Tài liệu Mastering skills for the toefl ibt advanced part 35 pptx

Satire i is used to incur change by using irony, sarcasm, of tidicule and is.cor idered “stealthy often used together, they do.have distinct characteristics, : inthe parody genre, the wr

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Directions: An introductory sentence.for,a: bret summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the.T EE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some ‘Sentences do not belong i in the summary because hey express) ideas that are not-presented.i

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Mini Test 3 239 —— 3

03 Literature

Read the passage and answer the questions an

Authors create literary works for, various, reasons Perhaps they 'Wisht ACE 9Xerols creative

liberty, inform the masses, or make a point Regardless af the topic, ‘they often use ‘different

~ methods to get people to understand what they are saying and why they are saying it Two

popular literary genres they frequently use are parody and satire, é

Works: créated in parody or satire use an existing subject, pérson, ar ircumistance, but

they differ in how they treat the existing things The purpose of parady i is to offer a comical mimicking of an ofiginal Influence without condemning or trying to change the ‘influence

Satire i is used to incur change by using irony, sarcasm, of tidicule and is.cor idered “stealthy

often used together, they do.have distinct characteristics, : inthe parody genre, the writer often uses a familiar subjéct-or work and replicates itina

way that becomes comical Playful, light parodies are generally reférred to as: spoofs Parodies were first seen in ancient Greek literature in a parodia, which was-a narrative poem imitating: the style of an epic poem The word “parody” has: Greek roots, with par- meaning beside,

counter, or against, and -oay'relating to-a.song-or.an‘ode Thus, to parody is.to weave a tale

Contrafy to the original subject Some authors imitate a ‘certain style, character, or circumstance used in-a work, For example, the author may use-a number of established characters, each

from different works, and compile them all.together to create one story that is different from the original sources while still keeping the characters intact Others create parody by lifting

whole elements of one work out of context and reusing it in their own Writer James Joyce did this in his book Ulysses, where he-used characters and situational elements from Homer's Odyssey in an Irish context during the twentieth century Some of the ways in which parody

is used overlap with its counterpart known as satire

Writers using satire typically intend for the work to be humorous, but its primary purpose

is criticism, While illustrating human vices, follies, or shortcomings, authors write in a calculated _ way to ridicule or show the irony of the subjects in the hope that their work will inspire change

or even shame people into reform Satire usually has a definite target, be it an idea, an institution,

or a politician, and is characterized by its strong vein of irony or sarcasm, The word “satire”

comes from the Latin phrase satura lanx, which means a dish of colorful fruits Satirical writing

was first seen in ancient Egypt in a specific work about trades The writing described certain trades or vocations in exaggerated and disparaged terms to convince those learning the

trades the importance of continuing to study the trade: Many writers of satire incorporate parody within their texts However, the two differ distinctly and remain as two widely-used literary’

forms, each useful for its purpose

> epic a long composition usually centered on a hero

} vice an immoral or wicked habit”

~ 240 Mini Test 3

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Directions: Complete the table by below io Summarize information about ‘the types of lite : 3 discussed in thé passage Select ihe appropriate phrases from the answer choices and 4 : zZ _match them to the type of literature to’ which ‘they rélate: TWO of the answer ‘choices will Not =

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(D)-It involves: fact tixeử with fiction? : {E) ‘The primary: purpese:of the'atithdr ie ta:driticize:

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: (G) The waiting is: done mainly by seasened authors.»

Mini Test 3 241 —

04 Environmental Science

Read the passage and answer the questions

- The citizens of America dre becoming increasingly aware of the goods and resources they

use Currently, the US uses the greatest arnount of energy in the world, consuming twenty-six

percent of the world's energy Considering these facts, America must remain aware of its

many industries and carefully monitor the large amount of energy these industries expend

Energy consumption is measured in four main areas: transportation, residential, commercial,

' sectors, both of which are largely controlled by individuals As'such, citizens need to.be more aware of how much energy they use Transportation includes freight and personal vehioles By

expended for transportation, The government has helped by instituting certain incentives, to entice people to make more energy-conscious decisions and purchases For example, it created a policy offering income tax credits for users of gas/electric hybrid vehicles, and if has advocated

seciors,- residences can-decrease energy usage by monitoring air conditioning and heating,

“keeping temperatures between 18°C in the winter and 27°C in: the summer Almost fifty percent

of the energy used in houses is for temperature control while‘the rest:includes fighting, laundry

and kitchen appliances, water heaters, and home electronics Using newer, efficiently built

appliances can also aid in household energy reduction However, minimizing energy use in

only one area of a residence does not have great results; individuals must work to reduce as many areas as possible within a household to have a noticeable impact

The other two areas of use, commercial and industrial, are determined by businesses and

- facility managers Commercial energy is consumed by retail stores, offices, schools, and

restaurants This is where much of the energy in the US is spent unnecessarily Excessive

lighting and continuous, unneeded heating and cooling make these environments less efficient

Some businesses are taking measures to install more efficient lighting and use natural light when appropriate They are also encouraged to discontinue unnecessary heating or cooling,

especially during the night when users are absent Industrial energy consumption, which constitutes thirty-three percent of total US usage, is the only one of the four sectors that-has decreased its usage over the past decade With the purpose of production and processing of goods, these manufacturing, construction, farming, water management, and mining industries have been forced to implement more efficient systems because of increased energy costs

making this shift For American home owners.and small businesses, the cost of upgrading to better equipment and appliances can be very costly initially Commercially speaking, some

retailers believe that bright lighting in stores is necessary for increased sales, but retail employees actually suffer minor health issues from over-illumination A compromise would help both parties By making simple yet conscious efforts to decrease energy use, American

MA _ 232 Mini Test 3

and industrial Around half of the US's eriergy.is spent-on the transportation and residential

using energy-efficient cars.and limiting distances driven, individuals.can decrease the resources :

carpooling by: offering lower tolls-and designated lanes'to:commuters.:In:terms of residential:

While energy conservation: is vital to the future of the US, some problems do arise with #

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: Directions: Complete the table below to summarize information ¢ al

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“consumption discUssed, in the passage Se propriate phrases from the answer hoices and match, them to the area of ener which: they relate TWO of the 3

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Commercial and:

Industrial

Answer Choices

(A) Are determined by businesses and managers

- (B) Cause minor health problems to employees

(C) Are controlled primarily by individuais

(D) - Expend energy only for lighting purposes

.(E} Include businesses, schools, and factories (F) Include vehicles and home appliances (G) Are working toward more efficient systems

Mini Test3 243 2

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