Tài liệu Mastering Revit Architecture 2008_ Part 9 pdf

◆ Leveraging a massing study for program validation and early feasibility studies◆ Converting a mass into a building using the Building Maker tools ◆ Importing files from other sources w

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◆ Leveraging a massing study for program validation and early feasibility studies

◆ Converting a mass into a building using the Building Maker tools

◆ Importing files from other sources when working on massing

Conceptual Design and Early Studies

A project usually starts with a very rough conceptualization of first ideas in which the architect’s mind wanders between the creativity of fantasy and the reality of customer needs, merged with the influence of the genius loci

Conceptual designs are the first graphical words an architect exchanges with a client to get approval for the architect’s first thoughts and sense the temperature of the client’s taste When the initial idea is approved, the architect continues in the next stage of development of their design and makes more developed studies supported by concrete measurements and numbers that show the applicability of the design and its feasibility

We’ll review how this process can be done using Revit Figure 8.1 shows an example of a very early massing study using Revit that has the semblance of a building Let’s walk through how this workflow is supported

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230 CHAPTER 8 FROM CONCEPTUAL MASS TO A REAL BUILDING

Figure 8.1

Massing study model

Getting Site Data and Building the Context

A project usually starts with a client’s wish, vision, and hopes described during a conversation with the architect A list of program requirements is compiled, listing the types of spaces the building will have and its rough area The architect then starts gathering information and data about the site—aerial photos, photos of the site and context, site-survey files with land information, and building footprints and blocks Using site analysis, program requirements, and creativity, the architect proceeds to study what shape and size building fits best Variations of the design are studied, analyzed, critiqued, and presented to the client

Getting site data into the digital model is the first step in moving from loose napkin sketches to

a real project By importing DWG/DGN site information into Revit, you’ll have an underlay from which to work (For small projects, this can also be a scanned image of a hand-drawn site situation.) CAD drawings with site information usually come with a rich amount of information that needs to

be culled Using the Visibility/Graphic Overrides dialog, you can hide unnecessary layers to make the drawings more legible Setting the correct scale and orientation of the site relative to the build-ing will be the most critical beginning steps and should be done during the import of the site file.44831.book Page 230 Friday, October 12, 2007 12:31 AM

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CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND EARLY STUDIES 231

Scale

In the Import dialog, setting the units to Automatic usually works well if the CAD file was drawn

at 1:1 inch scale If the drawing was scaled, you may find that the scale of the imported file is rect, and you need to re-import the file and set the scale units manually to get useful results

incor-Orientation

The next step is to deal with the orientation of the imported site plan Maps are usually created so that north is always at the top, and that is how site information should be displayed in final docu-ments When you’re working on developing a site plan, you’ll prefer to work in a way that is most comfortable for you, so the site is oriented parallel to your computer screen—not to true north

Orienting a Site Plan to Fit Your Screen

Suppose you’re starting your design study, and you open a site plan view to import the CAD file with thesite An imported CAD drawing usually comes in its original coordinates’ orientation, with north/south

in the vertical axis:

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Positioning Imported Files Relative to the Revit Project

You can choose to automatically place or manually place an import With Automatically Place (under the “Positioning” group in the Import dialog) you have the following options:

linked model was created far from the origin point, linking with this option may put the linked file far away from the main model

If you open the view’s properties, you’ll notice that the Orientationparameter indicates Project North:

By default, the orientation of a view is set to Project North By changing the Orientation parameter toTrue North and rotating the True North setting, you can work in a comfortably oriented plan relative toyour screen

In the View Properties change Orientation to True North, and rotate true north using Tools ProjectPosition/Orientation Rotate True North A rotation control appears in the view Rotate to an anglebest suited to work on Note that this does not mean you’ve rotated the project but rather the world

This procedure is more than enough if you don’t intend to send information back to the person youreceived the file from However, if you’re collaborating with a civil engineer and need to send back thebuilding footprint or an early mass study, you need to establish a connection between the two files sothey have the same coordinates This can be achieved using the Linking method as well as the AcquireCoordinates functionality

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created between the two files (this is available only if you’re linking files) If no shared nate file has been created, Revit alerts you The Shared Coordinates settings can be found in the Tools drop-down menu; you have the following options:

model There is no change to the host model’s internal coordinates; however, the host model acquires the true north of the linked model and its Origin setting

linked model Revit understands that there may be other things in your linked file and you may not want this to be a global change to the linked file An additional dialog appears that gives you the option to name separate locations for each set of coordinates

to the origin point or define where you want your 0,0,0 point to be

elevation (z) coordinates of any point in the model

You can import a CAD file so that it appears in all views, or you can import it in the Current view only You will find these options under the Import or Link group box Remember that for topog-raphy files, you should NOT select the “Current View only” option because you will not be able to convert the imported file into topography

If you forgot this rule, we advise that you delete the import and re-import, making sure that the Current View option is NOT checked You will most probably not want the Site file to be visible in all other views, so you can turn its visibility on in the other views later

Building the 3D Context

After positioning the imported CAD file in your site plan and reorienting it to True north, you can start building the environment in 3D using the massing tools The base shapes of buildings in the CAD file can be used to quickly generate a massing model of the surrounding site Use photos or actual data to establish building heights

To make a 3D study of the surrounding site, use the Create Mass featureand begin developing solids out of the existing geometry:

1. From the Massing tab in the Design bar, select Create Mass Give the mass a name, such as

2. Select the Extrusion solid form, and switch from Draw to Pick method using the Options bar Select lines in the imported file to create the base sketches

3. Change the Height of each mass to match the real-world conditions

4. Give each massing a material that suits your graphic needs A neutral gray or white is common Figures 8.2–8.5 show the use of massing to create abstract forms that represent the context.44831.book Page 233 Friday, October 12, 2007 12:31 AM

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Figure 8.2

Massing used to add surrounding context buildings

Figure 8.3

Massing used for abstract contextual representation

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Figure 8.4

Massing used to model existing buildings on site

Figure 8.5

Massing used to create

an initial form

Program Check and Feasibility

Many of the activities in early design revolve around exploring the commercial viability of the site and figuring out the right mix of uses (for example, residential versus office versus retail) All these uses have different economic returns Zoning regulations can be complicated in how they allow dif-ferent amounts of total development based on the mix ratio In essence, two numbers govern almost all urban property: Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and Lot Coverage Ratio (LCR) FAR is a number that says how many multiples of the site area the building area can be LCR specifies the percentage area

of the site that can be covered by the building footprint Usually the architect is required to mize the FAR by determining the right mix of uses placed at the right location on the site

maxi-Image courtesy of Felipe Manrique Diaz, Uruguay

Image courtesy of HOK

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At this stage, the problem is not only about forms or shapes but about the program, construction costs, and rents and the functional distribution on the site horizontally and vertically The architect usually attempts to determine what physical forms, in what location, with what use, will provide the best economic return to the owner This study then needs to be consolidated and documented While studying this problem, the architect may generate tens if not hundreds of slightly different alternatives for numerical comparative purposes A few of the most promising are then developed further for presentation purposes

At early stages in design, you need to check the program and how well you fit into it Programs can be less or more precise, depending on the client and the task in question It can be as bold as 15,000 sq ft (4570 sq meters) offices, 40,000 sq ft (12,200 sq meters) hotel space, and 20,000 sq ft (6100 sq meters) retail space for a bigger complex; or it can be an exact number of rooms and spaces when working on one building Figure 8.6 shows an early massing study annotated to show usage and areas

Figure 8.6

Early study menting maximum allowed heights and total square footage of

docu-a proposed solution

The architect is constantly thinking about architectural expression, fitting in the site, and modating the program They’re also evaluating whether the client’s requirements can fit the allowed buildable area and height of the site, zoning regulations, land uses, traffic requirements (they usu-ally always want more), and information about the number of parking spaces and other support functionalities This phase of the project can also involve shadow studies and energy modeling, as discussed in Chapter 14

accom-The next step is to propose multiple solutions to the client, so proposals with different mixes of functions and spatial solutions can be reviewed and analyzed This is where the Design Options tools you’ll learn about in Chapter 9 come in handy

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Creating Multiple Massing Design Options

Here is a suggested workflow based on a real-world use case

The architectural firm Gensler created an option set with three options, each with a distinct name Theyduplicated 3D views and schedules to document project information early on In each view, the Visibility/

Graphic Overrides were set to display each option (one set to Option 1, another to Option 2, and the third

to Option 3) Doing so not only visually described the new option but also presented the data behindeach design

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Building Maker

After several iterations and tweaking, the client makes up their mind One of the solutions is selected

to go forward, and you’re ready to convert that early mass into a real building Here is where the Building Maker tools come into play With these tools, you can get more detailed information about the model by attaching walls, floors, and roofs to the massing shapes

This approach has two major advantages over traditional 3D systems:

◆ The need to re-create the digital data from scratch is eliminated

◆ An established connection exists between the building elements made by referencing the mass and the mass itself, so the massing design can iterate and update the building elements.The nice thing about the Building Maker workflow is that it also supports the import of geom-etry from tools such as Rhino, 3ds Max, and SketchUp into mass shapes, to which you can then attach wall, floors, and roofs

Chapter 6 discussed the principles of modeling, and Chapter 7 analyzed the bases of the ing tools for creation of massing studies You should have a good understanding of how to create

mass-a mmass-ass element or mass-an entire mmass-ass study We’ll now focus on the second group of tools locmass-ated in the Massing tab of the Design bar: the so-called Building Maker tools

Let’s get an overview the available tools and then examine their real-life application

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Floor Area Faces

The first tool you should know about isn’t visible in the Massing tab It’s the Floor Area tool, which

is designed for getting early square-footage take-offs from the massing This tool appears in the Options bar whenever a mass that you created is selected

Assuming you’ve created a mass study in which you define the basic volumes and shapes that will form your building or complex of buildings, you’re ready to start setting up levels Depending

of the type of building you’re making, code regulations, and functional usage, you can begin to lay out levels for the building Let’s say the maximum height is 90´´ (22m), and your building is a hotel, which will usually have a 12´ (3m) floor-to-floor height In that case, you can get approximately seven levels

From any elevation view, add levels using the Level tool It’s obviously much easier to copy a level graphically using the Multiple Copy or Array command; however, with that method you won’t create actual floor plans for each of the levels If that’s OK with you, go ahead If not, you can either use the Level tool and draw each Level or use the copy method to create levels but then create floor plans from those levels by using the View/Floor Plan tool and selecting which levels should have a floor plan view associated with them

Click the Floor Area Faces button when the mass is selected You’ll get a list of all levels in the project If you check all levels, a floor area will be calculated for each level If you want to skip a level because of double room height, for example, don’t check that level You can do this for all masses at the same time or separately for each volume

When you OK the level selection, your mass is sliced by floor (see Figure 8.7)

Imagine that the other masses are for the conference center and parking structures, and apply the same concept Add levels appropriate for each structure, then select each mass, click Floor Area Faces, and choose which levels you want to slice up the mass

You now understand why the Level tool is handy on the Massing Design bar Revit is fantastic because you can add, delete, and reshuffle levels at any moment in your project development with-out needing to redo work or losing any invested work This slicing of volumes doesn’t just visually help you understand the number of floors and divisions—it also calculates the floor area of the mass element in question and allows you to schedule the values (Figure 8.8)

Verifying Your Design and Its Fit within the Defined Program

You can schedule the parameters and values of the masses similar to how you schedule other Revit elements In the earliest phase of the project, you’ll probably want to schedule the functional zones

To create an understandable schedule, it’s a good idea to give the mass elements you created names according to their function—Hotel Rooms, Conferences, Parking, Restaurants, and so on—and assign them different colors (materials) so it’s easy to visually represent the data If you need to rename the mass element once it is created you can do that from the project Browser—find the Mass Element in question and rename As mentioned in Chapter 7, you can also add project parameters

to the mass elements, such as Public or Private Space, Department, and so on If you wish to tag those new parameters so that they are shown in the Mass Tag, you must make them shared param-eters and add them in the Massing Tag family See Chapter 15 for more on shared parameters

Out of the box, the mass elements in Revit can report the following properties:

◆ Gross Floor Area

◆ Gross Surface

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Figure 8.7

Floor areas slice up the mass at each designated level

Figure 8.8

The other masses can be sliced using different levels

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If you created an initial mass study and schedule the mass elements, you’ll notice that the schedule reports Gross Surface and Gross Volume of the entire shape (Figure 8.9) You can’t schedule the Gross Floor area without first adding levels and creating floor area faces

By defining levels and creating floor area faces, you can add a total Gross Floor area to the schedule (Figure 8.10)

Figure 8.9

Example of a mass element without floor area faces

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The total gross floor area of the mass is the sum of all the floor slabs belonging to that one mass element That probably isn’t granular enough for your needs You need to get separate data about the floor area per floor, probably sorted and grouped by usage/function To get the floor area per level or at least per function, you need to use the floor element and build a floor schedule This is due to a limitation of the current massing tools in Revit: The mass alone doesn’t offer the ability to calculate floor area per level or per any other property of the mass without floor elements being added

To apply floors to the massing, click the Floor By Face tool, select each floor area face of the mass, and then click the Create Floors button in the Options bar

Firms worldwide have found different ways to solve the problem of calculating a floor area per level For example, you can create special massing templates in which floor elements are preset and assigned different functional properties and materials based on function When you come to the stage in the design process where you need to get data about the individual floor area per floor or grouped by function per floor, you apply floors to the floor area slices and make a schedule of the floors

For compelling graphics, you can give the mass and floor materials a transparency, as shown in Figure 8.11

Figure 8.11

Transparency and color used to explain programming

Follow these steps to use floors both graphically and to drive a schedule:

1. Select the Floor tool, and go to the Type Properties of Generic Floor

2. Duplicate the floor, and name it Offices

Tiêu đề	From conceptual mass to a real building
Thể loại	Chapter
Năm xuất bản	2007

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