Tài liệu Mastering Revit Architecture 2008_ Part 14 pdf

You’ll learn how to do the following: feasi-◆ Create your own dynamic area plans ◆ Perform an initial cost estimate for the project ◆ Create a schedule of materials from the model Prelim

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Chapter 13 Fine-Tuning Your Preliminary Design

The next step is to take the preliminary building design and begin some basic spatial analysis on the Revit model You’ll see how creating some simple schedules of building and room areas can be used to verify program data and start some preliminary cost analysis

In this chapter you learn about verifying program data and evaluating a project’s initial bility You’ll learn how to do the following:

feasi-◆ Create your own dynamic area plans

◆ Perform an initial cost estimate for the project

◆ Create a schedule of materials from the model

Preliminary Design Tools

At this point, we are going to introduce a scenario we will be building upon for the next several chapters As this is a Mastering book, we will not go into significant detail about how to perform some of the more basic skills in Revit, such as how to make simple walls, floors, and roofs Instead,

we will work off of an existing design that is more developed and build skills by adding and extracting information from this base model In this and the following chapters, we will take the design and push it from a preliminary design level into a set of design documents with many of the common architectural requirements that occur in a typical project workflow

The Foundation Model

The model we will be using for the next several chapters can be downloaded from www.sybex.com/go/masteringrevit2008 Called the Foundation, it was part of a design competition for a uni-versity alumni facility and was created by BNIM Architects The building is approximately 46,000 sq ft and comprises office space, meeting areas, and multipurpose space spread out over three floors of the building It is located at a major university in the Midwestern United States (Figures 13.1, 13.2)

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428 CHAPTER 13 FINE-TUNING YOUR PRELIMINARY DESIGN

Figure 13.1

Perspective view of the Foundation model

Figure 13.2

Another view of the Foundation model

To get familiar with this model, we recommend doing a few things:

◆ Open the project, and in the Project Browser, choose View (All) This will give you a list of all the views in the model and give you an opportunity to browse through them and see what has been given focus and importance

◆ Take a look at the generic 3D view Spin it around a bit and kick the tires, so to speak Take

a look at the overall building form and geometry to help acclimate yourself to the overall design so you have a sense of direction within the building

◆ Browse through any sheets that have been set up This will not only give you an idea of what the building looks like, it will tell you what stage the project is in and where the focus has been given to date

In the Foundation model, you will find many preestablished 3D views as well as some sections and generic plan views A set of sheets have been started, and views placed on those sheets A struc-tural grid, elevations, and primary building materials have all been defined Based on the plans, you can get a fairly clear idea of what the building program is and how the spaces are organized

At this stage in a project workflow, we need to take a short time out of design and do some program verification and evaluation Our goal is to make an initial cost per sq ft assessment To do that, we will first create area plans for the Foundation’s total and rentable areas and then create schedules

of materials so we can check our costs against some sq ft assumptions (Under a leaseback ment, the building will be owned by its builder rather than the university, hence the need to calculate rentable area.) This is where we are going to begin with this model

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CALCULATING AREAS 429

Calculating Areas

For the purpose of program verification, we will need to have a sense of the area values There are several different area calculations you can perform within Revit, each providing a slightly different result The simplest method is to use room tags, but you’ll quickly see the limitations of that approach For the feasibility study in this chapter’s example, we need to create area plans for both total area and rentable area Then you’ll see how to add areas and area tags manually

Room Tags

The room tag shown in Figure 13.3 has been placed in the model and is tagging a room This is used

to label the rooms and its area The surface value or the value expressed in SF on the room tag is the usable area within the room, sometimes referred to as the “carpet area.”

Figure 13.3

Room area as a property reported in the room tag

Revit will calculate this area by finding all of the entities that touch the floor bounding a space and report back that square footage As you can see in Figure 13.4, it will not include things like columns or other objects that penetrate the space, giving you a truly usable floor area Later in this chapter, we will discuss how to schedule those areas so you can report them in a way that they are all visible at the same time

Figure 13.4

By default, Room areas do not include columns

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While this is certainly a useful feature, it does not accommodate calculation of the precise areas you will need to verify your program or perform any cost takeoffs

Area Plans

Area plansare views of the model used to calculate the areas of rooms according to various lation standards Some of the standards for area calculations are as follows:

rentable areas For example, it may include all the spaces in a building except egress corridors, vertical transportation, and mechanical spaces However, this includes the floor area taken up

by columns and some walls

by columns, walls, mechanical rooms, and shafts and other nonusable space

United States by architects, developers, and facilities managers alike, it was created to help dardize office-building development BOMA has its own set of standards used to calculate areas More information on BOMA standards can be found at www.boma.org

stan-Revit allows you to choose from two predefined area schemes or it gives you the option to create your own scheme based on standard area calculation variables To add or modify the area set-tings, choose Settings Room and Area Settings

The Area Schemes tab, shown in Figure 13.6, lets you add different schemes to calculate room areas, allowing you to calculate multiple area types

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Figure 13.6

Area Schemes tab of the Room and Area Settings dialog

For our use in the Foundation model, we will first need to establish the gross area per floor of the building To do this, we will start by adding an area plan to the model

Making a Gross Area Plan

Take the following steps to begin creating a gross area plan:

1. Open the Foundation model located on the website in the folder for this chapter

2. Select the Room and Area tab in the Design bar, and click the Area Plan button This opens the New Area Plan dialog box (Figure 13.7), where you select the area scheme, level, and drawing scale Select Gross Building from the drop-down menu at the top Using Ctrl-pick, select the floor plans for Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 Leave the scale at 1/8˝ = 1´-0˝ (1:100) (the default setting) and click OK

Figure 13.7

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3. Revit automatically adds a new folder called Area Plans to the Project Browser and adds plans for each level you selected

4. In the View window, you’ll see a duplicate plan view of the level you selected with purple lines defining the area boundaries, as shown in Figure 13.8 These lines are placed on the walls according to the type of area plan you selected You can move or delete the lines if they don’t appear where you want them

in Revit returning a Not Enclosed value for the area (Should you get that error message, try trimming the corners.)

5. Now that the areas have been defined for each floor, you can drop in area tags and get an idea

of what your floorplate areas are for this project As you can see, you have about 22,800 sq ft (ca -7,000 m2) of area for the first floor

Note that it is not possible to add area lines to anything but an area plan That option will be grayed out in all other views

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Making a Rentable Area Plan

Now that we have our gross area defined and we have a good idea of what our floorplate sizes are,

we can move on to getting a better understanding of our building program For our program ification, we will need to figure out the rentable area for each of the spaces so we can see how well

ver-we fared against the program supplied by the client for this project Using the same process ver-we described earlier for the gross areas, we can make rentable area plans for the building Repeating the technique described earlier and selecting Rentable Area this time, we will get a new view in the Project Browser—Area Plans (Rentable), as seen here

You will notice that in displaying rentable areas, Revit will draw the area boundary on the inside

of the exterior walls (unlike with the gross area, where the lines were drawn on the exterior of the exterior walls), but it will also draw boundaries down the centerline of the interior walls All of this happens automatically—all that is left for you to do is to verify the lines and make sure you have them where you need them

For this exercise, we want to modify the results slightly from what Revit has provided by default For our program and client on this project, we are not going to calculate core areas (areas around the elevator and stair cores) as part of the rentable area, so we will need to adjust the area boundary lines around the core walls to reflect our needs and turn the many spaces into one area

In the case of our restroom core, we can start by deleting the lines that separate the restrooms from the janitorial closet (see Figure13.9)

Figure 13.9

Modifying an area plan

Automating Area Calculations During Design

When Revit creates area boundary lines, those lines by default are locked to the walls on which they arecreated This is to aid you so as your design changes and walls are relocated, the area boundaries willautomatically update as well, keeping your area plans always up-to-date

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As we are deleting these area lines, we will more than likely get the warning message shown in Figure 13.10 What this message is telling us is that we have removed the boundary between two areas, and Revit is asking what we would like to do with them Before we answer this question, let’s discuss what areas are in Revit

Figure 13.10

Area warning message

In the context of Revit, areas are elements, similar to walls, doors, or furniture They are able, have properties, and can be scheduled When selected, they will highlight in yellow and appear within the space as a box with an x through it, as seen in Figure 13.11

select-Figure 13.11

Areas are selectable elements with properties

Because areas are elements, you can tag them An area tag will reflect the properties of the element

it is tagging The tag itself is only an annotation

At this point, you might be asking yourself, “Where did those areas come from? I didn’t insert them.” Revit generated them automatically when you created the area plans By default, when you create a new area plan, it will create an area element within all of the closed area boundaries,

so provided there are no adjustments for you to make, it is only necessary for you to tag and label the areas

In our case, however, we needed to make some changes and we now have more areas than we have spaces So let’s jump back to the warning dialog: We have been given two choices We can delete all but one of the areas or click OK and accept having multiple areas in the space Both of these options have viable workflows If, as in our case, we do not plan to subdivide the room again,

we can click Delete Area(s) to delete the extra areas and continue with our work If we had deleted these lines with the intent of drawing new ones in a different location within this boundary, we could click OK knowing we would have redundant areas for a short time until we finish this area 44831c13.fm Page 434 Friday, October 12, 2007 8:33 AM

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To draw the new area boundary lines in, we can use the Area Boundary tool described earlier

in this chapter and, using the Draw tool, add the new area lines to surround the core If you choose the Pick option, it will automatically choose the line location based on the rules established for that area plan type Since we specifically want the area lines on the outside of the core, it is best to draw them manually So, very quickly, our new core boundary will look like Figure 13.13

Figure 13.13

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Adding Areas and Tags

As we mentioned earlier, areas are actually elements within the model When we made our area plans, Revit automatically populated the plan with areas for us However, we might want to create areas if we want to define spaces that Revit cannot automatically populate This might be units in

a condominium building, for example To add them manually, we can use the Area button in the Room and Area tab on the Design bar This will add an area and a tag at the same time to your area plan

To tag an existing area element, use the Area Tag button located directly below the Area tool

To copy the area boundaries between floors, select them and copy them to the Clipboard

1. To select area boundaries, you have several options:

◆ Ctrl-select each line individually

◆ Highlight one line by mousing over it and press the Tab key This will highlight the chain

of all the connected lines and you can then left-click to select them

◆ Drag a selection window around all of the lines, and using the Filter tool in the Options bar, filter out all but the <Area Boundary> lines, as shown in Figure 13.14

Figure 13.14

Filtering your selection

2. Once they are selected, you can use Ctrl-C or Edit Copy to copy them to the Clipboard Now, by choosing File Edit Paste Aligned Select Views by Name (see Figure 13.15), you can paste your copied area boundaries directly into the same location on other floor, ensuring consistency in your area calculations

Don’t Draw More Than Necessary

When designing office buildings, you will probably have your building cores as a repeating element oneach floor of the building In many cases, these cores will be identical If that is the case, there is no need

to redraw your area lines You can simply copy those elements between floors

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SCHEDULES 437

Figure 13.15

Pasting into selected views

3. Now that you have all the areas defined, you can present them by printing the individual views to see graphically how our spaces are assembled (see Figure 13.16)

Figure 13.16

Area and tag graphics

But what happens if we want to show this information in a tabular, spreadsheet format? Often

we will need to share it in this kind of summary format If changes were to happen to the drawings, we would need to go back through the areas and manually verify sizes and recalculate Because Revit

is based on a bidirectional concept, it can do all of these tasks for us, simultaneously All we need

to do is set up a particular view type within the model that allows us to look at the data in a list mat in lieu of showing the information graphically For this, we will use schedules

for-Schedules

build-ing objects such as walls, doors, and windows; calculate material quantities or areas and volumes; and list the number of sheets, textnotes, keynotes, and so on Giving you the ability to dynamically create and update schedules is a core aspect of BIM and Revit

Creating schedules of objects, areas, or material quantities in a project is usually one of the most painful (if not boring) but necessary evils for architects Needless to say, performing a manual cal-culation takes a long time and can result in errors Using CAD tools can partly automate this pro-cess, but when it comes to calculating numbers of objects, the calculation can only count the number of blocks that are predefined in a file In Revit, all elements have information about their physical properties, and you can add information to individual elements For example, doors can have properties like size as well as material, color, fire rating, and exterior/interior

Revit lets you schedule any element based on properties of the element In effect, this means that almost anything placed in a Revit model can be scheduled and quantified Additionally, because the schedule is linked to the objects in the model, you can use the schedule to locate objects within the model or to change their types and properties This ensures that in any view, regardless of type, 44831c13.fm Page 437 Friday, October 12, 2007 8:33 AM

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the count and properties of all elements are always synchronized As we often state, the view in which you add or change something doesn’t matter The changes will be reflected in all the views

If you’re unfamiliar with database concepts, don’t worry; we’ll explain the options in the New Schedule dialog box The following types of elements can be scheduled:

There are also some other schedules you can create that are not limited to specific types of elements:

categories For example, you may want to create a list of windows and doors in the same ule You may also want a schedule showing all the casework and furniture in a project A mul-ticategory schedule allows you to combine a number of different items in separate categories into one schedule

we’ll walk through an exercise demonstrating how to create a simple schedule showing the gram areas we created in our area plans

pro-Although we’ve listed quite a few, we haven’t included all the schedules available in Revit There are still a few more worth mentioning These schedules can be accessed only from View New

Revit family and allow an enhanced level of detail for each assembly You can use a material takeoff to schedule any material that is placed in a component For example, you might want to know the cubic yardage of concrete within the model Regardless of whether the concrete is in

a wall or floor or column, you can tell the schedule to report the total amount of that material in the project As we will show later, you can use this schedule type to make some preliminary sus-tainable calculations around the use of recycled materials in the project

Browser

Curtain Systems Mechanical Equipment Specialty Equipment

Electrical Equipment Plumbing Fixtures Structural FoundationsElectrical Fixtures Property Line Segment Structural Framing

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SCHEDULES 439

project You can also use a note block to list the annotation symbols (centerlines, north arrows) used in a project

objects in the model You can either use this list as a complete index of all the notes in the ing set or filter it by sheet The legend can then be placed on multiple sheets

draw-These schedules are separated from the main list of schedules because they aren’t commonly used in building documentation They are primarily for data coordination that happens outside of the project documentation

Making a Simple Schedule (Rentable Area)

You can begin making a new schedule by selecting the View tab on the Design bar, choosing View New Schedule/Quantities or clicking the Schedule/Quantities button When you begin

a new schedule, you’re presented with a number of format and selection options These will help you set the font style and text alignment as well as organize and filter the data shown in the schedule Remember that Revit at its core is a database, so many of the same functionalities that are available in database queries are also available in Revit

The process of creating a new area schedule is best demonstrated with an example Take the following steps to create a new rentable area schedule for the Foundation model:

1. Open the Foundation.rvt file for Chapter 13, found on the website

2. Navigate to View Schedule/Quantities or click the Schedules/Quantities button on the View tab

3. Choose Areas (Rentable) from the Category menu, name the schedule Rentable Area Schedule, and confirm with OK

You will see a series of tabs that allow you to specify the schedule’s graphic appearance and choose exactly what data you would like to show Figure 13.17 shows you the dialog box for the rentable area schedule As each grouping of elements within Revit is somewhat unique, the list of possible schedule values will change accordingly

Standardize Your Schedules

You will find yourself making the same schedules for each and every project Take the ones you find themost universal and make them a part of your default template

Sorting Your Drawing List

The drawing list can also be used as a sheet index to the documents Because Revit sorts sheets betically, it’s typically not desirable to prepare the sheet index in the traditional fashion, with civilsheets first, then architectural, and so on One way to customize sheet sorting is to add a field tothe schedule and number the sheets so civil is 1, architectural 2, and so on You can then sort by thatnumbered column

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schedule, it shows all the properties available in the wall family

tab, for example, to restrict displayed data so that only information about the concrete walls

in the project appears in the schedule

You can also decide whether you want to show every instance of an item or only the totals for a given family

the field is visible on the schedule It’s possible to add fields that are necessary for tions or sorting but don’t show on the printed copy of the schedule Additionally, this tab can tell Revit to calculate the totals for certain fields

the font size and type of text for each of the columns and headers in the schedule It also allows you to turn the grids on and off or modify the line thickness for the grid and bound-ary lines The following example walks through the different options in the New Schedule dialog box while you create a new wall schedule

In this example, you’ll create the schedule, filter out all but the concrete walls, and calculate the volume of recycled content in the walls based on the assumption that you’re using 15 percent recycled content in all the concrete you pour on this project

4. For our schedule, let’s choose the following fields from the Fields tab and sort them in this order:Level

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SCHEDULES 441

5. Moving to the Sorting/Grouping tab, we want to give the schedule some parameters to sort by

First, let’s sort by level so we can see which floors we have the areas on, and then let’s sort

by area name We will also want to see a total of the areas by floor, so let’s include a footer showing totals only for the levels Also check the Header check box so we can tell which floor

we are on in each grouping Finally, we want to see a grand total of all the areas in the ing Your dialog should look like Figure 13.18

build-Figure 13.18

Set the sorting/

grouping to match this

6. Now, on the Formatting tab, we will also want to make a couple of changes Highlight the Level parameter and select the Hidden Field check box We don’t need to see a level heading for each item in the list, especially since we have one established already as a header for each floor We also want to select the Area field and make two changes First, right-justify the areas so they align properly, and then check the box to have the schedule calculate totals as shown in Figure 13.19

Figure 13.19

Set up the formatting

to look like this

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7. Hitting OK at this point will give us a schedule broken out by level and totaling each floor’s areas Your schedule should look something like Figure 13.20

Figure 13.20

The area schedule

8. For our areas, we are concerned only with the rentable spaces and we don’t need to see how much area the cores take up in the building By right-clicking on the schedule, you can view its properties and make some modifications Choose the Filter tab this time, filter out any name that does not contain the word Core (with a capital C), as shown in Figure 13.21, and click OK

Check the schedule

to see the effect of the filter

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SCHEDULES 443

10. The name Restroom core is still in the list because the filter and fields in the schedules and families within Revit are case sensitive The fields need to match exactly However, there is an

easy fix By simply clicking within the cell itself, as you would do in Excel, you can modify

the word core so it has a capital C and the name will then be filtered from the list Our

fin-ished schedule look like Figure 13.23

Figure 13.23

The finished area schedule

Placing the Schedule on a Sheet

Now that we’ve created the schedule for our program, we need to put it on a sheet As we’ve tioned, schedules work like any other view To place the schedule on a sheet, simply drag and drop

men-it from the Project Browser onto the sheet you wish to place men-it on One of the nice things about schedules is that you can actually place them on multiple sheets and they will always provide the most current information

Keeping Building Area Schedules Updated

To most clients, building areas are a critical part to the development pro forma (the pro forma is cally a spreadsheet that outlines the financial goals of the project or development) In practice, you willcreate area plans that coincide with how the owner needs areas computed for their calculations Youkeep these in a schedule allowing the owner regular updates to the building areas so they can comparethose to the current pro forma Since you can keep the schedules dynamically updated, you can set this

typi-up once and know that the areas will always be typi-up-to-date

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What we want to create is a set of sheets we can provide to our client that demonstrate our program for each floor graphically and in list form When we are finished, we will have an 11 × 17 presen-tation sheet that looks like Figure 13.24, with a floor plan and schedule for each floor

Figure 13.24

Finished presentation sheet with area plan and schedule on it

1. Expand the sheets in the Project Browser and find the sheet 01 – First Floor Program

2. Expand the rentable area plans and drag and drop the Level 1 Plan onto the sheet

3. You will notice that the plan will be much larger than the sheet since we made the area plan

at 1/8 scale originally Right-click on the plan and choose Activate View from the context menu In this view, you want to do two things: Change the scale, and turn off some of the unnecessary annotations So, first, adjust the scale of the drawing to be 1/16˝ = 1´-0˝ (1:200)

Second, open the Visibility Graphics dialog (by typing VG on the keyboard or choosing

View Visibility/Graphics) On the Annotations tab, turn off visibility for the following categories:

◆ Elevation tags

◆ Grids

◆ Reference planes

◆ Section tagsOnce the view is resized and the display reconfigured, place the plan at the upper portion

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SCHEDULES 445

Figure 13.25

Unformatted schedule placed

on sheet

5. There are two different ways to modify the schedule directly from the sheet On the upper portion of the schedule header, there is one blue triangle for each column By simply drag-ging them left or right, you can resize the width of each column You will notice some of our longer room names have wrapped to the next line Grab the left triangle and drag it to the right to lengthen the Name field Note that this will also shorten the schedule by removing the wrapped lines

6. The other tool you can use to modify how the schedule fits on the sheet is the squiggle, located in the center of the schedule Clicking this tool will split the schedule into two col-umns It is important to note that you cannot choose where this split occurs However, it will give you two separate columns that you can now drag independently of each other Now that the columns fit within the space we have remaining, we can locate them to the right-hand portion of the sheet The sections of the schedules can be subdivided as many times as you need and each section will subdivide independent of the others Your final sheet will look like Figure 13.24

Additional Schedule Capabilities

Now that we have made a schedule of our spaces, let’s look at some of the other advantages of using schedules in the design process Since Revit is a parametric modeler, all of these labels are linked

to elements within the model You might notice that at the top of our schedule, we seem to have missed the labels for three of the areas; they are simply labeled Area

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If we were not using BIM as a modeler, it would become very tedious to locate these areas so they can be properly labeled In Revit, it is quite simple We have two options to rename these spaces First, if we know what the areas are supposed to be, we can either type the name in or select

it from the list of already used names However, what happens when we need to locate the room

on the plan before we can figure out what room it is? This is also easily possible within Revit By selecting the area name, we will get a few tools in the Options bar

Click the Show button repeatedly This will cycle through all of the existing views within Revit and zoom into the one that would best show the area in question Clicking the button will give you

a view similar to what you see in Figure 13.26 As you can see, we missed the label of one of the restrooms as it is shown highlighted in the view

Figure 13.26

Showing the elements from the context of a schedule

This is a very powerful tool because it can be used to locate any of the elements within the Revit model directly from any schedule Not only do Revit schedules report information about elements

in the project, they can also be used to control elements If you decide to exchange one wall type for another, you can do so by clicking in the schedule—under wall types, for example A drop-down menu appears, listing all available types currently in the model, and you can choose the type you want Again, this automatically changes the instance of the wall to another wall type in all views in which the wall is present

Using Schedules for Preliminary Cost Estimates

Since we are in still in preliminary design for this project, we have probably not gone through the rigor of cost estimating the project yet Nonetheless, we can use some of the scheduling tools to help

us calculate a rough cost of the building based on a cost per sq ft assessment The disclaimer here

is that Revit is not a cost-estimating package It is a database that can count, total, and tally the ber of items, areas, or other properties within the model Cost estimating itself is part counting and part experience; we can work on the counting part with the BIM model

num-Since we have already created gross area plans earlier, let’s go ahead and create a new schedule

to analyze the area plans and give us a rudimentary cost estimate based on the building square

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foot-USING SCHEDULES FOR PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES 447

parameter for Cost That parameter is not a standard property of the areas so we will need to add

2. We are now going to use the Calculated Value button to add a new field to the schedule The button will display a new dialog box (Figure 13.28) where you can create new fields that are basically custom formulas defined by combining numerical values with other fields

In our example, we want Revit to calculate a total cost for our project based on a cost per square foot we consider close to accurate based on previous experience

Figure 13.28

Calculated value fields

1. For our Type setting we made the type an Area In Revit, you need to make sure the types

of fields are compatible so you are not multiplying length times something like material Also, as we mentioned before, the fields are case sensitive In the formula line, you will need

to type in Area * Cost to get the total project cost Click OK to exit the dialog box.

2. Finally, on the Sorting tab, check the box for Grand totals, and on the Formatting tab, light the Cost per sq ft field we just created and check the box to calculate totals Once you enter an estimated cost of $169.00 for each floor, the final schedule will look like Figure 13.29

Tiêu đề	Fine-Tuning Your Preliminary Design
Tác giả	BNIM Architects
Trường học	A Major University in the Midwestern United States
Chuyên ngành	Architecture and Design
Thể loại	Sách hướng dẫn
Năm xuất bản	2007
Thành phố	Midwestern United States

Định dạng
Số trang	43
Dung lượng	1,86 MB