of spanking is that it helps children understand the difference between right and wrong.. As a result, spanking is a valuable tool for parents to use because the child cannot understand
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Main idea: == Spanking is
Key point 1: Spanking helps
Key point 2: Spanking is more
Key point 3: Spanking
Psychology
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ead the following Passage Then look at the note diagram and fill in the missing information
Spanking, or the act of hitting children on their bottoms, is a common unishment in many cultures around the world However, recently child sychologists have begun questioning whether spanking is a good form
of punishment Although a consensus has yet to be reached, there are
a number of advantages to using spanking as a disciplinary tool
One of the most apparent advantages of spanking is that it helps children understand the difference between right and wrong Spanking helps children remember that an act is not allowed by creating a psychological association between a particular forbidden act and the traumatic experience of being spanked In establishing this association,
children come to understand what is right and what is wrong
Additionally, spanking is far more effective than other types of discipline
“Unlike time-outs, which remove children from a situation and force them
to stay in a quiet area, spanking has been shown to be more effective
_ among children between the ages of three and five After being spanked,
children are much less likely to behave in the same way than if they had simply been put in time-out
Finally, spanking is an understandable form of punishment, It can be used on neatly any young child In contrast, young children may not
understand that time-outs are punishments, For a young child that does not
completely understand situations, a time-out can easily be mistaken for
- something else—children put in a time-out, for instance, might think that
they are-being removed from a situation for their own safety or because
it is time for a nap As a result, spanking is a valuable tool for parents
to use because the child cannot understand it as anything other than a
punishment
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penalty intended t6 teach a
people
made between twa or more
traumatio:
ˆ ery tnpleasaftt and, having
a lasting effect
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Organizing Information 519 — :
i Ỉ
Trang 2>Step 2 :
() Now listen to a lecture related to the topic in Step 1 Fill in the blanks of the note diagram _
i below with keywords or'key phrases used in the lecture
Key point 1: Spanking does not help children make the association Seng ary aot of doing
principles.of right and wiong Key point 2: Studies show spanking is no more effective than behavior: -
justification:
a:fact that shows
a it teaches inference:
L
v
sensible; making sense
conventional:
@ usual or.traditional way
> Step 3
Review your notes from both the reading and the lecture Pay attention to the main ideas and
4 supporting details Using the information from your notes, complete the following outline
introduction:
Main idea of the lecture:
Body:
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ề
point 2: :
upporting information from the reading passage:
upporting information from the lecture:
upporting information from the reading passage:
“Supporting information from the lecture:
Both the passage and the lecture discuss The passage says that spanking is a
: tool, while the lecturer says that it is not,
First, the passage says that spanking teaches children the difference between right and wrong
“The lecturer says this is because spanking does not teach children
“Those have to be taught by talking to the child, Next, the passage says that spanking is more
than other punishments The lecturer denies this by saying that research has : that spanking does not teach children any lessons Finally, the passage says that
Spanking is good because it sends a message to children that they are being
The professor disagrees and points out that spanking does not teach children not to
:misbehave Instead, it sends them messages because it teaches them that situations
= Can be dealt with by using
Many people are curious about whether spanking is a’'good disciplinary tool for children While the -
- Passage says it is good, the lecturer says it is actually bad
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Organizing information 524 ———~"
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Necessary Skills
© Understanding the original text accurately
® Using your own words to convey essential information and ideas from the reading and the lecture
® Being able to express the same information using different vocabulary and sentence
structure
The Process of Paraphrasing
Understand the full meaning of the original text,
Take notes on the passage Write down key information including a few phrases, major points, and important details,
® WITHOUT looking at the original passage, paraphrase the information in your own words, just by looking at your notes,
Check the original passage for any missed key information
Strategies
e Use related words a and d phrase, including synonyms and antonyms of words and concepts in the original passage
Example: The average daytime temperature in the Gobi desert does not often go
below 38°C, — The average daytime temperature in the Gobi desert is usually at or above 38°C,
® Change word forms, and rephrase to make things simpler
Example: for organization => in order to organize
people at the age of thirty — thirty-year-old people
@ Use different sentence structure
Example: Many Asian countries export rice to North America Rice is exported to
® Change the order of presentation of the information
® Cite information from the original source by using signal words, Example: According to the professor/passage
The professor says/mentions/states/argues/believes/found that
Paraphrasing 523 ~—— ”4
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Chapter 2
TC on cac ng li
} Step 1
Read the following passage Predict how the listening passage may contrast with the reading
Then look at the note diagram and fill in the missing information
Thousands of animals currently reside in zoos around the world
Recently, there has been much debate about the value of zoos in today’s
world, Careful consideration of the facts reveals that zoos are unethical
First, defenders of zoos say that they are an important way of saving
animals from extinction However, in actuality, zoos have had very little
success in protecting animals One reason for this is because many
animals do not thrive in zoos Breeding in captivity is often difficult to
encourage Endangered animals fare far better with protection programs
that allow them to stay in the wild
Additionally, zoos do not adequately provide animals with living spaces
that are like their natural habitats As a result, animals are not able to
behave as they normally would For example, a lion in a small cage is not
able to run around, much jess hunt in the end, the animals end up
¿1o show’ something -
exiinetion: `”
vthe state
untively to oxist soon, :
““pecause.there are fow of
“get ‘along’
to.communicate or react
with somebody/something
longer
the natural surroundings of
a.8060i@s
interact:
depressed or with behavioral problems This would not occur, of course, sao -
if they were not kept in zoos in the first place
Finally, zoos simply are not the best way to study animals There are
a number of well-researched books available Alternately, wildlife
biologists stand to gain much more knowledge about animals by
observing them in the wild That way, they see how animals interact with
Key point 1: Zoo animals Key point 2: Animals behave differently in zoos because _—
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Step 2
breed in captivity,
problems for the creatures
habitats
“Below is important information from the reading passage above After each sentence are two
ossible paraphrases of it Choose the best paraphrase for each sentence
Zoos have not been very successful in helping endangered animals because many creatures do not
1 Captive animals often do not breed, making it harder.for zoos to keep them enclosed
2.” Endangered animals do not benefit from living in zoos because they do not always breed
Zoos do not give animals a home that is like their natural habitat, leading to behavioral and psychological
1 Animals need to live in their natural habitats in order to avoid psychological and behavioural problems,
2 Zoos have failed in providing animals with proper psychological and behavioural care in their
CO Now listen to a lecture related to the topic i in Step 1 Fill in ‘the blanks of the note diagram below with keywords or key phrases used in the lecture
ways
- Key point 4: - Zoos help protect animals from
programs
Key point 2: Many zoos now have a
, Which provides animals with surroundings that closely resemble those
Key point 3: Zoos provide the best way to
animals
somebody,
reputation:
the opinion’ that people `
to make something more likely to happeri
breed:
to produce offspring reintroduce:
to return the animal to its
former habitat captivity:
the state of being kept somewhere and not allowed
to leave resemble:
to be like something else sprawling:
spread out over a large
Paraphrasing 525
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