K^QUACANOAT- Bidt phdt hidn vd sua chua nhung sai sdt trong bai Idm van ciia minh de lam tdt han cac bai tiep theo.
1. Phdn tieh dl
a) Be vdn thudc dgng cd dinh hudng hay chua ed dinh hirdng ? , b) Ydu ciu vl ndi dung (Vin dl nghi ludn vd cdc lugn diem can xdc dinh).
c) Ydu ciu vl phuong phdp (Su dgng din chiing thudc phgm vi ndo ? Vgn dgng nhiing thao tde lap lugn ndo ?).
2. Riit kinh nghidm chimg vl bdi viet
a) Ling nghe nhiing nhgn xet Udn quan tdi bdi vidt cua minh.
b) Ghi lgi nhiing y hay, ldi dep md minh ed thi hgc tap ndu thiy gido, ed gido dgc mdu mdt sd doan (bdi) dat didm cao.
3. Dgc kl nhdn xdt eua thiy gido, cd gido dl thiy dugc uu diem va hgn chd ttong bdi vidt cua minh.
4. Vdi nhiing bdi chtra dgt ydu ciu, vl nhd ndn lgp dan f ehi tidt, vidt lgi mgt phin (hode ci bdi).
VliT BAI LAM VAN S6 2 : NGHI L U A N VAN HOC
(Bai ldm d nha)
K^TQUACANOAT- Vidt dugc bdi vdn nghi ludn van hoc v l mdt tdc pham da hoc cd su dyng thao tdc lap ludn phdn tich.
^
I - HUIOMG BAN CHUNG
1. Dpc lgi vdn bin va bdi hpe d phin Vdn hpe dl nim dtrgc gid tri ndi dung, nghd thu^t cua nhiing tde pham (dogn ttich) dd hgc tii tuin 1 ddn tuin 5 (tii bdi Vdo phu chda Trinh den Bdi ca phong cdnh Huong Son).
2. On lai cdc bdi: Phdn tich di, lgp ddn y bdi vdn nghi ludn; Thao tdc I4p ludn phdn tich; Luyin tap thao tdc lgp lugn phdn tich.
3. Dgc lgi bdi lam van sd 1 eua minh va tham khio mdt vdi bdi khd cua bgn de nit kinh nghidm.
H - GOI Y MdT SB BE BAI
1. Cim nghi eua anh (ehi) vl gid tri hidn thgc sdu sac cua dogn ttich Vdo phu chda Trinh (trich Thugng kinh ki su ciia Le Hiiu Trde).
2. Hinh inh ngirdi phu nii Vidt Nam thdi xua qua cdc bdi Bdnh trdi nudc, Tg tinh (bdi II) eua Ho Xuan Huong vd Thuang vgciia Trin Td Xuong.
3. Nhdn cdch nhd nho chdn ehinh ttong Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt cixa Cao Bd Qudt (hode Bdi ca ngdt ngudng eiia Nguyin Cdng Tni).
m-G0IYCACHLAMBAl
1. Dgc ki dl bai, xdc dinh ydu ciu ciia bdi vidt Vidg:
- Phdn tich mdt khia cgnh ndi dung (gid tri hidn thgc sdu sic cua dogn trich). Sau dd ndu cim nghi ridng: hilu cu the, sdu sic biic ttanh cudc sdng xa hoa cua ehiia Trinh;
cim thdng, ddng tinh vdi thdi dd coi thudng danh ipi ciia tdc gii. (dl 1)
- Phan tieh than phgn vd pham chat eiia ngudi phu nii Viet Nam thdi xtra qua cdc bai Bdnh trdi nudc, Tu tinh (bdi 11) ciia Hd Xuan Huong va Thuang vgciia Tu Xuong. (dl 2)
- Phdn tich nhiing bidu hidn eiia nhdn cdch nha nho chdn chinh ttong Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt cua Cao Bd Qudt: chdn ghdt danh lgi tim thirdng, khao khdt thay ddi cugc sdng,... (dl 3)
2. Ldp ddn y, \ddt thdnh bdi vdn mdt ttong cdc dl bdi ttdn.
ca DQC TH£M
BAI CA NGAT NGUONG
Bdi ca ngdt ngudng Id mdt ban tg tdng kdt vl cupe ddi minh eua Nguyin Cdng Trir.
Va that ddc bidt, ci cudc ddi, nhin lgi, dng dd tg ehi ddnh gia bing mgt tu ngdt ngudng.
Ldm ndn sg ngit ngudng liic ndy cua Nguyin Cdng Tni la tdi vd chi. Ciing nhu tit ci nhiing nhd nho din than hdnh dgo, Nguyin Cdng Trii lgp ehi d vide "kinh bang td thd" (tri nirdc giiip ddi). Dd la sg nghidp, duong nhidn cd cdng it cd danh..
Nguyin Cdng Tni dd coi diiu do - cdng danh - Id Id sdng: "Khdng cdng danh tha ndt vdi ed cdy" ; dd lam ttai diing ttong ttdi dit "Phai cd danh ^ vdi mil sdng". Voi mdt quan nidm "ehi ldm ttai" nhu thd, Nguyin Cdng Tni dd "va" tat ca mgi viec ttong thidn hg vao phdn su: "Vu trg ndi mge phi phan sg". Ciing khdng miy nha nho hdo phdng tg tin ddn thd ttong vide tg nhgn ttdeh nhi$m vdi ddi. Vd qud thdt ttong 28 ndm, tu khi thi dd ddn khi nghi quan, Nguyin Cdng Tni da chiing td tai thao luge cua minh. 6ng dd Udt kd hang logt sg vide ldn :
- Khi Thu khoa, khi Tham tdn, khi Tdng^dcrDdng.
-Ldc binh Tdy, cddgi tudng Cd khi vi Phu dodn Thua Thiin.
Tit ci, Nguyin Cdng Tni dd thgc hidn mpt cdch "ngdng ngua vdi ddi" (ndi nhu ngdn tii dang dirge luu hdnh ttong dan gian gin ddyX:
Gdm thao luge dd nin tay ngdt ngudng.
Nguydn Cdng Tni dd td ra tg bing ldng vl minh ! Ngdt ngudng la mpt tu tg khen, the hidn su ddnh gid cao tdi ndng, nhdn jcach va c i phong edeh ea nhan minh ttong thdi gian d cirong vi ma nhiing con hgudi thidu bin linh rit dl hi tha hod: quyin cao chiic ttpng.
Tuy nhidn ddi vdi Nguydn Cdng Tni, cdng danh khdng chi la vinh ma edn la ng, la ttdeh nhidm. Vi the dng da coi dd Id sg "din than", tg nguydn dem tu do, tai hoa nhdt vdo vdng ttdi budc: "Ong Hi Vdn tai bd dd vdo ldng". [...]
Sg kidn cdi mu do nghi quan Id mdt vide hdt siic hd ttgng, mdt budc ngodt ldn ttong cudc ddi ngirdi ldm quan, nhit Id mdt vi quan to nhu dng. [...]
Cuong vi, chiie phan vd cudc sdng da thay ddi, thay ddi sau sic : Tay kiim cung- mdt dng tudng quyin sinh quyin sdt - md nin (bidn ddi, ttd thanh) dgng tic bi - dang vd tu hdnh, ttdi nguge hin vdi Uy Vien tudng cdng sdt phgt thud trudc. Nguyin Cdng Tni da dl lgi ding sau ci mdt thdi vdy vung ngang dgc, cdn phia trudc, ehd ddn dng, dudng nhu la mdt sg ttdng ving: ehi cd niii Dgi Ngi qiie dng vdi nhiing ting mdy tting phau:
IQa ndi ng phau phau mdy trdng.
Cau tha trii tinh, ggi mdt chiit bang khudng, thodng y vi chua chdt. Nhiing lin may tting ttdn duih nui rit tting, dam y nghia tupng tnmg, gpi Udn tudng.
Nd bieu thi cho nhiing gi rit thanh, rat cao nhung nhe tdnh, mong manh va vd dinh.:Tit c i se Id hu vd chdng, "bgch vdn thirong cau" (may tting bidn ra hinh ehd xanh) chdng ?
Song Nguydn Cdng Tni vdn Id mdt tinh cdch mgnh, sg bdng khudng tridt hgc dd khdng dtmg lgi ldu ttong dng. Ong da nhanh chdng chpn ldi sdng phd cdch du de"tiiichy":
Tay kiim cung md nin dgng til bi.
Gdt tiin theo dung dinh mgt ddi di, Bgt cung ngc cudi dng ngdt ngudng.
[...] Nguydn Cdng Tni la mdt ngudi khdng quan tdm ddn chuydn dtrgc mit, khdng ban ldng vi sg khen chd, ed nhung khi hdnh lac : udng rugu, ed diu, con hdt, nhtmg rdt lgi dng khdng phii ngudi cua Ph^t, ciia tidn md vin Id mgt eon ngirdi cua cudc ddi, duy cd diiu: khdng vudng tuc [...]. Ong van Id mdt nhd nho, m$c du cdc bac "phuong didn qudc gia" khdng ua dng vd dng ciing khdng ua dugc hg, dng vin ludn bdy ra nhiing sg ttdi ngugc vdi hg song ttong jJhin sau thim eiia tam hdn, U tudng ma dng theo dudi sudt ddi khdng the ndo ttr bd vin Id ldng trung qudn, giiip ddi:
Chdng Trdi, Nhgc cung vdo phudng Hdn, Phu, Nghia vua tdi cho v?n dgo sa chung.
Tong kdt cudc ddi minh, Nguydn Cdng Tni tg cho rang hai diiu quan ttgng nhit ddi vdi kd nam nhi la ttdeh nhidm "kinh bang td the" vd dgo nghia vua tdL Ong da giii dugc ttgn v?n, dd thgc hi$n mgt cdch xuit sic, sdnh dugc vdi nhiing danh tudmg thdi xtra. Chinh vi vdy, Nguydn Cdng Tni ddm ngdng nggo budng mdt cdu khing dinh chic mch diy ve thdch thue:
Trong triiu ai ngdt ngudng nhu dng!
— — ' ' " — I —— ~ —
{Theo Trin Thi Bdng Thanh, trong Gidng vdn vdn hgc Viit Nam, NXB Gido dpc, Hd NOi, 1997)
VAN Ti NGHiA Si CAN GIU0C NGUYJNDiNHCHI^U
KfTQUAcANOAT- Nam dugc nhCrng ndt chinh v l cudc ddi, nghj luc, nhdn cdch vd gia trj tha vdn ciia Nguydn Dinh Chidu.
Cam nhdn dugc vd dep bi trang cua biic tugng dai ndng ddn nghTa sT cd mdt khdng hai trong lich su vdn hpe trung dai va tidng khdc dau thuang oia Nguydn Dinh Chidu cho mdt thdi ki
"khd nhgc nhung vT dai" cua ddn tdc.
Hidu nhung ndt ca ban v l the vdn td vd thay dugc gid tri nghd thudt ddc sac ciia bai vdn te.
P H A N M O T : TAC GIA
I - cudc Bon
Nguydn Dinh Chiiu (1822 - 1888) tif la Mgnh Trgch, hidu Trgng Phu, Hdi Trai<ằ, sinh tgi qud me - ldng Tdn Thdi, huydn Binh Duong, tinh Gia Dinh (nay thudc Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh). Qng xuat than ttong gia ffinh nhd nho, cha Id Nguydn Dinh Huy, ngirdi Thiia Thien (nay la Thira Thidn - Hud), vdo Gia Dinh ldm thu lgi tgi dinh Tdng ttin Ld Vdn DuydL 6 day, dng liy bd Truong Thi Thidt ldm vg thir, sinh ra Nguyin Dinh Chiiu. Ndm 1843, Nguyin Dinh Chiiu dd tii tdi tgi trudng thi Gia Dinh. Ndm 1846, dng ra Hud hgc, chuan W thi tidp tgi qud cha, nhtmg luc sip vao trudng thi thi nhan dugc tin me mit, phii bd thi ttd vl Nam eluu tang (1849). Dpc dudng vl, Nguyin Dinh Chiiu bi dau mit ndng rdi bi mii. Khdr^
khuit phgc trudc sd phan oein nghi$t, Nguydn Dinh Chieu vl Gia Dinh md trudng dgy hpe, bdc thudc chiia b?nh cho dan, va tidng tha Dd Chiiu ciing bit diu vang khip miin Luc tinh.
Nguydn Dinh Chieu
(1) Hdi Trai: cdi phdng tdi. Sau khi bi mu, Nguydn Dinh Chiiu mdi Ily tdn hipu nay.
Khi gidc Phap ddnh vdo Gia Dinh (1859), ngudi til tiiiic ydu nudc Nguyen Dinh Chidu da diing viing ttdn tuydn diu cua cudc khdng chidn chdng ngogi xam, cung cdc Idnh tu nghia quan bdn muu tinh kd ddnh gidc va sdng tac nhiing vin tha chiy bdng cdm hdn, sdi sue y chi chidn diu. Nam Ki mit, dng d lgi Ba Tri (Bdn Tre). Thuc dan Phdp tim mgi cdch du dd, mua chuge, nhung dng khing khdi khudc ttr tat ca, giii ttgn tim ldng thu^ chung son sit vdi nudc vdi dan cho den hoi thd cudi cung.
H - S i r NGHIEP THU VAN 1. Nhiing tdc pham chinh
Nguyin Dinh Chiiu Id mdt ttong nhiing nhd tha dau tidn d Nam Ki sdng tac chu ydu bang ehu Ndm. Cudc ddi sdng tdc eiia dng chia lam hai giai dogn, tnrdc vd sau khi thgc dan Phdp xdm luge. & giai dogn diu, dng viet hai truydn tha ddi:
Truyin Lgc Vdn Tiin va Duang Tic - Hd Mdu, diu nhim mge dieh truyin bd dgo U ldm ngudi. Ddn giai dogn sau, tha vdn Nguydn Dinh Chieu Id Id ed diu cua vdn tha ydu nirdc chdng Phdp nd:a cudi the ki XIX vdi nhiing tde pham xuat sic vl ci ngi dung tu tudng, tinh cim vd nghd thugt nhu Chgy gigc, Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc, Vdn ti Truang Dinh, Tha diiu Truang Dinh, Tha diiu Phan Tdng, Vdn ti nghia si trgn vong Lgc tinh, Ngu Tiiu y thudt vdn ddp (cdn ggi la Ngu Tiiu vdn ddp nho y diin ca, mdt truydn tha ddi).
Bang ngdi biit, Nguyin Dinh Chiiu da sudt ddi chidn diu khdng mdt mdi cho dgo due, ehinh nghia, cho ddc lgp tg do cua ddn tde:
Chd bao nhiiu dgo thuyin khdng khdm, Ddm mdy thdng gian bdt chdng td.
{DtumgTu-HdMgu)
2. Ndi dung tha van
- Li tudng dao due, nhan nghia: Nguydn Dinh Chidu vidt Truyin Lgc Vdn Tiin nhim muc dich truyin dgy nhiing bdi hgc vl dgo lam ngudi chan chinh. Dao U lam ngtrdi ciia Nguyin Dinh Chidu mang tinh thin nhdn nghia cua dgo Nho, nhtmg lgi rat ddm da tinh nhdn dan vd truyin thdiig dan tde. Nhiing miu ngudi U tudng ttong tdc pham Id nhiing eon ngirdi sdng nhdn hgu, thuy' chung, bidt giii gin nhdn cdch thing ngay, cao ci, ddm diu ttanh vd cd du sire manh d l chidn thing nhiing thd lgc bao tdn, ciru nhan dd the: "Tdi xin ra siic anh hdo - Ciiu ngudi cho khdi lao dao budi nay".
- Ldng ydu nudc, thirong dan: Khi cudc chidn ttanh xdm luge eua thgc dan Phdp nd ra, tCr ttdn dinh cao ciia tu tudng, tinh cim thdtdgi Id long ydu nudc thirong ddn, Nguyeg Dinh Chieu dd sang tdc nhiing tde pham ddp ling xuat sic ydu ciu cua cudc chidn diu giii nirdc budi iy. Tha vdn ydu nugc chdng Phdp ciia Nguyin Dinh Chieu
ghi lgi chdn thgc mdt tl^ciiii thuong cua dat nudc, khieh Id ldng cdm thu gi^c vd y ehi ciiu nirdc eua nhan dan ta, ddng thdi nhiet Udt bieu duong nhiing anh hiing nghia si dd chidn diu, hi sinh vi Td qudc. 6ng td cao tdi ae gidc xam ldng gay bao tham hoa cho nhdn dan {Chgy gidc, Vdn ti nghia si trdn vong Lgc tinh), dng ldn dn nhung ke san sang ddi hinh tdc rdu di chiu chti ddu Tdy. Qng ngpi ca nhiing si phu ydu nudc nhu Truong Dinh, Phan Tdng vin ndng long vdi hai chii trung qudn nhung vi dgi nghia eua dan tdc, da ddm chdng lgi ehidu chi nhd vua, phit cao ed nghia, ding nhan dan chidn dau den hoi thd cudi ciing: "Bdi ldng chiing chang nghe thidn tu chieu, ddn ngdn miy dam md tiln^^'; theo bgng dan phii cWu tudng qudn phd'^), gdnh vdc mdt vai khdn ngogi^^'"
{Vdn tiTruangDinh). Dudi ngpn ed dd Id ddng dao nhiing iigudi ndng dan ngheo khd, sudt ddi cui cut ldm dn, bdi men nghia ldm qudn chiiu md, ddnh gigc vdi y chi: "Tha thdc md dgng eau dich khdi, vl theo td phu ciing vinh... Thac md tti nude non rdi ng, danh thom ddn sdu tinh chiing diu khen..." {Van te nghia si Cdn Giudc). Ngay ci ttong that bgi,^ddn tdc nay van khdng bao gid eWu khom lung, udn gdi trudc kd thu. Ki Nhan Su, ngudi thiy thudc gidi ttong Ngu Tiiuy thugt vdn ddp, diu khdng thi ldm ^ dl ciiu vdn tinh the dit nudc, vdn bieu thi tim ldng kidn tnmg bit khuat bang each tgxdng ddi mit minh cho mu chii khdng eluu phung sg qudn gidc, dl lgi cho ddi bdi hgc nhan sinh cao ea: "Du dui md giii dgo nhd - Cdn hon cd mit dng cha khdng thd".
3. Nghd thuat tha van
v l nghd thudt, tho vdn Nguyin Dinh Chidu cd nhiiu ddng gdp quan trgng, nhit Id vdn chuong trii tinh dgo diic. Ve d?p cua tha vdn dng khdng phdt Id ri^c rd d b l ngodi ma tilm an ttong ting sdu cua cam xiic, suy ngim. Biit phdp trii tinh xuit phdt tir cdi tdm ttong sdng, rihidt thdnh, diy tinh ydu thuong con ngudi cua nhd tha, bao gid ciing ndng ddm hoi thd cudc sdng, tu nd dd tao ndn siic rung ddng manh Udt sdu xa. Ddc bidt, tha van Nguydn Dinh Chidu edn rit ddm dd sic thdi Nam Bd. Mdi ngtrdi ddn Nam Bd diu cd thi bit gdp minh d cdc nhdn vgt cua dng, ttr ldi dn tieng ndi mdc mgc, binh di ddn tdm hdn ndng nhidt, chit phde, cdch cu xu khodng dat, hdn nhien... Ldi tha thidn ve kl trong cdc truydi> ciia dng ciing mang mdu sic diin xudng rit phd bidn ttong van hpe ddn gian Nam Bp.
Dd Id nhiing ydu td ca bin tgo ndn gid tri tham mi ddc sic cua tha vdn Nguyin Dinh Chieu. Truyin Luc Vdn Tiin, Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giugc,... xiing ddng Id nhiing tde pham xuat sic ciia vdn hpe Viet Nam cudi thdi trung dgL
(1) Md tien: trudc diu ngga, -^ ndi nhiing ngudi ddn dd din ngan trudc diu ngua.
(2) Tudng qudn phii: an tin ciia tudng Unh. ' (3) Khdn ngogi: ngoli ng^ch cua (thdnh), chi trdch nhi0m vd cdng vi$c cda ngudi Idm tudng.
Da hon mdt the ki ttdi qua, tidng tiia Dd Chidu van ngdn vang giiia ciidc dbi.
Tdn tudi nha tha mii xii Ddng Nai van rgc sang biu ttdi vdn ngh? ddn tde bdi nhdn cdch cao dep vd nhiing cdng hien ldn lao ciia dng cho vdn hgc nudc nhd.
HUldNGBANHUCBAl
1. Ndu nhiing ndt chinh vl cudc ddi Nguyin Dmh Chiiu. Anh (chi) cdm nhgn sdu sic diiu gi qua cugc ddi nhd tha ?
2. Tun hieu gid tii tiio vdn Nguyen Dmh Chieu:
- Dga vao nhiing dogn trich da hgc vl Truyin Lgc Vdn Tiin {b ldp 9 vd ldp 11), hay cho bidt U tirdng dao diic cua Nguyin Dinh Chieu dugc xay dgng chii ydu ttdn ca sd tinh cim ndo.
- Ndi dung trii tinh ydu nudc ttong tha van Nguyin Dinh Chiiu ? Tdc ddng tich cge ciia nhung sdng tdc tha vdn ay ddi vdi cugc chidn diu chdng thgc dan Phap duong thdi ?
- Theo £uih (chi), sic thdi Nam Bg ddc ddo eua tho vdn Nguydn Dinh Chidu bidu hidn d nhiing diim ndo ?
3*. Vdi nhiing kidn thiic da hgc vl Nguyin Trdi vd Nguyin Dinh Chieu, anh (elu) cim nhgn dtrgc dieu ^ gin giii vl tu tudng nhan nghia giiia hai nhd tha ndy ? Hay trinh bdy y kidn eua minh.
^ GHI NHO . Cudc ddi Nguydn Dinh Chidu Id mdt t i m guong trong sang, cao dep v l nhdn
cdch, nghi Igc va y chi, v l Idng ydu nudc, thuang ddn vd thai dd kidn trung, bat khuit trudc kd thu. Tha vdn dng Id mdt bdi ca dao due, nhdn nghTa, Id tidng ndi ydu nudc c i t ldn tir cudc chidn diu chdng qudn xdm luoc, Id thanh tuu nghd thudt xuat sic mang ddm sic thai Nam Bd.
LUYf N TAP
Cdn cu vdo nhiing kidn thiic da hgc vl Nguyin Dinh Chieu vd cdc tde phim eiia dng, anh (chi) suy nghi nhu the nao vl nhgn dinh eua nha tha Xuan Didu: "Cdi tru di ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng, sg kinh mdn hg Id mdt dgc diem eiia tdm hdn D6 Chidu"<" ?
(1) Dgc lgi tha vdn Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, trong Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, tdm guongyiu nudc vd lao d^ng nghi thudt, NXB Khoa hpe xd hOi, Hd NOi, 1973.