日本語能力試験と N1、N2 レベルの読解科目について
日本語能力試験について
ここ 10 年間で、ベトナムで、日本語がますます盛んになり、日本語を勉強し たい方々の人数も連続的に増えてきた。そのため、日本語を母語としない人を対 象に、日本語能力を測定・評価して向上し、良い仕事、奨学金を得られるための 日本語能力認定書を提供する色々な試験が行われている。その中で、JLPT とい う日本語能力試験はベトナムにおける一番多い参加者がいるものだと知られてい る。
The Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) is renowned as the most recognized and reliable examination for assessing Japanese language skills Conducted annually in collaboration with international testing organizations by the Japan Foundation, the JLPT has gained widespread participation According to statistical data from the official JLPT website, in 2017, the test was administered across all 47 prefectures in Japan and in 80 countries and regions worldwide.
（239 都市）において実施された。
図 1．日本語能力試験の実施都市（2017 年）
（出典：https://www.jlpt.jp/statistics/index.html）
The trend in the number of examinees from 1984 to 2017 reveals that over the past decade, this examination has attracted a significant number of individuals studying the Japanese language.
図 2．受験者数の推移
（出典：https://www.jlpt.jp/statistics/index.html）
2008 年には、受験者数（一部の試験科目だけを受験した者ものの数を含む）
は 55 万 9056 人であり、2017 年には、この数は 88 万 7380 人である。つまり、
ここ 10 年間で、受験者数は 32 万 8324 人に相当して 58.7％を増えた。
1.1.2.試験レベル
Đến năm 2010, kỳ thi năng lực tiếng Nhật được chia thành bốn cấp độ: cấp độ một, hai, ba và bốn Tuy nhiên, từ năm 2010 trở đi, kỳ thi này đã được phân chia thành năm cấp độ từ N1 đến N5 Trong số đó, cấp độ N1 là cấp độ khó nhất.
・N1：幅広い場面で使われる日本語を理解することができる
N2 là cấp độ tiếng Nhật cho phép người học không chỉ hiểu ngôn ngữ trong các tình huống hàng ngày mà còn có khả năng nắm bắt và sử dụng tiếng Nhật trong nhiều bối cảnh đa dạng hơn.
・N3：日常的な場面で使われる日本語をある程度理解することができる
・N4：基本的な日本語を理解することができる
・N5：基本的な日本語をある程度理解することができる
1.1.3.試験科目と試験時間
レベル 試験科目（試験時間）
Kỳ thi N1 bao gồm phần kiến thức ngôn ngữ (chữ viết, từ vựng, ngữ pháp) và đọc hiểu kéo dài 110 phút, cùng với phần nghe hiểu 60 phút Kỳ thi N2 có thời gian cho phần kiến thức ngôn ngữ và đọc hiểu là 105 phút, và phần nghe hiểu là 50 phút Kỳ thi N3 chủ yếu tập trung vào kiến thức ngôn ngữ (chữ viết và từ vựng).
言語知識（文法）・読解
N4 言語知識（文字・語彙）
言語知識（文法）・読解
N5 言語知識（文字・語彙）
言語知識（文法）・読解
表１．日本語能力試験の試験科目（試験時間）
N1、N2 レベルの読解科目について
N1、N2 レベルの読解科目の認定の目安は以下のようになる。
The ability to comprehend and analyze complex articles, such as editorials and critiques covering a wide range of topics, is essential for understanding their structure and content This skill enables readers to engage with logically intricate and abstract texts effectively.
Reading in-depth materials on various topics allows for a better understanding of narrative flow and detailed expressions.
Articles in newspapers and magazines cover a wide range of topics, providing clear explanations and accessible critiques Readers can grasp the content of these well-structured texts, thanks to their straightforward arguments and coherent writing style.
Reading materials on general topics allows individuals to comprehend the flow of conversation and the intent behind expressions.
Ở cấp độ N1 và N2, môn đọc hiểu được thực hiện cùng với các môn kiến thức ngôn ngữ (chữ viết, từ vựng, ngữ pháp), với thời gian thi lần lượt là 110 phút và 105 phút Tuy nhiên, môn đọc hiểu được chấm điểm riêng, với điểm tối đa là 60 và điểm đạt yêu cầu là từ 19 điểm trở lên.
N1、N2 レベルのよくある読解の質問
評論・解説・エッセイなど
2.1.1.文章の仕組みを理解する―文章全体の意味を捉える
2.1.1.1.「対比」（ほかのものと比べる）
"Contrast" is a writing technique used to clarify important concepts or characteristics by comparing them with other things or ideas By focusing on contrasts, the relationships between different paragraphs in lengthy texts become clearer Additionally, larger contrasts may contain smaller contrasts within the same text Here is an example of "contrast."
In the past, our lives were governed by visible powers such as state authority and patriarchal family structures, which imposed clear regulations and morals However, today, we are increasingly influenced by invisible forces, particularly the pervasive nature of information under the guise of individualism This unseen hand manipulates us through various channels, including media and print, often to the extent that we are unaware of how much we are being swayed Consequently, there has never been a more challenging time for individuals to establish their own subjectivity and values.
2.1.1.2.「言い換え」（ほかの言葉で言い換える）
Important phrases or sentences may be rephrased multiple times or explained in detail through specific examples This process is known as "paraphrasing." Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to the fact that the answer choices may often be expressed differently from the text Below is an example of one type of "paraphrase."
『私の通った幼稚園には幅、幅二十センチほどの帯状の地獄があった。
In a room known as the "bento room," there is a peculiar section of the floor at the entrance where the tile color changes It is said that stepping on this spot could lead to falling into hell.
No one knew exactly how it would happen, but the prevailing theory among the kindergarten children was that the ground would suddenly crack open, swallowing them whole into a bottomless pit the moment they stepped on it Every day at noon, they had to bravely venture to the lunchroom to retrieve their bento boxes, each time crossing what they referred to as "hell" with a determination to face their fears.
In this text, the term "hell" is repeatedly mentioned and its meaning is elaborated upon It refers specifically to a part of the floor tiles at the entrance of a room, where stepping on that section is said to lead one to hell Consequently, the word is initially used to denote "floor" but is then consistently replaced with the meaning of "hell" throughout the passage.
2.1.1.3.「比喩」（ほかのものにたとえる）
A metaphor is a literary device that simplifies complex concepts by relating them to familiar everyday experiences, making them easier to understand.
Unlike contrast, metaphor is a form of expression where unrelated words suddenly appear in the text This unexpected introduction of terms may indicate the use of a metaphor Here is an example of a metaphor.
Life inevitably comes with challenges, and it's acceptable to face them as they come Climbing a mountain often requires effort and sweat, but I prefer to enjoy the journey rather than solely focus on reaching the summit While I may dream of the white clouds at the peak, it is the experiences along the ascent that truly bring joy.
Reaching the summit of a mountain and finding satisfaction in it is not enough; mountains, like life, are not solely about the destination The author metaphorically compares life to mountain climbing, suggesting that the struggles we face in life are akin to the sweat we shed while climbing In this view, the peaks in life are not fixed, emphasizing the importance of the journey rather than just the achievement of goals.
2.1.1.4.筆者の言いたいこと
2.1.1.4.1.疑問提示文
A question prompt sentence indicates what will be discussed by using an interrogative form, requiring the reader to seek answers There are two types of question prompt sentences: those that begin with question words such as "why," "how," "when," "where," and "how," and yes-no questions that end with phrases like "could it be?" or "is it?" An example of a question prompt sentence is provided below.
『一般に自由はどのように捉えられているだろう？
Observing the use of language reveals that terms like "free action" and "free time" indicate a lack of a predetermined schedule Many people may associate "freedom" with being "idle" or having "nothing to do."
"Freedom" is not always associated with positive connotations When overwhelmed by work or study, the desire for a restful break often arises, leading to a temptation to indulge in laziness, even if just for a day.
The desire to "sleep in" often reflects a personal wish associated with the concept of "freedom."
はたして、これが本当の自由だろうか？
Certainly, the concept of "liberation from oppression" is undeniable However, for many, the act of being liberated itself has become synonymous with the value of freedom It appears that there is little consideration for what can be achieved through this newfound freedom, focusing instead on the mere experience of liberation.
広告・お知らせ・説明書きなど
Unlike comments, critiques, and essays, this section primarily features practical texts commonly encountered in daily life and work, such as business letters, emails, advertisements, announcements, instructions, tables, and lists It is not necessary to understand every word or expression from beginning to end; readers can skip unfamiliar terms This section categorizes questions into two types, allowing for a tailored reading approach to find the correct answers.
2.2.1.全体的な内容を尋ねる問い
To effectively tackle this problem, it's essential to grasp the overall content of the text Start by reading the question, then quickly skim through the entire document to utilize your knowledge of general formats Familiarity with common structures, such as those found in letters and emails, enables you to identify the purpose and key messages of the text swiftly Finally, compare the information you've gathered with the available options to find the correct answer.
2.2.2.部分的な内容を尋ねる問い
This issue involves the necessity of searching for information, primarily from advertisements, announcements, descriptions, and tables or lists To address this, it is essential to first identify the type of information needed based on the questions and options provided, such as "how much," "when," or "what is required."
To effectively gather information, first identify the sources available Pay attention to prominent elements such as titles, headings, bold text, italics, underlined sections, and numbered lists Finally, analyze the gathered information to determine the correct answers.
二つ以上の文章の比較
This problem differs from the two mentioned earlier as it requires comprehensive understanding Typically, it involves two or more passages, with questions focusing on comparing or summarizing the information presented Often, crucial information relevant to the questions is embedded within these texts.
Bài viết này chứa một cuộc trao đổi giữa người tư vấn A và các phản hồi từ B và C Đọc ba đoạn văn để trả lời cho các câu hỏi tiếp theo.
Through the expressions mentioned above, we can identify the themes discussed in these texts After reading the questions and the passages, two key points need to be clarified: first, what type of information can be found in each text, and second, how each passage is related to one another.
Understanding the similarities and differences between the two concepts is essential By clarifying these points, you will be better equipped to answer the questions effectively.
外国語大学の日本語を専攻とする大学生の JLPT 試験の N1,N2 レ ベルの読解科目における問題の実情の研究、原因の分析、対策の提案
アンケート
3.1.1.アンケートの概要
Một nghiên cứu đã được thực hiện nhằm tìm hiểu thực trạng và vấn đề trong môn đọc hiểu của kỳ thi JLPT cấp N1 và N2 đối với sinh viên chuyên ngành tiếng Nhật tại Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Nghiên cứu này đã tiến hành khảo sát 50 sinh viên từ năm nhất đến năm tư.
Trong số đó, sinh viên năm ba chiếm tỷ lệ cao nhất, với 60% Sinh viên đã học tiếng Nhật từ một năm đến dưới ba năm chiếm 56% Tất cả đều tham gia kỳ thi trình độ N2, nhưng chỉ có 16 người (32%) tham gia kỳ thi N1 Số người đạt trình độ N2 là 34 (68%), trong khi chỉ có 6 người đạt trình độ N1.
3.1.2.アンケートの結果
アンケートの結果は以下のようになる。
In a recent exam, when asked about the ranking of scores in three subjects—characters, vocabulary and grammar, reading comprehension, and listening comprehension—the most common response was that reading comprehension ranked third, chosen by 22 participants (44%) The second most frequent answer was that it ranked second, given by 18 participants (36%), while only 10 participants (20%) reported it as the top-ranked subject.
When asked about the allocation of reading comprehension practice time, the majority of respondents (48%) indicated that they spend less time on it compared to other subjects, with 24 participants selecting this option Additionally, 28% of respondents, or 14 individuals, stated that they allocate the same amount of time to reading comprehension as they do to other subjects Conversely, 20% of participants, totaling 10 individuals, reported spending more time on reading comprehension, while the remaining respondents indicated that they do not practice reading at all.
What types of questions do you often encounter challenges with? Please evaluate the difficulty level for each of the following questions on a scale of 1 to 5, where 5 indicates "very difficult," 4 means "difficult," 3 represents "average," 2 signifies "easy," and 1 stands for "very easy."
1.「対比」（ほかのものと比べる）
2.「言い換え」（ほかの言葉で言い換える）
3.「比喩」（ほかのものにたとえる）
4.筆者の言いたいこと
グラフ1．読解科目の点数は何番目になりましたか。
5.指示語を問う
6.「だれが」「何が」「何を」などを問う
7.下線部の意味を問う
8.理由を問う
10.内容を尋ねる
11.二つ以上の文章の比較
上記の質問に対する答えは以下のようになる。
・「比喩」（ほかのものにたとえる）：198 点
・二つ以上の文章の比較：192 点
・「言い換え」（ほかの言葉で言い換える）：190 点
・筆者の言いたいこと：182 点
・指示語を問う：172 点
・下線部の意味を問う：170 点
・理由を問う：168 点
・「対比」（ほかのものと比べる）：166 点
・例を問う：160 点
・内容を尋ねる：158 点
・「だれが」「何が」「何を」などを問う：152 点
A survey revealed that 36% of respondents, totaling 18 individuals, indicated that there is a slight shortage of time to complete all reading comprehension subjects Following this, a portion of participants expressed varying degrees of time insufficiency, while others felt that the time allocated was just right.
16 人（32%）が答えた。
When evaluating the frequency of various issues encountered, please assess each problem based on the following scale: 5 for "always," 4 for "often," 3 for "sometimes," 2 for "rarely," and 1 for "never."
1 直面しない）」
1.漢字が分からない
2.語彙が分からない
3.文法・表現が分からない
4.各質問の仕方に慣れない
The inability to analyze sentence structure can hinder comprehension, while a lack of understanding of key terms and main ideas further complicates reading Additionally, slow reading speed can significantly affect overall reading efficiency and retention of information.
上記の質問に対する答えは以下のようになる。
・語彙が分からない：194 点
・読解スピードが遅い：188 点
・文法・表現が分からない：186 点
・漢字が分からない：178 点
・文章のキーワード、主な内容を把握できない：162 点
・文の構成が分析できない：154 点
・緊張する：132 点
・各質問の仕方に慣れない：128 点
3.1.3.アンケートの結果からの結論
上記の結果に基づいて以下の結論を出した。
In many cases, the reading comprehension scores rank third or second among the three subjects: vocabulary and grammar, reading comprehension, and listening comprehension.
Most people reported that the time spent on reading comprehension practice is either less than that for other subjects or comparable to it.
The number of respondents who felt they had slightly insufficient time for all reading comprehension subjects, or found it just right, showed minimal variation.
④ ほとんどの人が問題によく直面する質問は以下のようになる。
・「比喩」（ほかのものにたとえる）
・二つ以上の文章の比較
・「言い換え」（ほかの言葉で言い換える）
・筆者の言いたいこと
・指示語を問う
A common issue faced by many is that the primary reasons for low scores in reading comprehension subjects are as follows.
・語彙が分からない
・読解スピードが遅い
・文法・表現が分からない
・漢字が分からない
・文章のキーワード、主な内容を把握できない
From 2010 to 2017, data on average scores for reading comprehension subjects was collected from the official Japanese Language Proficiency Test website, focusing exclusively on countries and regions outside of Japan.
言語知識 読解 聴解 言語知識 読解 聴解 12/2017 29.6 28.5 31.2 27.6 26.7 34.5 07/2017 30.4 28.7 30.8 31.7 29.2 32.7 12/2016 28.5 28.9 30.5 28.1 27.7 32.1 07/2016 29.4 29.5 31.2 30.1 29.2 33.2 12/2015 28.3 26.1 30.2 28.7 26.6 33.3 07/2015 30.0 29.7 31.0 29.5 29.1 31.6 12/2014 29.6 28.3 30.7 28.2 26.7 33.4 07/2014 29.5 27.7 30.6 27.9 30.2 31.7 12/2013 32.1 28.4 32.5 29.7 30.1 30.3 07/2013 30.9 29.4 29.9 30.1 29.6 31.3 12/2012 30.3 26.7 27.2 28.5 27.7 29.6 07/2012 30.9 29.1 31.3 31.1 26.3 31.1 12/2011 30.8 27.3 31.2 28.0 27.4 28.1 07/2011 31.0 24.3 29.9 30.1 28.4 27.3 12/2010 30.0 27.8 29.7 27.5 27.7 27.8 07/2010 30.5 30.5 28.7 30.2 30.1 28.4
表 2．2010 年～2017 年の各科目の平均点（日本以外の国・地域）
（出典：日本語能力試験公式ウエブサイト）
※青枠は読解科目の平均点が二番目又は一番目になる場合を示す。
上記の表 2 から、普通、三つの科目の中で読解科目の平均点は三番名になることが分かる。読解科目の平均点が二番目又は一番目になる場合は非常に尐ない。
Sinh viên đại học Việt Nam cũng như những người học tiếng Nhật từ các quốc gia khác đều gặp phải nhiều khó khăn trong phần đọc hiểu của kỳ thi JLPT.
JLPT 試験の N1、N2 レベルの読解における問題（読解科目の点数が高くない 理由）
Sinh viên chuyên ngành tiếng Nhật tại Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội - Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ gặp khó khăn trong việc đạt điểm cao ở phần đọc hiểu của kỳ thi JLPT N1 và N2 Nguyên nhân chính được phân loại thành ba nhóm: kiến thức ngôn ngữ, kỹ năng đọc hiểu và vấn đề tâm lý.
3.2.1.言語の知識
3.2.1.1.語彙が分からない
In a survey addressing the issue of vocabulary comprehension, 56% of participants reported difficulties in understanding certain terms.
The survey revealed that 16% of respondents answered "frequently," making this question one of the most commonly asked.
Cấp độ N2 có khoảng 6000 từ vựng, trong khi cấp độ N1 có khoảng 10,000 từ, bao gồm nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau Để hiểu các văn bản trong từng lĩnh vực, người học cần có kiến thức đa dạng và một số lượng từ vựng nhất định trong từng lĩnh vực đó.
Learning every single vocabulary word in any language, including Japanese, is considered impossible due to the continuous evolution and development of languages, where new words are frequently created and old ones are often discarded.
A significant reason for encountering difficulties in reading comprehension is the lack of vocabulary knowledge.
3.2.1.2.文法・表現が分からない
この理由も読解科目に問題を直面する大きな理由である。
Different types of writing allow authors to utilize a variety of expressions, including contrasts, metaphors, and paraphrases Japanese writers often avoid expressing subjective opinions Additionally, the Japanese language features numerous grammatical expressions that carry nearly the same meaning but have slightly different nuances, which can lead to difficulties for readers in comprehension.
3.2.1.3.漢字が分からない
この理由も一つの重要な理由である。
Cấp độ N2 và N1 của kanji có khoảng 1000 và 2000 ký tự tương ứng, gấp đôi số lượng kanji ở cấp độ N3 Ngoài ra, còn có nhiều kanji chuyên ngành phức tạp, khiến sinh viên đại học thường cảm thấy khó khăn khi học kanji.
3.2.2.読解スキル
3.2.2.1.読解スピードが遅い
Reading speed varies among individuals based on their practice and language proficiency Those with faster reading speeds typically possess strong knowledge of kanji, vocabulary, and grammar, along with consistent practice in reading skills Conversely, individuals with weaker language knowledge tend to have slower reading speeds.
Mức độ khó khăn của bài kiểm tra ảnh hưởng đến số lượng câu hỏi; trong phần đọc hiểu, số lượng câu hỏi cho cấp N1 là 26 và cho cấp N2 là 21 Để hiểu những đoạn văn dài, người học cần có khả năng tập trung và tổng hợp thông tin Những yếu tố này có tác động lớn đến tốc độ đọc hiểu.
3.2.2.2.文章のキーワード、主な内容を把握できない
The inability to grasp the keywords and main content of the article is closely linked to the reasons mentioned above.
Kanji and vocabulary are fundamental to understanding Japanese text; without knowledge of these elements, one cannot grasp the content of written material Additionally, comprehending the expressions used in texts requires an understanding of the characteristics of different types of writing and logical thinking skills.
3.2.2.3.文の構成が分析できない
Lý do không thể phân tích cấu trúc câu là liên quan đến kiến thức ngữ pháp Các đoạn văn ở cấp độ N1 và N2 thường là những bài viết khoa học với nhiều câu dài Mỗi câu không chỉ có một chủ ngữ và vị ngữ mà còn chứa nhiều cụm từ và phần bổ nghĩa dài Hơn nữa, trong tiếng Nhật, chủ ngữ thường bị lược bỏ và thường được thể hiện bằng đại từ chỉ định.
To effectively comprehend texts, it is essential to possess a solid understanding of grammar and to analyze sentence structure.
3.2.2.4.各質問の仕方に慣れない
For university students majoring in Japanese at foreign language universities, this reason is not particularly significant.
対策
3.3.1.学習精神の強化
When studying not only Japanese but any foreign language or subject, a proactive attitude is essential Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the following points.
・詳しい目標・計画が重要
To successfully complete any task, it is essential to establish detailed goals that range from easy to difficult levels Additionally, a comprehensive plan is necessary to achieve these goals effectively.
Ví dụ, trong việc học tiếng Nhật, mục tiêu là đạt N4 sau sáu tháng và N3 sau một năm Ngoài ra, cũng đặt mục tiêu đạt điểm cao nhất hoặc nhì trong môn đọc hiểu Để đạt được điều này, kế hoạch là dành khoảng 1,5 đến 2 giờ mỗi ngày để làm bài tập và luyện tập.
・資料のまとめ
There is a vast amount of foreign language materials available, making it crucial to choose resources that align with one's own skill level Selecting appropriate materials is essential for effective learning and comprehension.
・積極的な態度
In any job, a positive attitude is essential for overcoming challenges and navigating difficulties effectively.
3.3.2.知識の向上
To comprehend any language, a solid understanding of vocabulary and grammar is essential In Japanese, kanji poses significant challenges, making it crucial to enhance vocabulary, grammar, and kanji knowledge to improve reading comprehension skills effectively.
Ngoài ra, để nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu ở mức N1 và N2, người học cần làm quen với từ vựng trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau như văn hóa, chính trị và kinh tế Để đạt được điều này, việc đọc các bài viết ngắn và tin tức bằng tiếng Nhật là rất hữu ích.
Understanding the characteristics of the Japanese language and its sentence structure is essential This includes identifying omitted subjects and exploring the relationships between sentences and paragraphs.
3.3.3.読解スキルの改善
The purpose of reading comprehension is to understand the author's opinions and intended messages, which means it is not necessary to read the entire text.
When reading comprehension texts, it is essential to identify keywords and important information Begin by reviewing the questions before searching for relevant details within the passage.
To improve reading speed, it is essential to practice daily Start by reading five short sentences, three medium-length paragraphs, and one long passage Gradually increase the number of texts while reducing the time spent on reading.
In addition to that, it is essential to enhance both collection skills and comprehension abilities Furthermore, when taking exams, allocating appropriate time is crucial for success.
3.3.4.日本語の読解のコツ
Tip 1: "Questions asking for the reasons or content of the underlined section often contain hints immediately before or after it." It is rare for the clues to be far from the underlined part; in most cases, reading the sentences directly before and after will lead you to the answer.
Tip 2: "Pay attention when you encounter negative interrogative sentences (e.g., 'Isn't it A?')." The phrase "Isn't it A?" subtly conveys the speaker's opinion, suggesting "I believe it is A." This expression allows one to present their viewpoint in a modest manner.
He appears to be laughing, but I believe he is actually very sad.