phdng su ciia Tcim Lang, Vii Trgng Phung, Ngo Tit Td. Trdo luu vdn hgc ndy ciing ed nhimg sang tde gia tri d the tha ttdo phiing nhu Ddng nudc ngugc cua Tii Ma, Tha ngang ciia Do Phdn.
Vdn hgc ldng mgn vd vdn hgc hidn thgc cimg ton. tgi song song, vira diu ttanh vdi nhau, vtta anh hudng, tac ddng qua lgi, ed khi ehuyen hod lin nhau. Nhin chung, hai xu hirdng vdn hgc nay ludn d ttong qud ttinh didn bidn, ddi thay, giiia chiing khdng cd ranh gidi that rgch rdi, khdng ddi lap nhau vl gid tri. Xu hudng van hgc ndo cimg cd nhimg cay biit tdi ndng va nhiing tdc pham xuit sic.
b) Bd phdn vdn hgc khdng cdng khai
Trong bd phdn vdn hgc khdng cdng khai cd tha vdn cdch mgng, tidu bieu nhit Id tha vdn sang tdc trong tu, Vdn hgc each mgng cung ed luc dugc lim hdnh cdng khai (van tha Ddng Kinh nghia thgc, vdn tha each mgng thdi ki Mat ttgn Ddn ehu), nhung ehu ydu vdn bi ddt ra ngodi vdng phdp lugt cua ehd dd thuc ddn phong kien vd ddi sdng vdn hgc binh thudng. Ddy Id tieng ndi cua cdc chien si vd quin chiing nhdn dan tham gia phong ttdo each mgng. Hg coi tha vdn trudc het Id mdt thii vu khi sic bdn chidn diu chdng ke thu ddn tdc. Id phuang tidn dl truyin bd tu tudng ydu nude vd each mgng. Quan nidm ndy dugc the hidn sdu sic vd nhit quan ttr Phan Bdi Chdu : "Ba tic ludi md guam ma sling, nhd cim quyin trdng gid ciing gai ghd - Mdt ngdi ldng viia trdng viia chidng, cua dan ehu khdu ddn thdm sang chdi" {Vdn tiPhan Chdu Trinh) ddn Hd Chi Mmh:
"Nay d ttong tha ndn cd thdp - Nhd tha ciing phdi bidt xung phong" {Cam tudng dgc "Thiin gia thi").
Mae dii ra ddi ttong hodn canh vd ciing khd khan, ludn bi ke dich khiing bd rdo ridt, thieu thdn nhiing diiu kidn vdt chat tdi thieu de sdng tde vd phd bidn, nhung cung vdi sg ldn mgnh eua phong trdo cdch ihgng, xu hudng vdn hpe ndy ngdy cdng phdt trien. Vdn hpe cdch mgng da ddnh thing vdo bpn thdng tri thgc ddn cung be lii tay sai, ndi ldn khdt vgng ddc ldp, diu ttanh dl giai phdng dan tdc, thi hidn tinh thin ydu nude ndng ndn vd niem tin khdng gi lay chuyen ndi vao tuong lai tat thing eiia each mang. Trong vdn tha ydu nudc diu the ki XX, ddc bidt Id nhimg bai tha cua Phan Bdi Chdu, Phan Chdu Trinh, Huynh Thiic Khdng, sdng ngdi hinh anh ngudi chi si cdch mgrtg nhidt huyet sdi ttdo, sin sdng xa thdn vi Td qudc, td rd khi phdch hidn ngang, bit khuit khi bi sa vdo tay gidc. Nhiing tac pham tidu hiiunhu Nhdt ki trong tu {Ho ChiMinh), Tudy{T6 Him), Nggc Kon Tum {Le Van Hidn) da khae hog khd thdnh cdng hinh anh eon ngudi mdi cua thdi dai - nhiing chidn si kidn cudng bat khuit, sin sang hi sinh vi U tudng each mang vd sg nghiep giai phdng dan tde. 6 bd phdn vdn hgc khdng cdng khai nay, qud ttinh hiin dgi hod gin Uln vdi qud trinh cdch mgng hod van hgc.
Nhin bao qudt, giiia cdc bd phdn vdn hpe (cdng khai vd khdng cdng khai), giiia cdc xu hudng vdn hpe ed sg khdc bidt vd dau tranh vdi nhau vl mgt khuynh hudng tu tudgg vd quan diem nghd thugt. Nhung trong thgc td, chiing It nhiiu vdn tdc ddng, thdm chi ed khi ehuyen hod ldn nhau de cimg phdt trien. Diiu do dd tgo ndn tinh chit da dgng, phong phii, phiic tgp eua van hpe thdi ki ndy, ddc bidt Id giai dogn ttr ndm 1930 den nam 1945.
3. Van hpe phdt trien vdi mdt tdc do hdt sue nhanh chdng
Cung vdi sg chuydn bidn eua tinh hinh xd hdi, vdn hoc thdi ki ttt diu the ki XX den ndm 1945, ddc bidt la ttr dau nhiing nam 30 ttddi, dd phdt ttien het sue nhanh chdng. Chi trong vdng hon mdt thdp nidn, cdc bd phgh, cdc xu hudng van hgc diu vgn ddrig, phdt tridn vdi mdt tdc dd ddc bidt khin truong, mau le. Diiu do dugc thd hidn qua sg phdt trien vl sd lugng tdc gia vd tde pham, sg hinh thdnh vd ddi mdi cdc thd logi vdn hgc vd dd kdt tinh d nhiing tde gia vd tdc pham tidu bidu.
Dudng nhu bat ki thd logi ndo ciing phdt trien ngdy cdng manh me. Chinh vi phdt tridn vdi mdt tdc d0 vii bdo nhu vay ndn khdng ed cdy biit ndo giii dugc vai trd tidn phong trong sudt chdng dudng ddi. Dd la cudc "chgy tidp sue" diy cdng thing, quydt Udt vd ciing that ngogn mgc dl tgo ndn mdt tde dd phdt trien nhanh chdng chua timg thay trong lich su vdn hpe ddn tpc. Vi vgy, Vu Ngpc Phan trong Nhd vdn hiin dgi cho ring: "6 nude ta, mdt ndm cd thi ke nhu ba muoi ndm eua ngudi".
Tde dp phdt triin het siic nhanh chdng nhu vgy Id do su thiie hdch ciia thdi dgi.
Xd hdi Vidt Nam ttr dau thd ki XX den ndm 1945 da ddt ra bidt bao van dl vl dat nudc, vl cudc sdng, eon ngudi vd nghd thudt ddi hdi vdn hpe thdi ki mdi phii